Publicidade de alimentos direcionada à criança e ao adolescente no Brasil: análise longitudinal de denúncias no CONAR / Food advertising aimed at children and adolescents in Brazil: a longitudinal analysis of denouncements in CONAR

Resumo Evidências científicas mostram que os modelos de autorregulação falham na proteção de crianças e adolescentes da exploração comercial. No Brasil, o Conselho Nacional de Autorregulamentação Publicitária (CONAR) é a entidade que propõe ao setor regulado as diretrizes para a publicidade de produtos e serviços. O objetivo é analisar as denúncias de publicidade de alimentos direcionada à criança e ao adolescente enviadas ao CONAR entre 2010 e 2020. As denúncias foram identificadas quanto ao tipo de produto e serviço, autoria (consumidores/empresas ou CONAR) e decisão do CONAR (arquivamento/penalidades). Foram realizadas análises descritivas e de associação, identificando-se 98 denúncias, 74,8% de alimentos ultraprocessados. Notou-se oscilação no envio de denúncias ao longo dos anos, com tendência geral de redução. Consumidores foram mais frequentes (58,6%) entre os autores das denúncias e 53,3% do total foram penalizadas. As denúncias enviadas pelo CONAR ou empresas foram mais frequentemente penalizadas do que as enviadas pelos consumidores. Houve predominância de denúncias de publicidades de alimentos ultraprocessados e baixa aplicação de penalidades. Notou-se falta de isonomia no padrão de decisão do CONAR sobre as publicidades.

Abstract Scientific evidences show that self-regulation models fail to protect children and adolescents from commercial exploitation. In Brazil, the "Conselho Nacional de Autorregulamentação Publicitária - CONAR" is the entity that proposes guidelines for the products advertising and services to regulated sector. The aim is to analyze the denouncements of food advertising aimed at children and adolescents sent to CONAR between 2010 and 2020. The denouncements were described regarding the type of product and service, authorship (consumers/companies or CONAR), and CONAR decision (archiving/penalties). Descriptive and association analyzes were performed. Ninety-eight denouncements were identified, 74.8% of ultra-processed foods. There was an oscillation in the submission of denouncements over the years, with a general decline trend. Consumers were more frequent among the denouncements (58.6%) and 53.3% of total were penalty. Denouncements sent by CONAR or companies were more frequently penalized than those sent by consumers. There was a predominance of denouncements of advertisements for ultra-processed foods and low application of penalties. There was a lack of isonomy in CONAR decision pattern on advertisements.

Investigation and analysis of the current usage status of OTC drug among Inner Mongolian residents / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To investigate the current usage status of OTC drug among residents in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region， and to provide evidence for the science popularization of rational drug use. METHODS By approximate random sampling， the questionnaire survey was conducted with the mini-apps Questionnaire Star among the residents aged 19 and above from 7 league or cities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region， in order to investigate the current situation of OTC drug use in the region. RESULTS A total of 611 people filled in the questionnaire， and 571 people filled in the questionnaire effectively， with an effective filling rate of 93.45%. According to the results， 18.7% of residents said they did not understand the concept of OTC drugs， 36.1% of residents said they did not know the OTC drug label， and 65.3% of residents did not know the difference between class A and B OTC drugs in terms of OTC drug awareness. And there were statistically significant differences in the scores of OTC drug awareness among different genders， education levels， monthly income and places of residence （P＜0.05）. When choosing OTC drugs， 23.5% of residents still believed in advertisements or friends’ recommendations； 14.5% of the residents did not read the drug instructions carefully before taking drugs. In terms of drug risk， 5.1% of residents had long-term use of OTC drugs； 8.6% of residents reported taking three or more OTC drugs； 2.1% of residents often added other drugs with the same effect or increased the dosage by themselves. They took traditional Chinese medicine， Mongolian medicine and other preparations while taking OTC drugs， accounting for 19.6%， 22.6% and 13.0% respectively. CONCLUSIONS Residents in Inner Mongolia have low awareness of OTC drugs， and their habits of drug use need to be improved. Repeated drug use and overdose drug use are serious， it is necessary to strengthen the publicity and popularization of rational use of OTC drugs.

Harassment of health professionals by the infant food industry at scientific events / Assédio da indústria de alimentos infantis a profissionais de saúde em eventos científicos

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the receipt of sponsorships from breast-milk substitute companies by health professionals in scientific events. METHODS Multicenter study (Multi-NBCAL) performed from November 2018 to November 2019 in six cities in different Brazilian regions. In 26 public and private hospitals, pediatricians, nutritionists, speech therapists, and a hospital manager were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive analyses were carried out regarding the health professionals' knowledge about the Norma Brasileira de Comercialização de Alimentos para Lactentes e Crianças de Primeira Infância, Bicos, Chupetas e Mamadeiras (NBCAL - Brazilian Code of Marketing of Infant and Toddlers Food and Childcare-related Products), companies sponsoring scientific events, and material or financial sponsorships received, according to profession. RESULTS We interviewed 217 health professionals, mainly pediatricians (48.8%). Slightly more than half of the professionals (54.4%) knew NBCAL, most from Baby-friendly Hospitals. Most health professionals (85.7%) attended scientific events in the last two years, more than half of them (54.3%) sponsored by breast-milk substitute companies, especially Nestlé (85.1%) and Danone (65.3%). These professionals received sponsorships in the events, such as office supplies (49.5%), meals or invitations to parties (29.9%), promotional gifts (21.6%), payment of the conference registration fee (6.2%) or ticket to the conference (2.1%). CONCLUSION The infant food industries violate NBCAL by harassing health professionals in scientific conferences, offering diverse material and financial sponsorships.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar o recebimento de patrocínios da indústria de substitutos do leite materno por profissionais de saúde em eventos científicos. MÉTODOS Inquérito multicêntrico (Multi-NBCAL) conduzido entre novembro de 2018 e novembro de 2019 em seis cidades de diferentes regiões brasileiras. Em 26 hospitais públicos e privados foram entrevistados pediatras, nutricionistas, fonoaudiólogos e um membro da chefia, mediante questionário estruturado. Foram realizadas análises descritivas do conhecimento dos profissionais de saúde sobre a Norma Brasileira de Comercialização de Alimentos para Lactentes e Crianças de Primeira Infância, Bicos, Chupetas e Mamadeiras (NBCAL), das empresas patrocinadoras de eventos científicos e dos patrocínios financeiros ou materiais recebidos, conforme a categoria profissional. RESULTADOS Foram entrevistados 217 profissionais de saúde, principalmente pediatras (48,8%). Pouco mais da metade dos profissionais (54,4%) afirmaram conhecer a NBCAL, principalmente em Hospitais Amigos da Criança. A maior parte (85,7%) dos profissionais de saúde havia participado de congressos científicos nos últimos dois anos, mais da metade, 54,3%, deles apoiados pela indústria de substitutos do leite materno, em especial pela Nestlé (85,1%) e Danone (65,3%). Patrocínios foram recebidos por esses profissionais nos eventos, como materiais de escritório (49,5%), refeições ou convites para festas (29,9%), brindes (21,6%), pagamento de inscrição (6,2%) ou de passagem para o congresso (2,1%). CONCLUSÃO As indústrias de alimentos infantis infringem a NBCAL ao assediar profissionais de saúde em congressos científicos, oferecendo patrocínios materiais e financeiros diversos.

