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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the antipyretic mechanism of Herba Ephedrae (Eph)-Ramulus Cinnamomi (RC) herb pair on yeast-induced pyrexia in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Totally 30 qualified male SD rats were randomly assigned to the normal control (NC) group, the pyrexia model (model) group, the Eph, RC and Eph-RC treatment groups by a random digital table, 6 rats in each group. Each rat received a 20% aqueous suspension of yeast (10 mL/kg) except the NC group. The 3 treatment groups were administered 8.1, 5.4 and 13.5 g/kg Eph, RC and Eph-RC respectively at 5 and 12 h after yeast injection, the NC group and the model groups were administered equal volume of distilled water. Rectal temperatures were measured at 0, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24 and 30 h and urine was collected prior to yeast injection and at 6, 10, 18, 24, 30, and 36 h after yeast injection. Then urine metabolomic profiling by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, coupled with multivariate statistical analysis and pattern recognition techniques were used to explore the antipyretic effects of Eph-RC. Partial least squares discriminate analysis was used to analyze the metabolomics dataset including classification and regression in metabolomics plot profiling.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the NC group, rectal temperatures were significantly higher in the model group (P<0.01), while 3 treatment groups decreased significantly compared with the model group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Rectal temperatures of Eph-RC-treated rats started to go down at 6 h, and markedly decreased at 8, 12, 15, 18 and 24 h (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while those of the Eph and RC groups had decreased firstly at 8 h and were markedly lower at 12 h (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Seventeen potential biomarkers related to pyrexia were confirmed and identified, including pyruvic acid, L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, phenylacetic acid, hippuric acid, succinic acid, citrate and so on. Eight potential alterations of metabolic pathways including phenylalanine metabolism, citrate cycle, tryptophan metabolism, biosynthesis of valine, leucine and isoleucine, were identified in relation to the antipyretic effects of Eph-RC using MetPA software.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The antipyretic effect of Eph-RC herb pair on yeast-induced pyrexia in rats involved correction of perturbed amino acid, fatty acid, and carbohydrate metabolism according to the metabolic pathway analysis with MetPA.</p>
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the effects of Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati and Ramulus Cinnamomi compatibility (PR) on uric acid metabolism and the expression of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) in rats with hyperuricemia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Seventy male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 7 groups with 10 rats per group, including the normal group, model group, allopurinol group, benzbromarone group and PR groups at 3 doses (3.5, 7, 14 g/kg). Except the normal group, rats of the other groups were intragastrically administered 100 mg/kg hypoxanthine and 250 mg/kg ethambutol, and subcutaneously injected with 200 mg/kg potassium oxonate. All rats were continuously modeled for 17 days, and gavaged with corresponding drugs. The rats of the normal and model groups were gavaged with saline, once a day, for 2 weeks. The levels of serum uric acid (SUA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) were determined. In addition, the contents of NGAL and KIM-1 in urine and the mRNA and protein expressions of xanthine oxidase (XOD) in liver of hyperuricemia rats were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot, respectively. Moreover, the pathological changes of kidney were analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) stain method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the normal group, the levels of SUA, BUN, NGAL and KIM-1 and the expressions of hepatic XOD mRNA and protein in the hyperuricemia rats were increased signifificantly (P<0.01). PR signifificantly decreased the levels of SUA, BUN, NGAL and KIM-1 and down-regulated the mRNA and protein expressions of hepatic XOD (P<0.05 or P<0.01). In addition, the pathological changes of kidney were signifificantly suppressed by oral administration of PR.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>PR ameliorated uric acid metabolism and protected renal function, the underlying mechanism was mediated by decreasing the levels of SUA, BUN, NGAL and KIM-1, inhibiting the expression of hepatic XOD and ameliorating the pathological change of kidney.</p>
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Objective To observe the effects of the drug pair of Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati ( Huzhang) and Ramulus Cinnamomi ( Guizhi) on the Toll-like receptor 4 mediated myeloid differentiation factor 88 ( TLRs/MyD88) signaling pathway of rats with acute gouty arthritis induced by monosodium sodium urate (MSU) , so as to explore its therapeutic mechanism. Methods Forty-eight male SD rats were divided into normal group, modele group, blank plasmid group, positive plasmid group, Huzhang- Guizhi herb-pair (7 g/kg) group, and Huzhang-Guizhi herb-pair ( 7 g/kg) siRNA group, 8 rats in each group. The normal group, plasmid groups and model group were given physiological saline, and the left groups were given the corresponding drug by intragastric administration for 10 continuous days ( once daily ) . On the seventh day of intragastric gavage, acute gouty arthritis were induced by injection of MSU into the rat ankle joint, and normal group was injected with the samevolume of normal saline. Positive plasmid group and Huzhang-Guizhi herb-pair siRNA group were injected with the constructed siRNA-TLR4 plasmid targeting TLR4 gene ( TLR4-siRNA) to inhibit the in-vivo TLR4 gene expression. Pathological changes of the synovial tissues were detected, the contents of peripheral blood tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta ( IL-1β) were detected by double antibody sandwich method, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, TNF receptor-associated factor 6 ( TRAF-6) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of rats were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction ( PCR) and Western blot methods. The nuclear factor kappa B ( NF-κB) p65 immunoactivity was assayed by immunohistochemistry. Results Compared with the normal group, the model group had obvious hyperplasia of synovial cells and the inflammatory cell infiltration ( dominated by lymphcytes and monocytes) , and had amount of cellulose adhesive on the synovial membrane surface. Compared to the model group, positive plasmid group, Huzhang- Guizhi herb-pair group and Huzhang-Guizhi herb-pair siRNA group could obviously relieve the inflammatory cell infiltration, and improve synovial cell proliferation reaction. Compared to the normal group, serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, and the expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, TRAF-6 mRNA and protein in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells as well as the synovial NF-κB p65 ex pression in the model group were significantly increased ( P<0.01). Compared to the model group, positive plasmid group, Huzhang-Guizhi herb-pair group and Huzhang- Guizhi herb-pair siRNA group showed significant decrease in the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, TLR4 MyD88, TRAF-6 and NF-κB p65 ( P<0.05 or P<0.01) . Conclusion Huzhang-Guizhi herb-pair can regulate the cytokines of the synovial membrane tissue in acute gouty arthritis rats, which may be related with its effect on inhibiting abnormal activation of TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB pathway in synovial tissue.
