Specifying a model for the study of reproductive choice / Especificación de un modelo para el estudio de la elección reproductiva / Especificação de um modelo para o estudo da escolha reprodutiva

Abstract Objetive: The objective of this paper was to discuss and specify a model for the study of freedom of choice about termination of pregnancy. Materials and Method: A documentary study was carried out with an intentional selection of indexed sources to Dialnet, Latindex, Publindex, Redalyc and Scielo from 1961 to 2019. Results: Research design limited the results to the literature consulted, suggested the extension of the work based on the information published in Copernicus, Ebsco, Scopus and WoS. Conclusions: The research design limited the findings to the research scenario, suggesting the inclusion of the State as financing and facilitator of safe abortion.

Resumen Objetivo: El objetivo de este documento fue la discusión y especificación de un modelo para el estudio de la libertad de elección con respecto a la interrupción del embarazo. Materiales y método: Se realizó un estudio documental conuna selección intencional de fuentes indexadas a Dialnet, Latindex, Publindex, Redalyc y Scielo desde 1961 hasta 2019. Resultados: El diseño de la investigación limitó los resultados a la literatura consultada, sugirió la extensión del trabajo en base a la información publicada en Copernicus, Ebsco, Scopus y WoS. Conclusiones: El diseño de la investigación limitó los hallazgos al escenario de investigación, sugiriendo la inclusión del Estado como financiamiento y facilitador del aborto seguro.

Resumo Objetivo: O objetivo deste documento foi a discussão e especificação de um modelo para o estudo da liberdade de escolha em relação à interrupção da gravidez. Materiais e método: Um estudo documental foi realizado com uma seleção intencional de fontes indexadas a Dialnet, Latindex, Publindex, Redalyc e Scielo de 1961 a 2019. Resultados: O desenho da pesquisa limitou os resultados à literatura consultada, sugeriu a extensão do trabalho com base nas informações publicadas em Copernicus, Ebsco, Scopus e WoS. Conclusões: O desenho da pesquisa limitou os achados ao cenário da pesquisa, sugerindo a inclusão do Estado como financiador e facilitador do aborto seguro.

Perspectivas analíticas e programas de pesquisa sobre a cooperação social / Perspectivas de análisis y programas de investigación sobre la cooperación social / Analytical perspectives and research programs on social cooperation

Este artigo examina formatos teóricos que rivalizam em sua forma de explicar a cooperação social. São expostas duas perspectivas teóricas distintas, através das pesquisas de Jean Piaget e de autores da Teoria da Escolha Racional. Enquanto a primeira compreende a cooperação a partir da evolução das estruturas cognitivas morais, a segunda vê-la como resultado da coordenação dos interesses de atores racionais. Após a exposição de recentes publicações no âmbito da cooperação, são expostas e comparadas as principais perspectivas teóricas já mencionadas, identificando seus aportes à compreensão do fenômeno cooperativo, seus pontos de convergência e de distanciamento. Elencamos os principais programas de pesquisa que têm dado desdobramento às premissas teóricas de Piaget e dos autores da Teoria da Escolha Racional.

Este artículo examina marcos teóricos que rivalizan en su forma de explicar la cooperación social. Son presentadas dos perspectivas distintas, a través de las investigaciones de Jean Piaget y de autores de la Teoría de la Elección Racional. En cuanto la primera entiende la cooperación a partir de las estructuras cognitivas morales, la segunda la ve como el resultado de la coordinación de intereses de actores racionales. Después de exponer publicaciones recientes en el ámbito de la cooperación, son presentadas y comparadas las principales perspectivas teóricas ya mencionadas, identificando sus aportes a la comprensión del fenómeno cooperativo, sus puntos de convergencia y de distanciamiento. Enumeramos los principales programas de investigación derivados de las premisas teóricas de Piaget y de los autores de la teoría de la elección racional.

This article examines theoretical frameworks that rival in his way of explaining social cooperation. Two different perspectives are presented through research of Jean Piaget and authors of the rational choice theory. As the first means cooperation from the moral cognitive structures, the second sees it as the result of coordination of interests of rational actors. After presenting recent publications in the field of cooperation, are exposed and compared the main theoretical perspectives already mentioned, identifying their contribution to the understanding of cooperative phenomena, their points of convergence and distancing. We list the main research programs derived from the theoretical premises of Piaget and the authors of the rational choice theory.

