Ligustilide delays senescence of auditory cortex in mice by inhibiting ferritinophagy / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the mechanism of ligu aged 2 months of the same strain were used as the constilide (LIG) in delaying the senescence of auditory trol (Ctrl) group. Auditory brainstem response test was cortex and treating central presbycusis. Methods used to detect the auditory threshold of mice before and Forty C57BL/6J mice aged 13 months were randomly di after treatment. Levels of serum MDA and activity of vided into ligustilide low-dose(L-LIG) group, ligustil serum SOD were detected to display the level of oxidative ide medium-dose (M-LIG) group, ligustilide high-dose stress. The pathological changes of auditory cortex were (H-LIG) group and aging (Age) group, and 10 mice observed by HE staining. Ferroptosis was observed by

Feasibility of Building a Biotech Industry

The performance of Cuban biotechnology from 2008 to 2021 has shown a growing pipeline of valuable biomedical solutions. As the transformation of this sector into an industrial group has changed its R&D productivity and bio manufacturing capacity, we summarize here the results of R&D projects with impact on public health, constraints found in Cuba, lessons, and opportunities to develop this science-based industry in developing countries

Thoughts on path of R&D and registration of innovative traditional Chinese medicine with synchronous transformation of "series prescriptions" / 中国中药杂志

Since the implementation of drug registration in China, the classification of Chinese medicine has greatly met the needs of public health and effectively guided the transformation, inheritance, and innovation of research achievements on traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). In the past 30 years, the development of new Chinese medicine has followed the registration transformation model of " one prescription for single drug". This model refers to the R&D and registration system of modern drugs, and approximates to the " law-abiding" medication method in TCM clinic, while it rarely reflects the sequential therapy of syndrome differentiation and comprehensive treatment with multiple measures. In 2017, Opinions on Deepening the Reform of Review and Approval System and Encouraging the Innovation of Drugs and Medical Devices released by the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the General Office of the State Council pointed out that it is necessary to " establish and improve the registration and technical evaluation system in line with the characteristics of Chinese medicine, and handle the relationship between the traditional advantages of Chinese medicine and the requirements of modern drug research". Therefore, based on the development law and characteristics of TCM, clinical thinking should be highlighted in the current technical requirements and registration system of research and development of Chinese medicine. Based on the current situation of registration supervision of Chinese medicine and the modern drug research in China, the present study analyzed limitations and deficiency of " one prescription for single drug" in the research and development of Chinese medicine. Additionally, a new type of " series prescriptions" was proposed, which was consistent with clinical thinking and clinical reality. This study is expected to contribute to the independent innovation and high-quality development of the TCM industry.

Communication in process of R&D and registration of new drugs of traditional Chinese medicine / 中国中药杂志

In recent years, the National Medical Products Administration has established a communication system for the process of drug R&D and registration. In this paper, the reform policies on establishing the communication system for drug evaluation in recent years were summarized, and the channels, processes, methods and types of communication were also collected. In addition, the communication status of new drugs of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) was summarized according to the whole process of R&D, including summary of clinical practice, Investigational New Drug Applications, period of clinical trials, New Drug Applications, and post-marketing researches. Meanwhile, the current problems such as ineffective, inefficient, repeated or even no communication were analyzed, and relevant suggestions were proposed accordingly in order to provide reference for better communication on R&D and registration of new drugs of TCM.