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Objective To establish HPLC fingerprint for the quality control of Ramulus Cinnamomi. Methods The HPLC fingerprint was obtained with Diamonsil C18 column(4. 6 mm × 200 mm,5 μLm)and a gradient elution with the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and glacial acetic acid-water (0. 04: 99. 96) at flow rate of 1. 0 ml/min. The detector wavelength was set at 270 nm while the njection volume was 20 μl. The HPLC generated chromatographic data were analyzed using a similarity evaluation computer program and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Results 9 common peaks were detected. The results of similarity analysis and HCA ndicated that the samples from different places can be divided nto two categories: one had a higher content of cinnamic acid, which plays a significant role n pharmacologic action of Ramulus Cinnamomi, while the other contained ess of it. Conclusion The method of HPLC fingerprint established n this experiment is rapid and efficient. It is an effective method for the quality control of Ramulus Cinnamomi.
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objective To study the anti-inflammation effect of volatile oil from ramulus cinnamomi(VORC).Methods Anti-inflammation effect was studied with the methods of mice auricular swelling,mice celiac capillary permeability,rat hind paw edema and acute pneumonia model.Results VORC had an inhibitory effect on acute inflammation of mice induced by xylene,celiac capillary permeability of mice induced by acetic acid,edema of rat hind paw induced by carrageenan,acute pulmonary inflammation of rat induced by LPS.Conclusion VORC has a markedly anti-inflammation action.
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AIM: To establish HPLC fingerprint of Ramulus cinnamomi.This fingerprint was expected to be standards of quality control and identification of the Chinese crude drug. METHODS: The HPLC method was used,chromatography condition were Kromasil C_(18)(250 mm?4.6 mm,5?m) column with gradual mobile phase of acetonitrile-0.5% acetic acid,UV detection wavelength at 280 nm and column temperature at 25(?C) with the flow rate of 1 ml?min~(-1). RESULTS: The retention time of Cinnamaldehyder,Cinnamic acid,o-Methoxycinnamic acid and Coumarin in Ramulus cinnamomi were determined.The fingerprint showed high similitude in samples from different regions. CONCLUSION: The HPLC fingerprint of Ramulus cinnamomi.can be used as a standard of quality control and identification of the Chinese crude drug.
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Objective To observe the effect of Dangui Huoxue Zhitong Granule(Granule of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae and Ramulus Cinnamomi for activating blood circulation to stop pain)on pain,inflammation and injury of soft tissues.Methods Animal models of inflammation,pain and traumatic injury of soft tissues were adopted for observing the twisting reaction after intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid,pain threshold of hot-plate test,auricular selling of mice and metatarsal swelling of rats.Results Dangui Huoxue Zhitong Granule could decrease conspicuously the twisting reactions,increase the pain threshold(P
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Objective: To determine cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid in Ramulus Cinnamomi and Guizhifuling Capsules.Methods: RP HPLC method was used. The samples were separated on a Zobax ODS column with the mobile phase of acetonitrile:0.1% phosphoric acid (34∶76) and the detection wavelength was set at 285nm.Results: The calibration curves were linear in the range of 3.34～53.4?g?mL -1 in cinnamaldehyde ( r= 0.9996) and 0.804～12.9?g?mL -1 in cinnamic acid ( r =0.9999),respectively. The average recoveries of cinnamaldehyde in Ramulus cinnamomi and Guizhifuling capsules were 98.6% ( RSD =1.35% n=6 ) and 97.4% ( RSD =1.62% n =6), respectively and of cinnamic acid were 99.2% ( RSD =0.97% n=6 )and 100.0% (RSD =0.73%, n=6 ),respectively.Conclusion: The method is quick, acurate and suitable for the determination of Ramulus Cinnamomi and its compound Chinese medicinal preparations.
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Objective: To investigate the effects of processing on antioxidation of Ramulus Cinnamomi .Method: The oxygen free radicals generation system in vitro and mouse liver homogenate lipid peroxidation reaction induced by hydroxy free radicals were used to estimate the effects. Results: Aqueous extracts of different processed products of Ramulus Cinnamomi were stronger than the alcohol extracts in the scavenging superoxide anion (O 2 -), but weaker in the scavenging hydroxyl free radical (?OH) and the anti lipid peroxidation. There were some existed differences among the different processed products. Conclusion: The processing affected the anti oxidation of Ramulus Cinnamomi .