Would the Brazilian population support the alcohol policies recommended by the World Health Organization?

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the support of the Brazilian population to the alcohol-policies proposed by the World Health Organization to decrease alcohol harm (specifically: to decrease alcohol availability and advertising, and to increase pricing). In addition, we evaluated the factors associated with being against those policies. METHODS Data from 16,273 Brazilians, aged 12-65 years, interviewed in the 3rd Brazilian Household Survey on Substance Use (BHSU-3) were analyzed. The BHSU-3 is a nationwide, probability survey conducted in 2015. Individuals were asked if they would be against, neutral, or in favor of seven alcohol policies grouped as: 1) Strengthen restrictions on alcohol availability; 2) Enforce bans or restrictions on alcohol advertising, sponsorship, and promotion; and 3) Raise prices on alcohol through excise taxes and pricing. Generalized linear models were fitted to evaluate factors associated with being against each one of those policies and against all of policies. RESULTS Overall, 28% of the Brazilians supported all the above mentioned policies, whereas 16% were against them. The highest rate of approval refers to restricting advertising (53%), the lowest refers to increasing prices (40%). Factors associated with being against all policies were: being male (AOR = 1.1; 95%CI: 1.0-1.3), not having a religion (AOR = 1.4; 95%CI: 1.1-1.8), being catholic (AOR = 1.3; 95%CI: 1.1-1.5), and alcohol dependence (AOR = 1.6; 95%CI: 1.1-2.4). CONCLUSIONS The Brazilian government could count on the support of most of the population to restrict alcohol advertising. This information is essential to tackle the lobby of the alcohol industry and its clever marketing strategy.

Public′s online attention to information about quitting smoking before and during COVID-19 pandemic: an analysis based on Baidu Index / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective:To explore the hotspots of the public concerns about quitting smoking before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.Methods:The monthly search index data of four key words, “the harm of smoking”，“quitting smoking”，“passive smoking” and “electronic cigarette” before the COVID-19 (from January, 2016 to December, 2019) and during the COVID-19 (from January, 2020 to December, 2020) pandemic were manually collected from the Baidu Index platform. The one-way ANOVA was used to compare the differences among annual search indexes of four keywords. The linear regression model was used to test the annual linear trend of search index of each keyword before the COVID-19, and the one-sample t-test was used to analyze the differences of the search indexes during the COVID-19 and the means before the COVID-19. Results:During 2016—2020, the annual average search index of “electronic cigarette” was the highest (1.465 million), followed by “the harm of smoking” (0.884 million) and “quitting smoking” (0.780 million), while “passive smoking” was the lowest (0.171 million). Before the COVID-19 (2016—2019), the search index of each keyword had positive cumulative growth, but there was no significant linear trend of annual change ( P>0.05). During the COVID-19 period (2020), the search index of “the harm of smoking” decreased significantly (0.794 million vs 0.907 million, P=0.011), and “quitting smoking” (0.591 million vs 0.827 million, P=0.172) and “passive smoking” (0.164 million vs 0.172 million, P=0.257) showed a downward trend, while the search index of “electronic cigarettes” bucked the trend and increased significantly (1.825 million vs 1.375 million, P=0.010). Conclusions:The public′s online attention to “electronic cigarette” increases dramatically during COVID-19 along with other information about quitting smoking decreases. There are urgent needs for strengthening regulation and monitoring of electronic cigarettes and carrying out more effective publicity of scientific methods to help quit smoking.

An investigation on awareness of brucellosis prevention and control knowledge among breeders in Chunhua County, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province before and after the publicity intervention / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective:To understand the changes of brucellosis prevention and control knowledge awareness among breeders in Chunhua County, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province before and after the publicity intervention.Methods:A multi-stage cluster sampling method was adopted to select 10 townships with more reported cases of human brucellosis in Chunhua County from January 2019 to June 2020, and each township was given priority to select the administrative village with the largest number of reported cases for investigation. At least 20 breeders aged 20 years old and over in each administrative village were selected, and if the number was insufficient, supplementary surveys would be conducted in other administrative villages with the larger number of breeders in the township. Questionnaire survey was conducted on all subjects, including general demographic characteristics, brucellosis prevention and control knowledge and related protective behaviors. After the baseline investigation, 6 months of brucellosis prevention and control knowledge publicity was carried out in the administrative villages included in the investigation, and the awareness rate of brucellosis prevention and control knowledge before and after the publicity intervention was compared to evaluate the effect of publicity intervention.Results:After the publicity intervention, a total of 240 breeders were investigated, and 176 people were aware of brucellosis prevention and control knowledge, with an overall awareness rate of 73.33% (176/240), which was significantly higher than that before the publicity intervention (57.50%, 115/200), and the difference was statistically significant (χ 2 = 12.21, P = 0.005). After the publicity intervention, the awareness rates of breeders on "can cattle and sheep transmit diseases to humans" and "do you know that cattle and sheep can only be purchased after passing the quarantine inspection" were relatively high, they were 95.83% (230/240) and 95.00% (228/240), respectively, and the differences were statistically significant (χ 2 = 50.04, 112.64, P < 0.001) compared with that before the publicity intervention [71.50% (143/200) and 51.00% (102/200)]. The awareness rate of breeders on "how brucellosis is transmitted from livestock to humans" was the lowest, it was 53.33% (128/240), which was not significantly different (χ 2 = 0.82, P = 0.370) from that before the publicity intervention (49.00%, 98/200). Conclusions:After the publicity intervention, the overall awareness rate of brucellosis prevention and control knowledge of breeders in Chunhua County has improved, but the awareness rate of some individual issues is still low. It is suggested to strengthen the pertinence of publicity and education.