Effects of R&D Expenses Additional Deduction Policy on R&D Investment and Profitability of Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Industry / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To stu dy the effects of R&D expense additional deduction policy on R&D investment and profitability of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry ， and to provide reference for improving R&D investment and profitability of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry. METHODS ：Based on the data of Chinese pharmaceutical listed enterprises during 2012-2019，regression discontinuity design and descriptive method were adopted to analyze the effect of R&D expenses additional deduction policy on R&D investment and profitability of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry. RESULTS ：Both R&D investment and the main business profit margin had significant “jump”at the policy cutoff point ，and the policy effect coefficient of the R&D expenses additional deduction policy on R&D investment and profitability of the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry were 0.310 and －1.197 respectively（P＜0.001）. The policy effect coefficient of the policy on R&D investment in the eastern region was 0.413（P＜0.001），while the effect on central and western regions were not significant ；the policy effect coefficient of the policy on R&D investment of large-scale and small- and medium-scale pharmaceutical manufacturing industry were 0.502 and 0.264 respectively（P＜0.001）. CONCLUSIONS ：On the whole ，R&D expenses additional deduction policy has a positive incentive impact on R&D investment of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry ，but does not have a positive incentive impact on the profitability which is greatly affected by other factors. The policy has regional differences in the incentive impact on R&D investment of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry ；the incentive impact of the policy on the R&D investment of large-scale pharmaceutical manufacturing industry is better than that of small-and medium-scale one. It is recommended to improve the R&D expenses additional deduction policy ，reasonably increase the profit margin of the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry ，adjust the policy for different regions and focus on guiding policies to favor small- and medium-scale pharmaceutical manufacturing industry，so as to improve the R&D investment and profitability of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry.

Research on Challenges and Policies of Real-world Evidence Applied in Pediatric Medical Product R&D / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To provid e reference for promoting the application of real-world evidence in pediatric medical product R&D. METHODS ：The progress of real-world evidence in pediatrics in the United States and Europe was introduced. The obstacles of real-world evidence in pediatric drug R&D were analyzed ，and a series of feasibility suggestions were put forward. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS：Real world evidence had been widely used in pediatric medical product R&D ，including evaluation and validation of biomarkers and prognostic indicators ，clinical trial design and optimization ，support for extended indications ， post-marketing safety monitoring/pharmacovigilance ，etc. There were still many obstacles ，such as data fragmentation and access restrictions，lack of standardized analysis methods for real-world evidence ，lack of key pediatric variables ，and difficulties in obtaining informed consent from pediatric patients. In order to promote the application of real-world evidence in pediatrics ，it is suggested to strengthen the construction of data infrastructure ，expand the application of general data model ，develop methods for collecting longitudinal data of pediatric patients ，and carry out reasonable research design.

Definition of Core Competitiveness of Drug Manufacturing Enterprises and Construction of Its Evaluation System / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To define the core competitiveness of drug manufacturing enterprises ，and build its evaluation system. METHODS ：With“core competitiveness ”and“pharmaceutical”as Chinese and English keywords ，the laws ，policies and interpretation documents published on relevant Chinese government websites （from the inception/establishment of the database to June 2020，the same below ）were retrieved. Related literatures were collected from PubMed ，Embase，CBM，Wanfang database ， CNKI，VIP databases. The evidence-based research method was adopted to define the core competitiveness and elements of drug manufacturing enterprises. Based on above elements and retrieval method ，guideline database （National Guideline Clearinghouse ， Guidelines International Network ，Trip database ，The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence ）and systematic review ， health technology assessment （HTA），health economics evaluation research databases （NHS Economic Evaluation Database ，the Cochrane Library ，HTA，etc.）were retrieved. The output indexes of the core competitiveness of drug manufacturing enterprises were extracted ；according to the principles of scientificity ，hierarchy，comparability and comprehensiveness ，the evaluation system of core competitiveness of drug manufacturing enterprises was constructed. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：The definition of core competitiveness of drug manufacturers is proposed as the strategic needs of the enterprises ，actively undertaking major national science and technology projects ，introducing top scientific and technological talents at home and abroad ，having independent intellectual property rights ，enhancing the ability of scientific and technological support ，strengthening original innovation ， increasing R&D investment ， strengthening key technology breakthrough ， perfecting the innovation mechanism of enterprises-univerisities-researches integration with enterprises as the main body. The elements included original innovation ， 60362951。 R&D investment and scientific and technological talents. Atotal of 25 original innovation output indexes [including two aspects of innovation system （such as national science and technology innovation base ，national laboratory ），innovation achievements （such as National Natural Science Award ， National Technological Invention Award ）]，1 R&D input-output indicator （R&D amount ），7 scientific and technological talent output indicators of production enterprises （such as those selected in the “National Million Talent Project ”，“National Outstanding Scientific and Technological Talents ”award） were extracted. The evaluation system composed of original innovation ，R&D investment and scientific and technological talents is constructed ，which can provide objective evaluation for core competitiveness of pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises.

