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OBJECTIVE: To establish the fingerprint of the serum containing drug of Yinchenhao Decoction (YCHD), and analyze the drug-originated constituents in serum. METHODS: An HPLC method was set up on a Symmetry C18(4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) column with a Security Guard Cartridges C18 (4.0 mm × 3.0 mm) guard column by gradient elution of acetonitrile-0.1% phosphoric acid in water at the flow rate of 1.0 mL · min-1. The column temperature was maintained at 30℃. The detection was carried out at 238 and 440 nm. SD rats were taken as serum donors. Ten batches of serum containing drugs were prepared after ig administration of YCHD. The fingerprints of these serum samples were determined, the common modes were established, and the similarities between fingerprints were evaluated. Drug-originated constituents in blood were distinguished by comparing the fingerprint of serum containing YCHD with the one of control serum. The sources of drug-originated constituents were analyzed by comparing the fingerprint of serum containing YCHD with the ones of serum containing individual herbs of YCHD. Drug-originated constituents in blood were identified by comparing the retention time and UV spectra of peaks in fingerprint of serum containing YCHD with the ones of YCHD and reference substances, respectively. RESULTS: The similarities between the fingerprints of ten batches of serum containing YCHD and common models at 238 and 440 nm were greater than 0.904 and 0.903, respectively. Twenty common peaks of drug-originated constituents were identified in the fingerprints of serum containing drug of YCHD at 238 and 440 nm. Out of them, six were the original compounds, the other 14 were metabolites. Three constituents out of six original form ones were identified as geniposidic acid and genipo-side (iridoids originated from GF), and rhein (anthraquinone from RRR), and the other three were identified as an anthraquinone from RRR and two crocetin derivatives from FG. Out of 14 metabolites, one was identified as the metabolite of iridoid, four were from anthraquinone, and nine were from crocetin derivatives. CONCLUSION: The established method is accurate, reliable and can be used for the analysis of drug-originated constituents in serum containing drug of YCHD.
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OBJECTIVE: To establish a quality control method of Rhei Radix et Rhizome (RRR) by fingerprint and simultaneous determining eight components by quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker (QAMS). METHODS: An HPLC method was set up. Symmetry C18 column (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) was used. Methanol-0.1% phosphoric acid was used as gradient mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1. The column temperature was 30℃ and detection wavelength set at 254 nm. Eleven batches of RRR were determined and a common mode of fingerprint maintained at established. A method was developed for QAMS to determine gallic acid, catechin, emodin-8-glucoside, aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion in RRR. Rhein was selected as internal reference: the relative correction factors (RCF) of other seven components to rhein were calculated. The contents of the eight components in ten batches of RRR were determined by both external standard method and QAMS. The QAMS method was evaluated by comparison of its assay results with that of external standard method. RESULTS: There were 35 common peaks in the fingerprints often batches RRR, eight of them were identified as gallic acid, catechin, emodin-8-glucoside, aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion. These eight components showed good linear relationship in the range of 0.0624-1.56 μg (r=0.9995), 0.18-4.5 μg (r=0.9998), 0.0288-0.72 μg (r=0.999 9), 0.0198-0.495 μg (r=0.9999), 0.0505-1.2625 μg (r=0.9999), 0.0637-1.5925 μg (r=0.999 9), 0.098-2.45 μg (r=0.9999), and 0.163-4.075 μg (r=0.9999), respectively. The established RCF had good reproducibility. No significant differences were found between the quantitative results of external standard method and QAMS. CONCLUSION: The developed method is accurate, feasible, and can be used for the overall quality control of RRR.
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Introdução: a regressão por redução de posto (RRR) é uma técnica que vem sendo empregada na epidemiologia nutricional desde 2004. O objetivo dela é encontrar padrões alimentares associados a algum desfecho. Assim, ela é considerada uma técnica que combina informações a priori e a posteriori. A informação a priori é um conhecimento prévio da associação entre as variáveis intermediárias (biomarcadores, nutrientes) e o desfecho (doença), e a posteriori é a combinação entre as variáveis intermediárias e o consumo alimentar (variáveis preditoras). A RRR tenta explicar o máximo possível da variação das variáveis intermediárias através das variáveis preditoras. Objetivos: fornecer uma breve revisão teórica da técnica e descrever as rotinas computacionais em SAS. Métodos: análise ilustrativa utilizando-se dados do estudo Condições de saúde das mulheres: estudo de base populacional na região do Vale do Rio dos Sinos. Foram utilizadas como variáveis intermediárias o consumo dos nutrientes sódio, potássio e gordura saturada; as variáveis preditoras foram a frequência de consumo de 70 tipos de alimentos. Conclusão: a RRR é uma poderosa ferramenta para detectar padrões alimentares que podem estar associados a alguma doença de interesse
Background: the reduced rank regression (RRR) is a technique that has been used in nutritional epidemiology since 2004. Its goal is to find food patterns associated with a particular outcome. Thus, it is considered a technique which combines prior and posterior information. The prior information consists of a previous knowledge on the association between intermediate variables (biomarkers, nutrients) and outcome (disease). The posterior information consists of the combination between intermediate variables and food consumption (predictor variable). Aims: to provide a brief theoretical review of the technique and to describe the computational routines in SAS software. Methods: An illustrative analysis using data from the study Health conditions of women: a population-based study in the Vale do Rio dos Sinos The intermediate variables were the consumption of the nutrients sodium, potassium, and saturated fat and the predictor variables were the frequencies of consumption of 70 foods. Conclusion: The RRR is a powerful technique to detect food patterns that could be associated with a particular disease of interest
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MedicinaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: A lots of studies have investigated the psychosocial characteristics of suicidal attempters in order to find efficient coping strategy and treatment intervention. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychosocial factors affecting the suicide attempt in psychiatric patients. METHODS: Two hundred eighty patients who attempted suicide and admitted in the emergency room in 3 university hospitals from December 2003 to May 2006 were recruited in this study. The patients were interviewed using Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorder (SCID-RV), Lethality of Suicide Attempt Ratings Scale (LSARS) and Risk-Rescue Rating system (RRR). RESULTS: The suicide attempters have psychosocial characteristics of female preponderance, age 20-39, high school in educational level, married in marriage condition, inoccupation, house makers in occupation. Most of attempters used the nonsevere methods such as drug ingestion or wrist cutting, and selected home as the place of attempt. The delay until discovery was less than 4 hours for most suicide attempters, and the rate of asking for help directly or dropping clues were high. Major depressive disorder was the most common psychiatric illness among attempters. Conclusions: The present study would be the early stage to explore the risk factor and protect factor of suicidal attempt. This study suggests that the closed observation to potential-suicidal attempter in daily life is critical to protect against the fatal results due to suicidal attempts.