Advances of erythrocyte-inspired delivery systems / 中国药科大学学报

@#In recent years, erythrocyte-inspired delivery systems have gained much attention. Erythrocytes(red blood cells, RBCs)are natural components of our bodies. Compared to the conventional drug delivery systems, RBCs have such advantages, as higher degree of biocompatibility and longer half-life. Herein, characteristics for drug delivery, preparation methods and recent research of RBC carriers are reviewed. Besides the latest development on RBC membrane-camouflaged nanoparticle systems(RBC-NP)and RBC membrane nanosponges, which have emerged as new trends of erythrocyte-inspired delivery systems are introduced.

Effects of Green Tea on Weight Gain, Plasma and Liver Lipids and Lipid Peroxidation in Pair Fed Rats

We compared antiobese, hypocholesterolemic, antiplatelet and antioxidant effect of 10% green tea powder and 3% green tea extract in rats pair fed 5% cholesterol diets. The final body weight was decreased significantly compared with the control (p < 0.05). Plasma and liver total cholesterol were lower in group of green tea powder or extract, but not statistically different. HDL cholesterol was increased significantly in group of green tea powder compared with the control or green tea extract (p < 0.05). Plasma triglyceride was significantly decreased in group of green tea extract compared with green tea powder, and green tea powder compared with the control respectively (p < 0.05). Liver triglyceride was significantly decreased in group of green tea powder or green tea extract compared with the control (p < 0.01). Platelet aggregations in the maximum and initial slope were not different among groups. Hemolysis was significantly lower in group of green tea powder compared with the control (p < 0.05). Plasma TBARS production was decreased in group of green tea extract compared with the control (p < 0.05). Na passive leak in intact cells was not different, but Na leak in AAPH treated cell was significantly decreased in group of green tea powder than the control (p < 0.05). The leak increase (delta Na Leak) after AAPH treatment was significantly decreased in groups of green tea powder and extract compared with the control (p < 0.05). Isotope excretion after 14C-cholesterol ingestion was significantly increased in group of green tea extract compared with the control or the green tea powder (p < 0.05). Consumption of green tea in powder or extract may give beneficial effects in weight control and plasma lipid profiles, impeding metabolic syndrome. More studies are needed to clarify what component of green tea and what mechanism are involved in antiobese and hypolipedemic actions of green tea.

Hemolytic anemia in pediatrics / 소아과

To understand the hemolytic anemia (HA) in children, the diagnostic approach and management of hereditary and acquired HA are described. The hereditary hemolytic anemia (HHA) can be classified according to the pathogenesis into three types:RBC membrane defects, hemoglobinopathies, and RBC enzymopathies. Clinical characteristics, laboratory findings and molecular defects of these three types are presented briefly. In Korea, HHA due to the RBC membrane defect, hereditary spherocytosis had been reported often but HHA due to hemoglobinopathies and RBC enzymopathies had been thought to be relatively rare. With recent development in the molecular diagnosis, beta thalassemia, mostly heterozygote, G6PD and pyruvate kinase deficiency have been reported with gene characterization. If the patients with microcytic hypochromic anemia show unproportionally low MCV or MCH or refractory to the iron therapy, hemoglobin electrophoresis and gene analysis for thalassemia or other unstable hemoglobinopathies need to be done accordingly. The global movement of the population especially from the region prevalent of hemoglobinopathies or enzymopathies to Korea warrants considering broad spectrum of etiology for the diagnosis of HHA. Aquired HA resulting from extracellular factors such as autoimmune HA from warm antibody, cold agglutinin and paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria as well as nonimmune HA are described briefly.

Hereditary Hemolytic Anemia

The hereditary hemolytic anemia (HHA) can be classified into three types according to the pathogenesis: RBC membrane defects, hemoglobinopathies, and RBC enzymopathies. Clinical characteristics of these three types of HHA are presented briefly in this paper. In Korea, HHA due to RBC membrane defect such as hereditary spherocytosis had been relatively well recognized, while HHA due to hemoglobinopathies and RBC enzymopathies had been considered rare. However, with the recent development of molecular testing, beta thalassemia, G6PD and pyruvate kinase deficiency have been reported with identification of disease-causing mutations. If a patient with microcytic hypochromic anemia shows unproportionally low MCV or MCH or refractory to iron therapy, hemoglobin electrophoresis and gene study for thalassemia or other unstable hemoglobinopathies are needed. It should be noted that the recent population migration to Korea from the regions where hemoglobinopathies or enzymopathies are prevalent warrants considering a broad spectrum of etiologies for the diagnosis of HHA.

SDS-PAGE Analysis of Red Cell Membrane Proteins in Hereditary Hemolytic Anemia / 대한혈액학회지