Analysis on the current situation and features of major scientific research projects undertaken by medical colleges and universities in China during the 13 th Five Year Plan Period / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective:To analyze the current situation of major projects undertaken by medical colleges and universities in China, and the medical research competitiveness and its changing trend.Methods:Based on the data of National Key R & D Program, the research competitiveness and trend of medical subject in ten medical colleges and universities with strong competitiveness in medical scientific research during 2016-2020 were analyzed by range ratio, coefficient of variation and competitiveness index.Results:Ten medical colleges and universities have undertaken 459 projects of National Key R & D Program, and have been funded 5 788 million yuan of central financial funds. From 2016 to 2020, the coefficient of variation of National Key R & D Program on major medical colleges and universities increased from 56.25% to 62.91%. The change trend of competitiveness index shows that the medical research competitiveness in universities with strong initial competitiveness has increased, while the weaker ones decreased.Conclusions:Projects of National Key R & D Program undertaken by medical colleges and universities have a large volume and high support intensity. National Key R & D Program on the whole presents the Matthew effect, and the competitiveness of medical scientific research has been differentiated. There is an obvious trend of interdisciplinary integration between medical discipline and other disciplines in the process of undertaking projects of National Key R & D Program.

Technological Development of Automation Solutions for the Energy Industry

Abstract The Innovation Centers are one of the arms of a nation's technological development. Due to their characteristics and objectives, these centers are equipped with laboratories, equipment and researchers capable of developing a product from basic research to the installation of the solution in the field. Entering the context of Innovation Centers and knowing how to correctly position the level of technological maturity is one of the challenges to be understood and explored. In order to advance the market phase, it is recommended to form alliances with technology-based companies to provide both production and commercialization of these technologies, even more if it is possible to create a spinoff from these centers, to take advantage of the experience, knowledge and skills already acquired over time.

Potasio elevado, sin T picuda / High pot but no T

Introducción. La identificación y el tratamiento de pacientes con hiperpotasemia son necesarios para prevenir el desarrollo de arritmias. La pseudohiperpotasemia se debe más comúnmente a la hemólisis de la muestra y a menudo es reconocida por los laboratoristas que posteriormente informan los resultados de las pruebas con advertencias de precaución. Los autores presentan un caso de pseudohiperpotasemia en un paciente con leucemia linfocítica crónica. Reporte de caso: los factores técnicos y el método de transporte son una causa potencial de pseudohiperpotasemia. La pseudohiperpotasemia se ha asociado también con hiperleucoctosis, en poblaciones de pacientes con cáncer, más comúnmente en Leucemia linfocítica crónica en adultos, pero también con leucemia linfoblástica aguda en niños. Esto pone al paciente en riesgo de tratamientos innecesarios y potencialmente peligrosos. Conclusión: Los médicos deben considerar la pseudohiperpotasemia como la causa subyacente de los niveles elevados de potasio en pacientes con leucocitosis maligna que no presentan signos o síntomas de hiperpotasemia sistémica.

Introduction. The identification and treatment of patients with hyperkalemia is necessary to prevent the development of arrhythmias. Pseudohyperkalemia is most commonly due to specimen haemolysis and is often recognised by laboratory scientists who subsequently report test results with cautionary warnings. The authors present a case of pseudohyperkalemia in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Report case: the technical factors and method of transport are a potential cause of pseudohyperkalemia. Pseudohyperkalemia has been associated with hyperleukoctosis, in cancer patient populations, more commonly in CLL in adults, but also acute lymphoblastics leukemia in children. This places the patient at risk of unnecessary and potentially dangerous treatments. Conclusion: Physicians should consider pseudohyperkalemia as the underlying cause of elevated potassium levels in patients with malignant leucocytosis who do not have signs or symptom of systemic hyperkalemia.

