Inhibition of islet allograft rejection by Qa-1/PD-L1 artificial liposome / 中华器官移植杂志

Objective To explore the effects of Qa-1 and PD-L1 loaded artificial liposomal treatment in allograft rejection and its outcomes .Methods The extracellular domains of Qa-1 and PD-L1 were loaded on liposome surface by streptavidin-biotin system . Mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) was performed for measuring Qa-1/PD-L1 liposome biological function .Then liposome was co-transplanted with allo-islets via portal vein .The levels of blood glucose and C-peptide were detected daily after transplantation .Also hepatic lymphocytes after transplantation were isolated for determining the proportion of activated cells and signaling pathway changes .Results Artificial liposome could be easily loaded with biotinylated peptide and its diameter was between 50 to 500 nm . Qa-1/PD-L1 liposome could significantly suppress lymphocyte proliferation , activation and secretion of IFN-γ in MLR by an activation of SHP1/2 and an inhibition of Syk pathway .Qa-1/ PD-L1 liposomes could suppress the activation of hepatic lymphocytes in vivo by activating SHP1/2 ,protecting islet allografts and maintaining a normal level of blood glucose in recipients .Conclusions Qa-1/PD-L1 loaded liposome can effectively suppress allograft rejection and improve the outcomes of islet transplantation .

Mammalian non-classical major histocompatibility complex I and its receptors: Important contexts of gene, evolution, and immunity.

The evolutionary conserved, less‑polymorphic, nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules: Qa‑1 and its human homologue human leukocyte antigen‑E (HLA‑E) along with HLA‑F, G and H cross‑talk with the T‑cell receptors and also interact with natural killer T‑cells and other lymphocytes. Moreover, these nonclassical MHC molecules are known to interact with CD94/NKG2 heterodimeric receptors to induce immune responses and immune regulations. This dual role of Qa‑1/ HLA‑E in terms of innate and adaptive immunity makes them more interesting. This review highlights the new updates of the mammalian nonclassical MHC‑I molecules in terms of their gene organization, evolutionary perspective and their role in immunity.

Regulatory T Cells in B Cell Follicles

Understanding germinal center reactions is crucial not only for the design of effective vaccines against infectious agents and malignant cells but also for the development of therapeutic intervention for the treatment of antibody-mediated immune disorders. Recent advances in this field have revealed specialized subsets of T cells necessary for the control of B cell responses in the follicle. These cells include follicular regulatory T cells and Qa-1-restricted cluster of differentiation (CD)8+ regulatory T cells. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge related to the role of regulatory T cells in the B cell follicle.

CAM-AQ1 dihydrochloride (Miaquin, Camoquin) in the treatment of human malaria

1. A new drug has been introduced, bearing an experimental name CAM-AQ1, with a chemical formula of 4 (3-Diethylaminomethyl-4-hydroxyyanilino) -7-chloroquinoline dihydrochloride dihydrate, and at present being dispensed in 0.05 gm. light yellow tablets. It is also known as Miaquin in India and as Camoquin in America. It is believed that the name Camoquin will be preserved, and it will be dispensed in 0.20 gm. tablets. Available reports on the drug have been cited2. The procedure by which we conducted clinical tests with Camoquin is briefly discussed. One hundred twenty-eight malaria patients served as subjects of the experiment3. Experimental observations are lengthily discussed. In a nut-shell, there were 84 vivax patients and 44 falciparum cases. In the former group (vivax), febrile conditions and peripheral blood parasites in general turned out to be negative on the 3rd to 4th day after the administration of the drug. In the afebrile cases, particularly, the parasites disappeared on the second day. In the latter group (falciparum), febrile conditions disappeared on the 3rd to 5th day while the asexual parasites were not found on the 2nd-4th day--the sexual (crescent) parasites disappearing on the 9th to the 19th dayIt seems that the drug has very little effect on the crescents or none at all; while its effect on the vivax gametocytes is markedly obvious. In any event, Camoquin is decidedly effective on vivax and falciparum asexual forms. The role of immunity in malaria infection is shownTen and seven tenth percent of the Vivax Group and 2.3% of the Falciparum Group (4% particularly considering the Relapse Falciparum Sub-Group) suffered relapse. Considering both group together, out of 128 malaria subjects, 10 or 7.8% had suffered relapse in varying intervals up to present writing. No untoward effects of the drug on the patients was observed4. The experimental work abroad on Camoquin is briefly discussed, points in our present paper are concisely emphasized and pertinent comments thereon are offered. The practical use of Camoquin in the mass treatment of malaria cases in the field is pointed out. As this is merely a preliminary report, it is to be expected that it has limitations. (Summary)