HIV screening results of college group blood donors in Tianjin from 2012 to 2021 / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To analyze the infection characteristics and prevalence of HIV among college group voluntary blood donors in Tianjin, China, so as to provide data support for improving the promotion and recruitment strategies of voluntary blood donors, ensuring the safety of blood for clinical use, and formulating HIV prevention and control strategies for adolescents. 【Methods】 The college donors with anti-HIV(+ ) and HIV RNA(+ ) results in Tianjin from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2021 were selected and analyzed. The relationships among HIV positive rate(anti-HIV+ or HIV RNA+ ), solo anti-HIV positive rate(anti -HIV+ and HIV RNA-), solo HIV RNApositive rate(anti-HIV- and HIV RNA+ ) and double positive rate(anti-HIV+ and HIV RNA+ ) between different years, gender, residence status, age and blood donation history(primary or repeated blood donation) were counted. 【Results】 The HIV positive rate and solo HIV RNA positive rate of college group blood donors from 2012 to 2021 showed a trend with significant increasing(χ2=49.266, 71.379, P<0.05). The HIV positive rate in the controls was significantly higher than that in the college blood donors(χ2=92.414, P< 0.05). The HIV positive rate and solo anti-HIV positive rate showed no differences by genders, but the male presented significant higher positive rate in solo HIV RNA and double positive results than the females(χ2=6.059, 10.900, P<0.05). The HIV positive rate of local resident was significantly lower than those nonlocal students(χ2=47.523, P<0.05). The HIV positive rate differed significantly by ages, with the highest at the age of 18 and the lowest at the age of 21(P<0.05). The difference of HIV double positive rates between the first-time and repeated donors was marginal, while the other three positive rates in thefirst-time donors were significantly higher than those in the repeated donors (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 In recent years, the HIV positive rate and solo HIV RNA positive rate of college group blood donors present an increasing tendency. The consultation and education on HIV-related issues should be strengthened among college students during blood donation publicity, so as to ensure the safety of blood use and prevent the spread of AIDS in schools.

Health management and growth development of type 1 diabetes mellitus children / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To investigate the growth, development and health management of children with type 1 diabetes, and to provide guidance for the treatment of children with type 1 diabetes. Methods From June 2018 to June 2021, 86 children with type 1 diabetes diagnosed and treated in the Department of Endocrinology of our hospital from January 2000 to December 2002 were selected, including 41 males and 45 females, the onset age of 6-9 years old, all of whom were followed up by telephone. Height, weight, age of onset of youth, age of menarche, blood glucose control and complications were recorded and analyzed from onset to adulthood. Results The initial height of children were lower than those of children of the same age (P0.05).The median age of initiation of puberty in boys was (12.10±1.50) years later than that in the general population (P 8.0%. There were 1 (1.16%) cases of retinopathy and 4 (4.65%) cases of microalbuminuria. 84 cases (97.67%) were monitored for blood glucose or urine glucose, and only 2 cases were not monitored. Conclusion Due to poor self-control and growth, the blood glucose control of children with type 1 diabetes is often not ideal. Although complications are rare, most blood glucose control is not ideal and blood glucose detection is not enough. Therefore, It is necessary to strengthen the publicity and education of diabetes and regularly monitor blood glucose.

A medicalização do sofrimento psíquico na cultura do hiperconsumo / Medicalization of psychic suffering in a culture of hyperconsumption

Na atual fase em que se encontra a sociedade de consumo, estão presentes de forma bastante acentuada os valores do hedonismo, da busca incessante pela felicidade através da aquisição de bens materiais, da negação do sofrimento, dos lazeres, da leveza e do hiperindividualismo. O processo crescente de destradicionalização da sociedade tornou o sujeito ao mesmo tempo livre e instável. Com o enfraquecimento da capacidade ordenadora de instituições como igreja e escola, o sujeito tende a buscar no consumo de bens e serviços uma fonte de segurança, além do uso de medicamentos que aliviam o sofrimento psíquico gerado por esse desamparo. Considerando que a medicalização do sofrimento psíquico atinge largas escalas nessa fase da sociedade contemporânea, o presente trabalho propõe-se a investigar os fatores da cultura do hiperconsumo que funcionam como dispositivos que favorecem o processo da medicalização generalizada. Partiu-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica na qual foram observados alguns atores que difundem o discurso medicalizante, como a publicidade, a psiquiatria hegemônica e a indústria farmacêutica. As informações apresentadas e organizadas na pesquisa resultam na constatação de que a medicalização é produto tanto de interesses da indústria farmacêutica como da demanda do hiperconsumidor por felicidade, bem-estar e ausência de sofrimento.(AU)

In the current phase in which the consumer society is present, the values of hedonism, the incessant search for happiness through the acquisition of material goods, the denial of suffering, leisure, lightness and hyperindividualism are quite marked. The growing process of detraditionalization of society has made the subject at the same time free and unstable. With the weakening of the ordering capacity of institutions such as church and school, the subject tends to seek in the consumption of goods and services a source of security, in addition to the use of medications that relieve the psychic suffering generated by this helplessness. Considering that the medicalization of psychic suffering reaches large scales in this phase of contemporary society, the present work proposes to investigate the factors of the culture of hyperconsumption that function as devices that favor the process of generalized medicalization. It was based on a bibliographical research in which some actors were observed that spread the medicalizing discourse, such as advertising, hegemonic psychiatry and the pharmaceutical industry. The information presented and organized in the research results in the finding that medicalization is the product of both the interests of the pharmaceutical industry and the demand of the hyperconsumer for happiness, well-being and absence of suffering.(AU)

En la fase actual en la que está presente la sociedad de consumo, los valores del hedonismo, la búsqueda incesante de la felicidad a través de la adquisición de bienes materiales, la negación del sufrimiento, el ocio, la ligereza y el hiperindividualismo son bastante marcados. El creciente proceso de destradicionalización de la sociedad ha hecho que el sujeto sea al mismo tiempo libre e inestable. Con el debilitamiento de la capacidad de ordenamiento de instituciones como la iglesia y la escuela, el sujeto tiende a buscar en el consumo de bienes y servicios una fuente de seguridad, además del uso de medicamentos que alivian el sufrimiento psíquico generado por esta indefensión. Considerando que la medicalización del sufrimiento psíquico alcanza grandes escalas en esta fase de la sociedad contemporánea, el presente trabajo propone investigar los factores de la cultura del hiperconsumo que funcionan como dispositivos que favorecen el proceso de medicalización generalizada. Se basó en una investigación bibliográfica en la que se observaron algunos actores que difundieron el discurso medicalizador, como la publicidad, la psiquiatría hegemónica y la industria farmacéutica. La información presentada y organizada en la investigación resulta en el hallazgo de que la medicalización es el producto tanto de los intereses de la industria farmacéutica como de la demanda del hiperconsumidor de felicidad, bienestar y ausencia de sufrimiento.(AU)