Los precipitadores situacionales del delito: otra mirada a la interacción persona-ambiente / Situation-related crime precipitators: another glance at the human interaction with the environment / Os precipitadores situacionais do crime: uma outra olhada à interação pessoa-ambiente

Los precipitadores situacionales del delito (Wortley, 2008) han recibido poca atención por la literatura criminológica en lengua española, y con frecuencia son subsumidos dentro de la perspectiva de la elección racional (Cornish & Clarke, 2003). Sin embargo, el estudio independiente de estos conceptos nos ofrece una oportunidad para profundizar en el proceso mediante el cual los delincuentes pasan al acto en sí. El objetivo de este estudio es sintetizar la evidencia en relación con los precipitadores situacionales del delito, los cuales ofrecen una nueva manera de examinar la interacción entre persona y ambiente en materia de delincuencia. La metodología empleada consiste en una revisión sistemática de la literatura de trabajos empíricos realizados a partir del 2007. Los resultados sugieren que es necesario profundizar en el proceso de toma de decisiones del delincuente desde una perspectiva integrada a nivel teórico, en lugar de hacerlo desde un punto de vista atomizado. Se concluye con una discusión de los resultados, después de considerar las características y limitaciones de los estudios observados.

Situational crime precipitators (Wortley, 2008) have received little attention from criminological literature in the Spanish language and, very often, they have been subsumed into the rational choice perspective (Cornish & Clarke, 2003). However, the autonomous study of these concepts offers us a good opportunity to delve into the process through which offenders move to commit the actual criminal act itself. The objective of this study is to synthetize the evidence with relation to the situational crime precipitators offering a new way to examine the human interaction with the environment in the field of crime. The methodology used envisages a systematic review of empirical literature works carried out since 2007. The results suggest that it is necessary to go further in-depth into the offender’s decision-making process from an integrated theoretical outlook instead of resorting to an atomized point of view. The article is concluded with a discussion on results after considering the major features and limitations of the studies examined.

Os precipitadores situacionais do crime (Wortley, 2008) receberam pouca atenção pela literatura criminológica na língua espanhola, e frequentemente são subsumidos dentro da perspectiva da eleição racional (Cornish & Clarke, 2003). Contudo, o estudo independente destes conceitos oferece-nos uma oportunidade de aprofundar-se no processo mediante o qual os delinquentes passam ao ato mesmo. O objetivo deste estudo é sintetizar a evidência com relação aos precipitadores situacionais do crime, que oferecem uma maneira nova de examinar a interação entre a pessoa e o ambiente na matéria da delinquência. A metodologia usada consiste em uma revisão sistemática da literatura de trabalhos empíricos feitos a partir de 2007. Os resultados sugerem que é necessário aprofundar no processo da tomada de decisão do delinquente de uma perspectiva integrada no nível teórico, em vez de fazê-lo de um ponto de vista atomizado. Conclui-se com uma discussão dos resultados, após ter considerado as características e as limitações dos estudos observados.

Analysis of pathogenic bacterial distribution and drug resistance of hospital infection during 2011-2013 / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To statistically analyze the bacterial flora change and drug resistance situation in the patients with bacteri‐al infection to provide reference for clinical rational drug use and the management of nosocomial infection .Methods The clinical samples were conventionally isolated and cultured .The bacteria identification and drug sensitivity test were performed by using the bioMerieux company VITEK2 automatic microorganism analyzer .The confirmation test of drug susceptibility adopted the disk dif‐fusion method recommended by the American Clinical and Laboratory Standardization Committee (CLSI) .Results The sample sources in the hospital infection during 2011-2013 were main sputum ,secretions and midstream urine ;the main infectious bacteria showed the increasing trend ,the top 5 of bacteria were :Escherichia coli (ECO) ,Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPN) ,Acinetobacter bau‐manii (ABA) ,Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAE) ,Staphylococcus aureus (SAU);the top three of common multi‐drug resistant bacte‐ria were ABA ,PAE and ECO ,their constituent ratio during these three years had a small amplitude increase ;the antibiotics for Gram negative bacilli (G -) resistance rate of more than 70% during these 3 years were :ampicillin ,cefuroxime sodium and cefu‐roxime axetil;the antibiotics for Gram positive cocci (G+ ) resistance rate of more than 70% during these 3 years were penicillin and erythromycin ..Except for 4 cases of Enterococcus faecalis ,no other vancomycin‐resistant strains were found .Conclusion The sam‐ple source of bacterial infection is dominated by sputum ,the gram negative bacteria are the main force of hospital infection ,showing a increasing trend every year ,multi- drug resistant strains are also continuously rising ,penicillin is unsuitable to the clinical treat‐ment of bacterial infection ;imipenem has very high sensitivity to ECO and KPN .The hospital should attach great importance to the infection management ,strengthen the application and management of antibiotics ,decrease the outbreak and prevalence of bacterial infection and reduce the increase of drug resistant strains .