BACKGROUND: Red cell membrane is a lipid bilayer laminated by the membrane cytoskeleton at the surface of inner monolayer. A class of hemolytic anemia, such as hereditary spherocytosis (HS) or hereditary elliptocytosis (HE) is mainly caused by the abnormalities of the protein components in the cytoskeleton, which is useful to diagnosis each disorder. We investigated red cell membrane protein defects in HS and HE using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). METHODS: We studied 10 normal healthy volunteers, 27 HS cases and 5 HE cases. Erythrocyte membrane proteins were prepared by hypotonic lysis, and fractionated by SDS-PAGE using both the Fairbanks system (3.5~17% exponential gradient gel), and the Laemmli system (4~17% linear gradient gel). Fractionated proteins were stained with Coomassie brilliant blue and scanned to quantitate each protein using a densitometer. RESULTS: We detected nine peaks in Fairbanks' gel and eight peaks in Laemmli's. We identified red cell membrane abnormalities in 18 of 27 HS patients (66.7%) : Spectrin deficiency alone was in 7.4% of HS cases (2/27), ankyrin deficiency alone in 29.6% (8/27), combined spectrin and ankyrin deficiency in 3.7% (1/27), band 3 deficiency in 11.1% (3/27) and protein 4.2 deficiency in 14.8% (4/27). In HE, three of five cases showed protein 4.1 deficiency. RBC membrane protein deficiencies were not observed in nine HS cases and two HE case. CONCLUSION: In HS, Ankyrin deficiency is the most common RBC membrane protein abnor mality, and protein 4.2 deficiency is more frequently found in Korean HS patients than in Caucasians. In HE patients, protein 4.1 deficiencies is the main red cell membrane protein defect, which is rarely reported in Caucasians.

Effects of Two Different Surfactants on RBC Membrane and Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cell in Vitro

PURPOSE: Respiratory distress syndrome(RDS) is a major cause of death in premature babies. For the treatment of RDS, various artificial pulmonary surfactants have been used. The incidence of pulmonary hemorrhage is increased in association with surfactant therapy in extremely low birth weight infants. But the pathogenesis of this increased incidence is not clear. So we conducted this study to prove whether exposure of RBC or type II alveolar epithelial cell membrane to Surfacten(R) or Exosurf(R) or additive component of Exosurf(R) may lead to increased membrane permeability. METHODS: Washed packed RBC(30microliter) with various concentrations of Surfacten(R), Exosurf(R), hexadecanol and tyroxapol(concentration similar to their content in each Exosurf(R)), were incubated for 2, 24 and 48 hour at 37degrees C. Hemolysis was measured by spectrophotometry. Type II alveolar epithelial cell(HTB-181)(106cell/mL) with 2, 4, 6 and 8mg of Surfacten(R) or Exosurf(R) were incubated for 24 hour at 37degrees C. Lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) release was measured as an indicator of cytotoxicity. RESULTS: RBC hemolysis was increased in a time and dose-dependent manner with both artificial surfactants and additive components of Exosurf(R). This trend, especially, was typically seen in the sample which was incubated for 24 hours, where more hemolysis was seen with Exosurf(R) and tyroxapol than Surfacten(R) and hexadecanol with the above concentration of 2.5mg/2mL(P<0.05). LDH released from type II alveolar epithelial cell with Exosurf(R) was greater than with Surfacten(R), especially at the concentration of 6mg/106cell(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Artificial surfactant may be associated with in vitro cytotoxicity on RBC membrane and aveolar epithelial cell, and this property was more prominent with Exosurf(R) and the additive components of Exosurf(R), especially with tyroxapol.

Effects of Two Different Surfactants on RBC Membrane and Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cell in Vitro

PURPOSE: Respiratory distress syndrome(RDS) is a major cause of death in premature babies. For the treatment of RDS, various artificial pulmonary surfactants have been used. The incidence of pulmonary hemorrhage is increased in association with surfactant therapy in extremely low birth weight infants. But the pathogenesis of this increased incidence is not clear. So we conducted this study to prove whether exposure of RBC or type II alveolar epithelial cell membrane to Surfacten(R) or Exosurf(R) or additive component of Exosurf(R) may lead to increased membrane permeability. METHODS: Washed packed RBC(30microliter) with various concentrations of Surfacten(R), Exosurf(R), hexadecanol and tyroxapol(concentration similar to their content in each Exosurf(R)), were incubated for 2, 24 and 48 hour at 37degrees C. Hemolysis was measured by spectrophotometry. Type II alveolar epithelial cell(HTB-181)(106cell/mL) with 2, 4, 6 and 8mg of Surfacten(R) or Exosurf(R) were incubated for 24 hour at 37degrees C. Lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) release was measured as an indicator of cytotoxicity. RESULTS: RBC hemolysis was increased in a time and dose-dependent manner with both artificial surfactants and additive components of Exosurf(R). This trend, especially, was typically seen in the sample which was incubated for 24 hours, where more hemolysis was seen with Exosurf(R) and tyroxapol than Surfacten(R) and hexadecanol with the above concentration of 2.5mg/2mL(P<0.05). LDH released from type II alveolar epithelial cell with Exosurf(R) was greater than with Surfacten(R), especially at the concentration of 6mg/106cell(P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Artificial surfactant may be associated with in vitro cytotoxicity on RBC membrane and aveolar epithelial cell, and this property was more prominent with Exosurf(R) and the additive components of Exosurf(R), especially with tyroxapol.

EFFECTS OF ?-CAROTENE ON THE STABILITY OF RBC-MEMBRANE STRUCTURE IN RATS / 营养学报

Objective: To study the effect of ?- carotene(?-C) on lipid peroxidation and RBC-membrane fluidity of rats inflicted with alloxan. Methods: Forty-four 2mo-old Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups and fed with basal diet (group A and B), basal diet + vitamin E (200 mg/kg) (C) and basal diet+? carotene (200 mg/kg) (D) for 4 w respectively. Then, alloxon (3%) was injected intraperitoneally except group A, which was injected with normal saline. After 48 h the rats were killed and a series of indices were examined. Results: After injected with alloxan, Na +,K +-ATPase and GSH-Px activity, RBC-membrane fluidity in rats fed with diets C,D were markedly increased while MDA levels were decreased. Conclusion: ?-C and V E can decrease lipid peroxidation and increase the stability of RBC-membrane in rats inflicted with alloxan.