Perfil nutricional y estrategias de publicidad en el empaque de alimentos procesados de trigo y maíz en la Ciudad de México / Nutrient profile and marketing strategies of processed wheat and maize products in Mexico City

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre el perfil nutricional y las estrategias de publicidad de alimentos procesados de trigo y maíz (APTM) ofertados en puntos de venta de la Ciudad de México. Material y métodos: Se recolectó información del contenido nutricional y tipos de publicidad para doce categorías de APTM en 58 puntos de venta localizados en zonas de niveles socioeconómicos (NSE) bajo y alto. Resultados: El 8.5 y 10.7% de APTM en NSE bajo y alto fueron saludables, respectivamente. ≤12% de los APTM fueron saludables, excepto harinas (~30%) y pastas (~95%). Entre ambos NSE, de 28.3% a 31.9% de APTM usaron personajes, de 46.5% a 50.1% promociones y de 38.2% a 41.3% claims. Se encontraron asociaciones significativas (p<0.001) en el uso de publicidad de APTM no saludables en ambas zonas de NSE. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los APTM en venta fueron no saludables, y se ofertaron más en el NSE bajo. En ambos NSE la mayoría de APTM no saludables usa estrategias publicitarias para estimular su consumo.

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the nutrient profile and marketing techniques (MT) of processed wheat and maize foods (PWMF) sold in food retail outlets of Mexico City. Materials and methods: We collected information on nutrient content and MT for PWMF across twelve food categories from 58 retail outlets in high and low income areas of Mexico City. Results: Roughly 8.5% and 10.7% of PWMF, in low and high income areas were healthy, respectively. The ≤12% of PWMF were healthy, except for flours (~33%) and pastas (≥95%). Across both income areas, 28.3%-31.9% of WMPF employed characters, 46.5%-50.1% promotions and 38.2%-41.3% claims. A significant association (p<0.001) was found between the use of MT and unhealthy PWMF in both areas. Conclusion: The majority of PWMF available in the food retail sector were considered unhealthy, which were being more offered in low income areas. Across income areas, the majority of unhealthy WMPF employed MT to encourage consumption.

Effect of health publicity on plateletpheresis donation among college students in Beijing / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To evaluate the effect of health publicity on plateletpheresis donation among college students in Beijing. 【Methods】 Plateletpheresis donor recruitment was carried out in a conventional way in 2016~2017 and by health publicity in 2018~2019 among college students in Beijing. The data, including the number of blood donations, blood collection units, the number of repeated donations, the rate of eligible donors and the discarding rate due to blood donation reactions, of two groups were collected and statistically analyzed. 【Results】 The number of plateletpheresis donation, the collection units of platelets and the number of repeated blood donation among college students in Beijing have increased since 2016. The rate of ineligible college students at pre-donation screening decreased from 10.97% in 2016~2017 to 8.51% in 2018~2019(P<0.05), and the discarding rate due to blood donation reactions decreased from 0.45% to 0.17%(P<0.05). Most plateletpheresis candidates failed in the blood routine testing. 【Conclusion】 Health publicity helped college students in Beijing better understand the process of plateletpheresis donation to a certain extent, which played a positive role in expanding blood donors and promoting the recruitment and retention of apheresis donors in Beijing.

Interferência da Indústria do Tabaco no Brasil: a Necessidade do Ajuste de Contas / Tobacco Industry Interference in Brazil: the Necessity of Settling Accounts / Interferencia de la Industria Tabacalera en Brasil: la Necesidad del Ajuste de Cuentas

Introdução: No Brasil, cada vez mais são identificadas ações ilegais de publicidade, propaganda e patrocínio por parte da indústria do tabaco em eventos musicais e por meio das redes sociais, voltadas a atrair principalmente o público jovem para o uso do cigarro. Objetivo: Desenvolver uma metodologia que permita estabelecer um parâmetro de quantificação dos impactos negativos para o setor saúde desse descumprimento da lei. Método: Combinaram-se as informações nacionais existentes sobre i) a equivalência entre "custo direto médio da assistência médica" e "mortes por doenças atribuíveis ao tabagismo" e ii) a equivalência entre "a parcela do lucro revertido em ações de marketing" e "mortes de fumantes que contribuíram para a geração desse lucro por meio da compra de cigarros", de forma a se obter a relação "custo direto do tratamento" vs "parcela do lucro revertido em ações de marketing". As doenças selecionadas foram aquelas que apresentam os maiores custos diretos de tratamento atribuíveis ao fumo. Resultados: Para cada centavo investido em marketing pela indústria do tabaco, o Brasil tem um gasto com tratamento de doenças relacionadas ao tabaco 1,93 vezes superior ao dinheiro investido pela indústria. Conclusão: A mensuração da responsabilização dos violadores da legislação nacional para o controle do tabaco é fundamental para compensar parte dos custos associados ao tratamento de pacientes e aos programas de cessação ao fumo, favorecendo assim a redução do tabagismo no país.

Introduction: In Brazil, illegal actions of advertising, promotion, and sponsorship by part of the tobacco industry are increasingly identified in music events, and through social media, aimed mainly to attract young people to use cigarettes. Objective: To develop a methodology that allows the creation of a parameter of quantification of the negative impacts to the health sector of non-compliance with the law. Method: Combination of the current national information about i) the equivalence between "mean direct cost of medical care" and "deaths by diseases attributable to tobacco addiction" and ii) the equivalence between "the portion of the profit translated into marketing actions" and "deaths of smokers who contributed for the generation of this profit through purchase of cigarettes" in order to obtain the relation between "direct cost of the treatment" vs "portion of the profit translated into market actions". The diseases selected were those that presented the biggest direct cost of treatment attributable to tobacco. Results: For every cent invested in marketing strategies by the tobacco industry, Brazil spends 1.93 times more financial resources to treat tobacco-related diseases. Conclusion: The measurement of the liability for non-compliance of the tobacco national legislation is essential to offset part of the associated costs of the treatment of patients and programs of tobacco cessation to favor the reduction of smoking prevalence in Brazil.