Relational capability: a study of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation / Capacidad relacional: un estudio de la Empresa Brasileña de Investigación Agrícola / Capacidade relacional: um estudo da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária

Abstract The Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA) plays an important role in Research and Development (R&D) for generating innovations. Most innovations are generated through R&D alliances with external partners, stimulating relational capability (RC), that is, a construct of strategic management of alliances with propositions for procedures that have not yet been empirically verified. In this context, we investigated how relational capability processes contribute to generating innovations. We conducted qualitative research using a case study based on interviews, document analysis, and observation. Three strategic R&D alliances involving EMBRAPA and external partners constituted the analysis corpus. The main contribution to knowledge advancement is a multidimensional fraProgmework for generating innovations from strategic R&D alliances, based on the empirical evidence of processes of EMBRAPA relational capability and its external partners. This new framework sheds light on how a public research enterprise absorbs knowledge and uncovers the processes of institutionalization and relational capability spillover.

Resumen La EMBRAPA desempeña un papel importante en Investigación y Desarrollo (I+D) para generar innovaciones. La mayoría de las innovaciones se genera a través de alianzas de I+D con socios externos, estimulando la capacidad relacional (CR), es decir, un constructo de gestión estratégica de alianzas con propuestas de procedimientos que aún no se han verificado empíricamente. En este contexto, investigamos cómo los procesos de CR contribuyen a generar innovaciones. Para ello, realizamos una investigación cualitativa utilizando un estudio de caso basado en entrevistas, análisis de documentos y observación. Tres alianzas estratégicas de I+D en las que participaron EMBRAPA y socios externos constituyeron el corpus de análisis. La principal contribución al avance del conocimiento es un framework multidimensional para generar innovaciones a partir de alianzas estratégicas de I+D, con base en la evidencia empírica de los procesos de CR de EMBRAPA y sus socios externos. Este nuevo framework arroja luz sobre cómo una empresa pública de investigación absorbe el conocimiento y descubre los procesos de institucionalización y repercusión de la CR.

Resumo A EMBRAPA desempenha papel importante em P&D na geração de inovações. A maioria das inovações é gerada por meio de alianças de P&D com parceiros externos, estimulando a capacidade relacional (CR), ou seja, um construto de gerenciamento estratégico de alianças com proposições de procedimentos que ainda não foram empiricamente verificados. Nesse contexto, investigamos como os processos de capacidade relacional contribuem para gerar inovações. Para tanto, realizamos pesquisa qualitativa utilizando um estudo de caso, baseado em entrevistas, análise de documentos e observação. Três alianças estratégicas de P&D envolvendo a EMBRAPA e parceiros externos foram analisados. A principal contribuição para o avanço do conhecimento é um framework multidimensional para gerar inovações a partir de alianças estratégicas de P&D, com base na evidência empírica dos processos da CR da EMBRAPA e de seus parceiros externos. Este novo framework lança luz sobre como uma empresa pública de pesquisa absorve conhecimento e descobre os processos de institucionalização e repercussão da CR.

Bengalis - ‘Do Business’: A Descriptive Study on Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy’s Entrepreneurship Development

The main objective of this original research work is to explore the various entrepreneurship activitiesexecuted by Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy (APC), the father of Indian Chemistry. The study period hasbeen taken from 1950 to 2020 i.e. 7 decades to analyze the sustainable impact of entrepreneurial activitiesof APC. The most relevant and appropriate information has been used in the study by accessing publishedbooks, reports, articles, news papers, video tapes, audio tapes of different reputed private and governmentagencies and institutions. For visual representation, some relevant images have been incorporated in thestudy. The study finally reveals that APC tried to create an immense impact on the lives of Indiansspecially Bengalis to take the route of entrepreneurship as a career option to create jobs and not for takingjobs. To the best of his capabilities and high degree enthusiasm even at the age of 80 he tried to addressIndian youngsters for travelling to the route of innovation & entrepreneurship, setting up factories,building entrepreneurship eco system and taking India forward. In the study it has also been found that,APC was in favour of qualitative education and not at all quantitative education by rote and made asignificant and serious attempt to criticize higher education in the universities. The study also reveals thatwith the help of research and development (R&D), creativity and innovation; APC had established BengalChemicals and Pharmaceuticals Limited (BPCL), having registered office in Kolkata (previously knownas Calcutta) and with that India’s first pharmaceutical company concept originated. With BPCL, APCtried to deliver world class health and hygiene product portfolio as well as innovative drug and health caresolution with most affordable fees across India and made a significant and sustainable impact on Indianconsumers. Finally in the study it has been found that the country’s oldest pharmaceuticals company,Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (BCPL), set up by APC is abruptly in the spotlight due to thesudden demand for hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), the most sought-after drug in the treatment of Covid-19.