Contingency in medical moral choices / 中华医院管理杂志

Because of the uniqueness and complexity of medical facilities that provide medical care,even people who sincerely agree to principles of medical ethics would consciously fall away from certain principle of medical ethics. Although such deviation is mere expedient, enormous impact is imposed on the principles of medical ethics. Contingency in moral choices, being an expedient under specific circumstances, is inherently necessary and justifiable. However, temporary deviation does not negate a principle. When there are conflicts of principles, contingency in medical moral choices requires that the moral values of different medical behaviors be judged and choices be made. Appropriate contingency in medical moral choices depends on the rational beliefs of medical staff and the right judgment about moral values of different medical plans.

As condições sociais da ação instrumental: problemas na concepção sociológica da teoria da escolha racional / Social conditions for instrumental action: problems in the sociological conception of the rational choice theory

This article critically analyzes new sociological approaches to the rational choice theory which - beyond examining political or economic practices - link the notion of instrumental rationality to social issues and themes. The article begins by highlighting the issue of trust, indicating the functionality of certain social arrangements in collective problem-solving. The paper goes on to demonstrate that problems emerge with the theory when it attempts to explain the feasibility of social norms in impersonal, comprehensive contexts. Thus, the fundamental point that appears to be missing from rational choice theory is the perception that individual decisions and instrumental conduct itself incorporate dispositions that in a sense are beyond the actors' control.

Dans cet article, on fait la critique des nouvelles approches sociologiques de la théorie du choix rationnel lesquelles, au-delà de l'examen des pratiques politiques ou économiques, relient la notion de rationnalité instrumentale à des questions et des thèmes sociaux. On remarque, d'abord, le thème de la confiance, qui montre la fonctionnalité de certains arrangements sociaux dans leur solution des problèmes de l'action collective. On montre, pourtant, que les problèmes de la théorie surgissent lorsqu'on essaie d'expliquer l'applicabilité des normes sociales dans des contextes impersonnels et plus larges. Ainsi, le point fondamental qui semble absent de la théorie sociale du choix rationnel est la perception que les décisions individuelles, ainsi que la conduite instrumentale, assimilent des dispositions qui sont, d'une certaine façon, hors du contrôle des agents.

Escolha institucional e a difusão dos paradigmas de política: o Brasil e a segunda onda de reformas previdenciárias / Institutional choice and the diffusion of policy paradigms: Brazil and the second wave of pension reform

This article discusses current approaches to the study of institutional change and innovation in the global environment. Although there is convergence in policy innovation as a result of globalization, there is a tendency to emphasize homogenization and leave aside variety and heterogeneity. We examine current explanations of how policy paradigms are diffused and consider how these explanations have been applied to a specific policy domain, namely pension reforms. The case study of Brazils pension reform is presented in summarized form as an empirical illustration of the arguments developed in the theoretical discussion. We find that national responses to the influences of globalization are in fact shaped in crucial ways by domestic institutions and path dependency phenomena.

Dans cet article, on examine des approches actuelles sur les changements institutionnels et les innovations dans les politiques publiques, sous l'angle surtout de leurs processus de diffusion internationale. Bien qu'on y trouve une convergence en raison de la mondialisation et du rôle croissant des institutions internationales, il y a une tendance à souligner l'homogénéisation et à abandonner l'hétérogénéité des réponses nationales à ces influences. On examine ici les fondements théoriques des explications courantes sur les processus de diffusion et comment ces explications sont appliquées à un domaine politique particulier: la réforme de la Sécurité Sociale. A ce sujet, on présente brièvement une étude de cas à titre d'exemple empirique des arguments développés dans la discussion théorique. On vérifie que les réponses nationales à la mondialisation sont construites surtout par des institutions internes et par des phénomènes de path dependency.