Introducción: En Brasil, es cada vez más común identificar acciones ilegales de publicidad, promoción y patrocinio del tabaco por parte de la industria tabacalera en eventos musicales y a través de redes sociales, destinadas principalmente a atraer al público joven al consumo de cigarrillos. Objetivo: Desarrollar una metodología que permita establecer un parámetro para cuantificar los impactos negativos al setor de la salud de esa acción ilegal de la ley. Método: El artículo integra la información nacional existente sobre i) la equivalencia entre el "costo directo promedio de asistencia médica" y "muertes por enfermedades atribuibles al tabaquismo" y ii) la equivalencia entre "la parte del ingreso usado en acciones de marketing" y "las muertes de fumadores que han contribuido a la generación de estos ingresos a través de la compra de cigarrillos", para obtener la relación "costo directo del tratamiento" vs "parte de los ingresos usados en acciones de marketing". Las enfermedades seleccionadas fueron las que presentaron los costos más altos de tratamiento directo atribuibles al uso del tabaco. Resultados: Por cada centavo invertido en marketing por la industria tabacalera, Brasil tiene un gasto en tratamiento de enfermedades relacionadas con el tabaco 1,93 veces mayor que el monto invertido por la industria. Conclusión: Medir la responsabilidad de los infractores de la legislación nacional de control del tabaco es esencial para compensar parte de los costos asociados con el tratamiento de los pacientes y com los programas para dejar de fumar, favoreciendo así la reducción del consumo de tabaco en el país.

The habit of buying foods announced on television increases ultra-processed products intake among schoolchildren / O hábito de comprar produtos alimentícios anunciados na televisão aumenta o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados por escolares / El hábito de comprar comidas anunciadas en anuncios de televisión incrementa la ingesta de productos ultraprocesados entre escolares

Abstract: This study aimed to verify the effects of buying television advertised food in schoolchildren eating behaviors. We performed a cross-sectional study with fourth grade students of an elementary education in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. We analyzed anthropometric data, the habit of buying television advertised food/beverages, and food consumption (two 24-hour dietary recalls). Logistic regression models were conducted and adjusted for gender, age, caloric intake, nutritional status, and social deprivation of area of residence. In total, 797 children were evaluated, the mean age was 9.81 (0.59) years, 50.7% were female, and 32.4% overweight. The prevalence of the habit of buying television advertised food was 43.1%, among which 99.3% concerned ultra-processed foods, according to the classification proposed by Monteiro et al. (2016), mainly milk beverages (12.1%), industrialized biscuits (11.5%) and candies (9.5%). The habit of buying advertised food increased the chance of consuming ultra-processed foods (OR = 1.92; 95%CI: 1.06-3.46). We found no correlation between this habit and the consumption of minimally processed and processed foods (p < 0.05). This study findings may corroborate the debate on food advertising policy and the development of effective nutrition interventions among schoolchildren, which should involve integrated education bringing together children and parents.

Resumo: O estudo teve como objetivo verificar a associação entre o hábito de comprar produtos alimentícios anunciados na televisão e o consumo de determinados alimentos, em uma amostra transversal de alunos do quarto ano do Ensino Fundamental na rede municipal de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram analisados dados antropométricos, o hábito de comprar alimentos e bebidas anunciados na televisão e o consumo de alimentos específicos (dois recordatórios alimentares de 24 horas). Foram construídos modelos de regressão logística ajustados para sexo, idade, calorias na dieta, estado nutricional e privação social da região de residência. O estudo avaliou 797 crianças, com média de idade de 9,81 (0,59) anos, 50,7% das quais do sexo feminino e 32,4% com sobrepeso. A prevalência do hábito de comprar alimentos anunciados na televisão foi de 43,1%. Entre estas crianças, 99,3% relatavam alimentos ultraprocessados de acordo com a classificação proposta por Monteiro et al. (2016), com destaque para as bebidas lácteas (12,1%), biscoitos industrializados (11,5%) e doces (9,5%). O hábito de comprar produtos alimentícios anunciados na TV aumentava o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados (OR = 1,92; IC95%: 1,06-3,46). Não houve associação entre esse hábito e o consumo de alimentos minimamente processados ou processados (p < 0,05). Os achados podem contribuir para o debate sobre políticas regulatórias para a propaganda de produtos alimentícios, além de assistir no desenvolvimento de intervenções nutricionais efetivas entre escolares, o que deve envolver ações educacionais integradas, com a participação das crianças e seus pais.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar la asociación del hábito de comprar comida anunciada en la televisión y el consumo de comida. Este estudio trasversal se desarrolló con estudiantes del cuarto año en la red municipal de escuelas primarias en Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brasil. Se investigaron datos antropométricos, el hábito de comprar comida/bebidas que aparecen en anuncios de televisión y consumo de comida (dos recordatorios de 24-horas). Se construyeron modelos de regresión logística, ajustados por sexo, edad, calorías de la dieta, estatus nutricional, y carestía social de la región de residencia. Se evaluaron a un total de 797 niños, con una media de 9,81 (0,59) años de edad, 50,7% mujeres y un 32,4% con sobrepeso. La prevalencia del hábito de comprar comida anunciada en televisión fue de un 43,1%. Entre estos, un 99,3% se refirió a comidas ultraprocesadas según la clasificación propuesta por Monteiro et al. (2016), con énfasis en bebidas lácteas (12.1%), galletas industrializadas (11.5%) y golosinas (9.5%). El hábito de comprar comida anunciada aumenta la oportunidad de consumir comida ultraprocesada (OR = 1,92; IC95%: 1,06-3,46). No hubo asociación entre este hábito y el consumo de comidas mínimamente procesadas y procesadas (p < 0,05). El hábito de comprar comida anunciada en televisión lleva a un consumo más alto de productos procesados. Tal vez los resultados de este estudio contribuyan al debate de la política regulatoria en la publicidad de comida, así como también al apoyo en el desarrollo de intervenciones efectivas nutricionales entre escolares, que implicarían acciones integradas educativas, involucrando a los niños y a sus respectivos progenitores.