Financing constraints, tax incentives and R&D investment: Evidence from traditional Chinese medicine industry / 中草药

Innovation plays an important role in the development of the traditional Chinese medicine enterprises, whereas financing constraints may restrain the investment activities. Therefore, whether financing constraints may impact the R&D investment of traditional Chinese medicine enterprises is worthy of being studied. Based on a sample of listed A-share firms in traditional Chinese medicine industry from 2009 to 2018 in China, we investigate the relationship between financing constraints and R&D investment. It is found that financing constraints have a significantly negative effect on R&D investment. In addition, the tax incentives may moderate the negative relation between financing constraints and R&D investment. This study highlights the research on stimulation of R&D investment and provides valuable enlightenment to policy makers and regulators.

Analysis on Innovation Input-output in China ’s Pharmaceutical Enterprises from the Perspective of Patent Appli- cation / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To provide reference for optimizing resource allocation and precise investment of China ’s pharma- ceutical industry. METHODS ：The number of invention patent applications in China ’s pharmaceutical industry was searched from China Intellectual Property Netwerk ，and the status quo and structure of patent applications in China ’s pharmaceutical industry were analyzed. SPSS 23.0 software was used to analyze the input-output correlation of the number of invention patent applications with R&D investment and main business income of pharmaceutical enterprises in China. RESULTS ：The number of invention patent applications in China ’s pharmaceutical industry increased year by year. From 2000 to 2015，225 861 invention patents had been applied by domestic applicants and 43 149 invention patents had been applied by foreign applicants in China ；only 49.94％ domestic applicants applied for professional invention ，while 96.79％ of foreign applicants applied for professional invention. There was a positive correlation between the R&D expenditure of pharmaceutical enterprises and the number of invention patent applications，which indicated that the R&D investment of pharmaceutical industry in China was beneficial to the invention patent applications. The number of invention patent applications of pharmaceutical enterprises was also positively correlated with the main business income ，indicating that the increase of invention patent applications of pharmaceutical enterprises also effectively expanded the economic scale of pharmaceutical industry. CONCLUSIONS ：Compared with foreign countries ，the structure of patent applicants in domestic pharmaceutical industry needs to be adjusted urgently. Pharmaceutical enterprises have not yet become the main applicants. The continuous R&D investment of pharmaceutical enterprises effectively promotes the application of invention patent，expanded the economic scale of the pharmaceutical industry.

Study on the Matching of Financing and Fund Demand in Each Stage of New Drug R&D in China / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To pro vide reference f or resolving structural imbalance of “supply and demand dislocation ”in each stage of new drug R&D funds in China. METHODS ：Through analyzing the fund demand in each stage of new drug R&D and the problem of “supply and demand dislocation ”in detail ，a financing scheme matching the fund demand of each stage was designed ， and analyzed with the financing process of “Wanke”. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：In the basic stage of new drug R&D ，there was a large demand for funds ，but there were great technical risks ，transformation risks and investment risks ，little attention and support from investors ，resulting in the lack of R&D funds in this stage. It is suggested to increase the investment of R&D enterprises themselves. In the stage of new drug discovery ，the risks of R&D and investment were still high ，more funds were needed and funds were in short supply. It is suggested to attract more venture capital into this stage. From preclinical stage to clinical stage Ⅱ，there was a greater demand for funds. It is suggested that this stage should mainly rely on venture capital and pledge financing with patents. From the clinical stage Ⅲ to pre-marketing ，R&D had entered the mature stage with less investment risk. Therefore ，more venture capital could be obtained in this stage ，and there was a situation of excess capital. At this time ，in addition to venture capital ，R&D enterprises can also choose listing financing. In the post-marketing stage ，the sales right of a certain region in the product sales link could be transferred to provide new reserve funds for the next round of new drug R&D ，so as to achieve a virtuous circle of R&D activities. One of the reasons for the success of “Wanke”R&D financing lied in the combination of various financing methods in the financing process. It is suggested that China should improve the financial financing system and patent value evaluation system at the national level ，so as to promote the drug patent pledge financing in China as soon as possible. Finally ，new drug R&D institute must establish the concept of independent innovation ，speed up the output of technological innovation results ，so as to achieve the improvement of China ’s independent R&D capability.