Nutritional quality, child-oriented marketing and health/nutrition claims on sweet biscuit, breakfast cereal and dairy-based dessert packs in Argentina / Calidad nutricional, mercadotecnia orientada a la infancia y propaganda sobre salud/nutrición en galletas dulces, cereales para el desayuno y embalajes de postres lácteos en Argentina / Qualidade nutricional, marketing concentrado no público infantil e alegações nutricionais e de saúde nas embalagens de biscoitos, cereais matinais e sobremesas lácteas na Argentina

As children are particularly vulnerable to marketing, this study analyzes marketing techniques and health/nutrition claims in food packaging and evaluates the nutritional quality in three food categories: sweet biscuits, breakfast cereals and dairy-based desserts. This descriptive study analyzed marketing techniques and claims included in food packaging (n = 301) in one of the largest retailers in Argentina. Trained researchers coded data following an adapted version of the INFORMAS protocol to account for local food packaging regulations. Nutritional quality was assessed using both Pan American Health Organization Nutrient Profile (PAHO NPM) and the WHO Regional Office for Europe Nutrient Profile (WHO Euro NPM) models. Under the PAHO model, 87% (n 262) of the product sample presented excess content of at least one nutrient ("less healthy" products), and 91% (n = 273) should not be marketed to children according to the WHO Euro model. Almost 40% of less healthy food products displayed nutrition claims on their package. Characters or celebrity endorsements, which are particularly attractive to children, featured in 32% of less healthy products, being more frequent in less healthy food products than in healthier ones. Results indicate that packaging for food products with low nutritional value often includes powerful marketing elements in Argentina, which renders young children very vulnerable to obesogenic influence. Moreover, the real nutritional value of the products analyzed were often at odds with the health claims shown on its package. Food labeling policies must be improved in Argentina to guarantee people's health protection against deceptive advertising.

Los niños son particularmente vulnerables a la mercadotecnia; este estudio analiza las técnicas de mercadotecnia y la propaganda sobre salud/nutrición en los paquetes de comida, además de evaluar la calidad nutricional en tres categorías de comida: galletas dulces, cereales para el desayuno y postres lácteos. Este estudio descriptivo analizó las técnicas de mercadotecnia y propaganda incluida en los embalajes de galletas dulces, cereales para el desayuno y postres (n = 301) en uno de los distribuidores más grandes de Argentina. Investigadores cualificados codificaron los datos siguiendo una versión adaptada del protocolo INFORMAS, con el fin de evaluar la regulación respecto a los embalajes de comida local. La calidad nutricional fue evaluada usando tanto los modelos del Perfil Nutricional de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS NPM) y Organización Munidal de la Salud (OMS Euro NPM). Un 87% (n = 262) de la muestra del producto presentó un exceso de contenido de al menos un nutriente (productos "menos saludables"), según el OPS NPM, y un 91% (n = 273) de la muestra no debería haber sido etiquetada para niños, según el OMS Euro NPM. Casi un 40% de los productos menos saludables contaban con propaganda nutricional en sus embalajes. Personajes infantiles o el respaldo de famosos, que son particularmente atractivos para los niños, fueron destacados en un 32% de los productos menos sanos, y fueron más frecuentes entre los productos menos sanos que entre los más saludables. Los resultados indican que los embalajes de productos alimenticios con un valor nutricional bajo, a menudo incluyen elementos poderosos de mercadotecnia en Argentina, lo que provoca que los niños más jóvenes sean más vulnerables a la influencia obesogénica. Asimismo, el valor real nutricional de los productos analizados estuvo a menudo en conflicto con la propaganda sobre los beneficios para la salud mostrados en su embalaje. Las políticas de etiquetado deberían mejorar en Argentina para garantizar la protección a la salud de toda la población frente a la publicidad engañosa.

As crianças são particularmente vulneráveis ao marketing. O estudo analisa as técnicas publicitárias e alegações nutricionais e de saúde nas embalagens de alimentos e avalia a qualidade nutricional de três categorias de alimentos: biscoitos, cereais matinais e sobremesas lácteas. O estudo descritivo analisou as técnicas de marketing e as alegações impressas nas embalagens de biscoitos, cereais matinais e sobremesas lácteas (n = 301) em uma das maiores cadeias de varejo da Argentina. Pesquisadores treinados codificaram os dados de acordo com uma versão adaptada do protocolo INFORMAS para levar em conta a regulamentação argentina de rotulagem de alimentos. A qualidade nutricional foi avaliada com os modelos de Perfil de Nutrientes da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS NPM) e da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS Euro NPM). Ao todo, 87% (n = 262) das amostras dos produtos apresentavam um conteúdo excessivo de pelo menos um ingrediente (os produtos "menos saudáveis") de acordo com o OPAS NPM, enquanto 91% (n = 273) dos produtos não deveriam ser promovidos para crianças, de acordo com o OMS Euro NPM. Quase 40% dos produtos alimentícios menos saudáveis mostravam alegações nutricionais nas embalagens. Personagens conhecidos pelo público infantil, além do endosso de celebridades, que são particularmente atraentes para as crianças, foram destacados em 32% dos produtos menos saudáveis, e eram mais frequentes nos produtos menos saudáveis do que nos mais saudáveis. Os resultados indicam que as embalagens dos produtos alimentícios com menor valor nutritivo muitas vezes fazem uso de elementos poderosos de marketing na Argentina, deixando as crianças altamente vulneráveis à influência obesogênica. Muitas vezes o verdadeiro valor nutritivo dos produtos analisados não estava de acordo com as alegações de saúde nas embalagens. As políticas de rotulagem de alimentos devem ser melhoradas na Argentina para garantir a proteção da saúde da população inteira contra a publicidade enganosa.

Food advertisements on television and eating habits in adolescents: a school-based study

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the association of television food advertisements with eating habits in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS The sample was composed of 1,011 adolescents, aged from 10-17 years. The influence of television food advertisements on eating habits, as well as food consumption and socioeconomic variables were assessed through questionnaires. A binary logistic regression was performed to assess the magnitude of the associations, adjusted for gender, age, socioeconomic status, and parental schooling. RESULTS Of the sample, 83.3% (n = 843) reported food consumption while watching TV. Adolescents who do not consume food while watching TV had a higher weekly consumption of fruits (3.98, SD = 2.0 versus 3.39, SD = 2.1) and vegetables (4.1, SD = 2.2 versus 3.4, SD = 2.3). Adolescents that consume food while watching TV had higher weekly consumption of fried foods (3.1, SD = 2.0 versus 2.3, SD = 1.7), sweets (4.1, SD = 2.1 versus 3.3, SD = 2.1), soft drinks (3.2, SD = 2.1 versus 2.2, SD = 1.9), and snacks (2.3, SD = 2.0 versus 1.6, SD = 1.7). For 73,8% of the sample, food advertisements induce product consumerism, most commonly sweets and fast foods. Buying or asking to buy food after seeing it on the television was associated with fried foods (OR = 1.36, 95%CI = 1.03- 1.79), sweets (OR = 1.69, 95%CI = 1.30-2.18), and snacks (OR = 1.57, 95%CI = 1.12-2.22). CONCLUSION Food advertisements were associated with greater consumption of fried foods, sweets, and snacks in adolescents, even after adjusting for confounding factors.