Study on Evaluation of Innovation and Development Capability of Pharmaceutical Enterprises in China Based on Factor Analysis / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To pro vide reference for improving i nnovation and development capability of pharmaceutical enterprises in China. METHODS ：Based literature review ，10 measurement indexes （growth rate of net profit ，the growth rate of total assets ，the growth rate of revenue ，the net interest rate of sales ，the gross profit rate of sales ，the rate of return on net assets ， the current ratio ，the asset liability ratio ，the proportion of R&D personnel ，and R&D intensity ）were selected from aspect of growth ability ，profitability，solvency and innovation capability to establish evaluation system. Pharmaceutical enterprises with A-share listing time of no less than 5 years and R&D investment of no less than 100 million yuan in 2018 were selected as the research objects ，the data of above-mentioned indexes of included enterprises were collected during 2015-2019 by means of their public corporate annual reports and stock trading software Tonghuashun ；factor analysis method was used to extract the principal components to establish a model ；principal component factors were determined according to factor characteristic root and variance contribution rate ，ranked and analyzed the average comprehensive score of included enterprises during 2015-2019. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS：Four principal components including market development capability ，enterprise growth ability ，operation development capability and product innovation capability were determined ，and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 72.385％. A total of 44 pharmaceutical enterprises were included. Among them ，40.91％，43.18％，38.64％，72.73％ and 52.27％ showed an upward trend in the market development capability ，onterprises growth capability ，operational development capability ， product innovation capacity and total innovation and development capability. The highest score of innovation and development capability of pharmaceutical enterprises was 0.612，and the lowest score was － 1.132. There were 8 enterprises whose comprehensive score was 0.3-＜0.7，accounting for 18.18％； pharmaceutical enterprises in this range had good innovation and development capability. There were 21 enterprises whose qq.com comprehensive score was －0.1-＜0.3，accounting for 47.73％； pharmaceutical enterprises in this range had fair good innovation and development capability. There were 11 enter- prises whose comprehensive scor e was －0.5-＜－0.1，accounting for 25.00％；pharmaceutical enterprises in this range had poor innovation and development capability. There were 4 enterprises whose comprehensive score was ＜－0.5，accounting for 9.09％； pharmaceutical enterprises in this range had very poor innovation and development capability. The innovation and development capabilities of pharmaceutical enterprises in China are polarized ，the development of enterprises in China has entered a period of fluctuation with opportunities and challenges coexisting. Pharmaceutical enterprises with a certain number of medical insurance varieties or exclusive core varieties have strong competitiveness in their subdivided pharmaceutical field. Biopharmaceuticals have entered the active period. Pharmaceutical enterprises have shifted from generic drugs to innovative drugs. It is suggested that Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises should implement intelligent management ， develop R&D strategy scientifically ， attach importance to developing international market so as to improve their innovation and development ability.

Development of Agenda for Pharmaceutical Care Service Research and Development using the Analytical Hierarchy Process

BACKGROUND: Although the importance of pharmaceutical care service has been growing to meet the needs of customers with the improvement of clinical and humanistic outcomes, there was not a systematic strategy to promote research in Korea. The aim of this study was to suggest the core agendas for pharmaceutical care services research and development (R&D) considering priorities. METHODS: Based on desk researches, we developed R&D agendas for the needs of improving pharmaceutical care services in the area of institution, community, and public health. To determine the priority of agendas in developing pharmaceutical care service, analytic hierarchy process (AHP) analysis was performed by the 14 experts. Criteria and subcriteria were assessed for significance by pairwise comparisons. Then, agendas were evaluated for importance according to each subcriteria, and rank ordered considering the weight calculated by multiplying the importance scores of the criteria and the subcriteria. RESULTS: We derived 25 agendas including 13 for institutional pharmaceutical care service, 8 for community pharmaceutical care service, and 4 for public-health related pharmaceutical care service. AHP model was constructed based on 4 criteria and 8 subcriteria by a hierarchical structure. From the AHP survey, the ‘Development of pharmaceutical care service for metabolic and chronic disease’ agenda accounted for the highest priority. CONCLUSION: We have developed the R&D agendas of the pharmaceutical care service which should be promoted. The results should be utilized by the government to nationally support the development of the standards and relevant regulations related to pharmaceutical care services in Korea.