O patrocínio de empresas do setor de alimentação e bebidas no futebol brasileiro: um obstáculo para a promoção da alimentação saudável / Sponsorship by the food and beverage industries in Brazilian professional soccer: an obstacle to the promotion of healthy eating / El patrocinio de empresas del sector alimentario y bebidas en el fútbol brasileño: un obstáculo para la promoción de la alimentación saludable

Resumo: O patrocínio de empresas de alimentos e bebidas ultraprocessados é uma prática de marketing comum no esporte, capaz de influenciar os consumidores, e que é desconhecida no Brasil. Nesse cenário, objetivou-se identificar o perfil do patrocínio de empresas do setor de alimentação e bebidas de clubes de futebol no Brasil e associar a ocorrência desse patrocínio a características dos clubes. A amostra contemplou as empresas desses setores patrocinadoras dos 20 clubes da Série A do Campeonato Brasileiro em 2018. As empresas de alimentos foram identificadas quanto ao perfil de seus produtos segundo a classificação NOVA, e foram obtidas informações a respeito do número de títulos na Copa Libertadores da América, no Campeonato Brasileiro e nos campeonatos estaduais; tempo de história; região do Brasil; número de torcedores e receitas de patrocínios/publicidade e de direito de transmissão na TV. Foram identificados 280 patrocinadores, com repetição de patrocinadores entre os clubes, dos quais, 11,5% eram do setor de alimentos, com destaque para os ultraprocessados (9,4%), sendo 6,7% de bebidas ultraprocessadas. O patrocínio pela categoria de ultraprocessados foi mais prevalente entre os clubes com maior número de títulos no Campeonato Brasileiro e na Copa Libertadores da América e entre aqueles com maior número de torcedores e volume de receitas de patrocínios/publicidade e por direito de transmissão de seus jogos na TV. Assim, evidenciou-se presença significativa de empresas de ultraprocessados como patrocinadores dos clubes de futebol, sobretudo entre os clubes com maior número de vitórias em campeonatos e popularidade, configurando-se como um obstáculo à promoção da alimentação adequada e saudável.

Abstract: Sponsorship by ultra-processed food and beverage companies is a common marketing practice in sports, capable of influencing consumers, with unknown effects in Brazil. The study aimed to identify the profile of food and beverage companies sponsoring professional soccer teams in Brazil and to associate the occurrence of this sponsorship with the teams' characteristics. The sample included companies from these industries sponsoring 20 major league soccer teams competing in the Brazilian Championship in 2018. The food companies were identified according to the products based on the NOVA classification, and information was obtained on the number of championships they had won in Copa Libertadores, the Brazilian Championship, and the state championships; time since the club was founded; region of Brazil; number of fans; and revenues from sponsorship/advertising and sale of TV rights. A total of 280 sponsors were identified, with repeat sponsors between teams, of which 11.5% were from the food industry, featuring ultra-processed products (9.4%) and 6.7% of ultra-processed beverages. Sponsorship by ultra-processed producers was more prevalent among teams that had won more championships in the Brazilian National Cup and Copa Libertadores and among those with more fans and higher revenues from sponsorship/advertising and sale of TV rights. The study revealed the significant presence of manufacturers of ultra-processed foods and beverages as soccer team sponsors, especially for the more popular teams that had won more championships, thus posing an obstacle to the promotion of healthy eating.

Resumen: El patrocinio de empresas de alimentos y bebidas ultraprocesados es una práctica común de marketing en el deporte, capaz de influenciar a los consumidores, y que es desconocida en Brasil. En este escenario, el objetivo fue identificar el perfil del patrocinio de empresas del sector de alimentación y bebidas de clubes de fútbol en Brasil, y asociar la ocurrencia de este patrocinio con las características de los clubes. La muestra analizó las empresas patrocinadoras de estos sectores en 20 clubes de la serie A del Campeonato Brasileño en 2018. Las empresas de alimentos se identificaron respecto al perfil de sus productos, según la clasificación NOVA, y se obtuvo información en cuanto al número de títulos en la Copa Libertadores de América, en el Campeonato Brasileño y en los campeonatos estatales; recorrido histórico; región de Brasil; número de hinchas e ingresos por patrocinios/publicidad, así como de derechos de transmisión en la TV. Se identificaron a 280 patrocinadores, con patrocinadores repetidos entre clubes, de los cuales un 11,5% eran del sector de alimentos, destacando los ultraprocesados (9,4%), siendo un 6,7% el de las bebidas ultraprocesadas. El patrocinio por la categoría de ultraprocesados fue más prevalente entre los clubes con mayor número de títulos en el Campeonato Brasileño y en la Copa Libertadores de América y entre aquellos con mayor número de hinchas y volumen de ingresos por patrocinios/publicidad, así como por derecho de transmisión de sus juegos en la TV. Así, se puso en evidencia la presencia significativa de empresas de ultraprocesados, como patrocinadoras de los clubes de fútbol, sobre todo entre los clubes con mayor número de victorias en campeonatos y popularidad, convirtiéndose en un obstáculo para la promoción de la alimentación adecuada y saludable.

Representações LGBTQIA+ e estudos culturais: invisibilidades da diversidade de gênero em audiovisuais publicitários de moda / LGBTQIA+ representations and cultural studies: invisibility of gender diversity in fashionable audiovisuals / Representaciones LGBTQIA+ y estudios culturales: invisibilidades de la diversidad de género en audiovisuales publicitarios de moda

A moda, não raras vezes, é utilizada como marca de distinção social e de apagamentos de gêneros. Mesmo nos dias atuais, sua produção hegemônica distingue os gêneros feminino e masculino e deixa os demais sem representatividade. Por outro lado, a crítica a um modelo de produção publicitário, que robustece os padrões hegemônicos dos binarismos compulsórios entre sexo e gênero, tem sido efetivada por um movimento acanhado e ainda recente que clama por novos modelos de representação. Por meio dos estudos culturais, este ensaio teórico busca refletir sobre as representações LGBTQIA+ nas publicidades de moda, salientando a importância das diversidades de gênero estarem representadas, de forma não estereotipada, dando-lhes visibilidade, evitando seu silenciamento e apagamento.

Fashion is often used as a sign of social distinction and erasure of genres. Nowadays its hegemonic production still distinguishes female and male gender but the others have no representation in it. On the other hand, the criticism about a model of advertising production, which strengthens the hegemonic patterns of compulsory binarisms between sex and gender, has been effected by means of a few expressive and still recent movement that calls for new models of representation. This theoretical essay seeks through cultural studies to reflect on LGBTQIA+ representations in fashion advertising, stressing the importance of gender diversity to be represented in a non-stereotyped way, giving them visibility, avoiding to silence them and their erasure.