A comparative study on impact of tax incentives and financial subsidies on R&D investment of Chinese materia medica enterprises / 中草药

By comparing the incentive effect of indirect tax incentives and direct financial subsidies on R&D investment of Chinese medicine enterprises, this empirical study aims to provide empirical evidence for the government subsidies to encourage the R&D investment of traditional Chinese medicine industry, and also provide valuable reference for the government to encourage enterprises to carry out innovation activities. Using a total of 301 observations in 62 traditional Chinese medicine enterprises from 2012 to 2016 as the research object, the paper analyzed the impact of tax incentives and financial subsidies on enterprise innovation performance. The results show that tax incentives have a significant incentive effect on R&D investment of traditional Chinese medicine enterprises, for every 1% reduction in tax costs, R&D investment increase by 0.99%, and R&D investment tax elasticity is -0.99; Financial subsidies have a significant positive effect on R&D investment but the estimated coefficient is only 0.24. When tax incentives and financial subsidies exist at the same time, the effect of financial subsidies on R&D investment is not significant. Moreover, the regression results of adding firm size as a moderator variable showed that incentive effects of tax incentives on R&D investment decreased with the increased size of the enterprise. Therefore, government subsidies should be based on tax incentives, supplemented by financial subsidies, and tax incentives should be properly inclined to SMEs.

Current Issues of Healthcare Research and Development in Korea / 보건행정학회지

There has been much efforts to facilitate healthcare innovation and many desirable outcomes were produced in Korea. However, some structural deficiencies were found. They are misalignment of research and development (R&D) subjects with healthcare system, lack of flexibility of current healthcare system to accommodate the radically innovative products, and lack of cooperation among innovation agent. Some suggestions to correct these deficiencies are discussed. The suggestions are as follows: relating Korean healthcare R&D to healthcare system, enhancement of institutional flexibility to allow innovative application of new technology, improvement of the R&D process, and reexamination of the role of academic medical centers.

Políticas de inovação em nova chave / Innovation policies in new key

RESUMO A crise que corrói o Brasil dificulta a retomada do crescimento e a elevação do patamar de competitividade da economia. A situação se torna mais grave quando confrontada com o avanço tecnológico que toma corpo nos países avançados e em desenvolvimento e que prenunciam mudanças profundas nas economias e na organização da sociedade. É urgente que o Brasil tenha condições básicas para não se distanciar ainda mais desse novo ciclo tecnológico. Este artigo, com base na experiência internacional, defende que, paradoxalmente, nos momentos de crise é que os países e empresas mais precisam aumentar seu investimento em inovação. Mais ainda, sugere que o Estado precisa se articular com a iniciativa privada, de modo a formar uma coalização entre empresas, universidades e governo, para enfrentar os desafios tecnológicos que sacodem as economias pelo mundo afora. Essas novas tendências, ainda inacessíveis à maior parte dos países emergentes, apontam para a formação de uma nova economia, articulada em torno de três grandes pilares: digitalização, integração e automação. É urgente a definição de estratégias de longa duração para que o país recupere protagonismo internacional e se destaque por sua inteligência e capacidade de fazer CT&I de alta qualidade.

ABSTRACT The current Brazilian crisis undermines the country's economic recovery and its efforts to increase competitiveness. When confronted with technologies that are bringing about deep changes in the economy and in the organization of societies, the Brazilian situation seems to be even more disadvantageous. Brazil must urgently reduce the gap between its own technological capabilities and that of advanced countries. This article draws upon international experience and argues that, precisely in moments of crisis, countries and companies need to increase investment in innovation. Moreover, it suggests that the State must articulate with the private sector to form a coalition between enterprises, universities and government to face the technological challenges that are shaking economies around the world. These new trends, still inaccessible to most emerging countries, point to the formation of a new economy, based on three main pillars: digitization, integration and automation. Brazil must urgently define long-term strategies that push the country forward to regain international prominence and stand out for its intelligence and high quality science, technology and innovation.