La moda se usa a menudo como una marca de distinción social y borradura de géneros. Incluso hoy, su producción hegemónica distingue el género femenino y el masculino y deja otros géneros sin representatividad. Por otro lado, la crítica a un modelo de producción publicitario, que fortalece los patrones hegemónicos de binarismos obligatorios entre el sexo y el género, tiene sido efectuada por medio de un movimiento tímido y aún reciente que exige nuevos modelos de representación. A través de estudios culturales, este ensayo teórico busca reflexionar sobre las representaciones LGBTQIA+ en las publicidades de moda, enfatizando la importancia de que las diversidades de género estén representadas de manera no estereotipada, dándoles visibilidad, evitando su silenciamiento y borradura.

Consumismo precoce e mídia: discursos publicitários de um canal televisivo infantil / Precocious consumerism and media: publicity discourses of a tv channel for children / Consumismo temprano y medios sociales: discursos de publicidad de un canal de televisión para niños

A sociedade contemporânea é marcada pelo consumo e, nessa organização, a criança tem seu lugar de consumidora reservado pela mídia, principalmente a televisiva. A tevê é algo bastante presente na vida das crianças e um importante divulgador de publicidade infantil. Este trabalho identificou os discursos usados pela publicidade de um canal televisivo infantil na tentativa de persuadir a criança e seus cuidadores. Para a realização da pesquisa, foram gravadas e transcritas as peças publicitárias desse canal, e os textos resultantes da transcrição foram submetidos à análise do discurso. Para análise e discussão, o material foi organizado em duas categorias: "felicidade e status por meio do consumo" e "reprodução de papéis de gênero". Os principais resultados apontaram que os discursos apresentaram os produtos como fórmula para a felicidade e o reforço aos papéis de gênero socialmente construídos pela estratégia de exposição de seus produtos.

The contemporary society is marked by consumption, and in this organization, children have their places as consumers reserved by the media, mostly the TV media. The TV is something very present in children’s life and an important spreader of infantile publicity. This work identifies the publicity discourses of TV channel for children trying to persuade them and their caregivers. The development of the research required the recording and transcription of advertising pieces of this channel and the texts resulting from the transcription were submitted to a Discourse Analysis. In order to carry out the analysis and debate, the material was organized in two categories: "happiness and status through consumption" and "reproduction of gender papers". The main results have pointed out that the discourses presented the products as a formula for happiness and the reinforcement to the gender roles built socially through the strategy of the exposition of its products.

La sociedad contemporánea está marcada por el consumo y, en esta organización, el niño tiene su lugar de consumo reservado por los medios de comunicación, especialmente la televisión. La TV es algo muy presente en la vida de ellos y un importante promotor de la publicidad infantil. Este trabajo identifica los discursos utilizados por la publicidad de un canal de televisión para niños, en un intento de persuadirles y, también, a sus cuidadores. Para realizar el estudio, se grabaron y transcribieron los anuncios de ese canal y, los textos resultantes de la transcripción fueron sometidos al análisis del discurso. Para el análisis y la discusión, el material fue segmentado en dos categorías: "Felicidad y el estatus a través del consumo" y "Reproducción de los roles de género". Los principales resultados mostraron que los discursos presentaban los productos como fórmula para la felicidad y, el fortalecimiento de los roles de género socialmente construidos a través de la estrategia de exposición de sus productos.

Bebidas azucaradas y patrocinio de eventos deportivos: El derecho a la salud de niños, niñas y adolescentes en juego / Sugar-sweetened beverages and sports sponsorship: The right to health of children and adolescents at stake

La publicidad de alimentos y bebidas no saludables a la que se encuentran expuestos/as niños, niñas y adolescentes ha sido identificada como un factor de gran relevancia en la génesis, expansión y persistencia de la obesidad. Este artículo aborda el patrocinio de eventos deportivos por parte de las empresas productoras de bebidas azucaradas y su influencia en las preferencias de hidratación, intención de compra y hábitos de consumo. Se destacan las consecuencias negativas en la salud del consumo de bebidas azucaradas (gaseosas y deportivas) y su asociación con la obesidad y el riesgo de enfermedades metabólicas y cardiovasculares. Se plantea la necesidad de apelar al principio jurídico de "interés superior del niño" para exigir la protección del derecho a la salud, en línea con las recomendaciones de organismos de salud internacionales para la restricción de la publicidad de alimentos y bebidas no saludables dirigida a niños/as y adolescentes.

Advertising of unhealthy foods and beverages to which children and adolescents are exposed has been identified as a factor of great relevance in the genesis, expansion and persistence of obesity. This article deals with sports sponsorship by companies producing sugar-sweetened drinks and their influence on the preferences of hydration, purchasing, intention and consumption habits. It highlights the negative health consequences from the consumption of sugary drinks (soft drinks and sports beverages) and their association with obesity and risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. There is a need to apply the legal principle of "best interests of the child" to demand the protection of the right to health, in line with the recommendations of international health organizations for the restriction of advertising of unhealthy foods and beverages targeted at children and adolescents.

Role of WeChat publicity in control of imported malaria from abroad in timber industry / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To evaluate the effects of WeChat publicity in imported malaria control in timber industry in Zhangjiagang City, so as to provide new ideas for the control of malaria imported from abroad. Methods The data of malaria epidemic in Zhangjiagang City was collected, and the contact way of the overseas personnel in timber industry in Zhangjiagang City were obtained. The knowledge of the prevention and control of malaria was propagandized by WeChat among these personnel, and the awareness situation of malaria control knowledge of this population was investigated by questionnaires before and after the WeChat publicity. In addition, the number of new malaria cases among returnees from abroad in timber industry before and after WeChat publicity was calculated. Results All the links in timber industry in Zhangjiagang City adopted WeChat as the contact way. Before and after the WeChat publicity, 128 and 150 questionnaires were collected, respectively, the awareness rates of malaria control knowledge of the investigated objects were in the range of 7.81%-62.50% and 33.33%-90.00%, respectively, and the differences between the awareness rates on all the questions before and after the WeChat publicity were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). Before the WeChat publicity, there were 6 new malaria cases in the population going aboard in timber industry, whereas no new cases were found after the publicity in this population. Conclusion WeChat publicity plays a good role in the prevention and control of malaria imported from overseas in timber industry in Zhangjiagang City, and this publicity method can be promoted in other industries.