Desvendando as raízes dos estudos culturais físicos: das reflexões iniciais à institucionalização acadêmica / Unveiling the roots of physical cultural studies: from initial reflections to academic institutionalization / Desentrañando las raíces de los estudios culturales físicos: desde reflexiones iniciales hasta la institucionalización académica

Este artigo tem como objetivo principal compreender a trajetória de construção dos Estudos Culturais Físicos (ECF) antes de sua institucionalização no meio acadêmico. A problemática central reside na escassez de informações disponíveis sobre os Estudos Culturais Físicos (ECF) em seu estágio inicial, antes de serem formalmente reconhecidos no contexto acadêmico. A metodologia adotada neste estudo consistiu em uma abordagem de pesquisa bibliográfica, conduzida por meio de leituras exploratórias. A partir dessas análises, considera-se que a concepção dos Estudos Culturais Físicos (ECF), advém de diversos acontecimentos históricos e sociais que possibilitaram a criação de uma nova abordagem na produção de conhecimento da Sociologia do Esporte norte- americana e que compreende a subjetividade do corpo/sujeito além da sua capacidade de performance no esporte/cultura física.

This article aims to primarily comprehend the developmental trajectory of Physical Cultural Studies (PCS) prior to its institutionalization within the academic realm. The central issue lies in the scarcity of available information regarding PCS during its nascent stage, before gaining formal recognition within the academic context. The methodology employed in this study involves a bibliographic research approach, conducted through exploratory readings. Based on these analyses, it is considered that the conception of PCS arises from various historical and societal events that facilitated the creation of a novel approach in generating knowledge within American Sociology of Sport. This approach extends beyond the assessment of sporting performance, delving into the realm of the body's and subject's subjectivity, encompassing facets beyond their athletic prowess in sport/physical culture.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo principal comprender la trayectoria de construcción de los Estudios Culturales Físicos (ECF) antes de su institucionalización en el ámbito académico. La problemática central radica en la escasez de información disponible sobre los Estudios Culturales Físicos (ECF) en su etapa inicial, antes de ser reconocidos formalmente en el contexto académico. La metodología adoptada en este estudio consistió en un enfoque de investigación bibliográfica, llevada a cabo mediante lecturas exploratorias. A partir de estos análisis, se considera que la concepción de los Estudios Culturales Físicos (ECF) proviene de diversos acontecimientos históricos y sociales que posibilitaron la creación de un nuevo enfoque en la producción de conocimiento de la Sociología del Deporte estadounidense y que comprende la subjetividad del cuerpo/sujeto más allá de su capacidad de rendimiento en el deporte/cultura física.

Reflections on development status of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Central Asian countries / 国际中医中药杂志

Central Asia is an important hub connecting the Asian continent and European continent, and one of the key regions for China's foreign exchange and cooperation in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Central Asian countries have relatively backward medical conditions, and TCM has become an important part of local healthcare. Regulations on traditional/complementary and alternative medicine have been issued in Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan; acupuncture and moxibustion has been covered by medical insurance in Kyrgyzstan; TCM has existed in other Central Asian countries in form of folk medicine. Central Asian countries are extremely rich in medicinal plant resources, but weak in foundation of pharmaceutical industry. Chinese government has signed cooperation agreements on TCM with many Central Asian countries, and the practical cooperation in the field of traditional medicine have continued to expand. At present, the development of TCM in Central Asian countries still faces problems such as weak foundation for the development and utilization of medicinal materials, shortage of professionals talents in TCM education and small scale of TCM clinics. In view of the above, in order to promote the dissemination and development of TCM in Central Asian countries, it is recommended that relevant units promote the establishment of joint laboratories or research centers of Chinese materia medica; give full play to local resource advantages and promote the development of medicinal plant industry; to strengthen the construction of overseas centers of TCM; actively carry out joint education or further education projects, and cultivate localized senior talents.

Reflexiones y experiencias sobre la interculturalidad y la ética en el abordaje del paciente / Reflections and experiences on interculturality and ethics in the patient approach / Reflexões e experiências sobre interculturalidade e ética na abordagem ao paciente

El concepto de interculturalidad es utilizado extensa y recurrentemente en reuniones y publicaciones científcas tanto extranjeras como nacionales. Es importante valorar conceptos que se entrelazan con el ámbito de la salud. Ante ello reflexionamos y analizamos que el Perú es un país pluricultural, con poblaciones que pertenecen a diferentes grupos étnico-culturales y hablan diferentes lenguas. Al mismo tiempo, los servicios públicos se orientan a satisfacer las necesidades de todos los peruanos y peruanas, por lo cual deben considerar la diversidad étnica y cultural de la población. Entonces, los servicios públicos que no incorporan perspectivas culturales de la población generan brechas que desaniman a la población a acudir a los mismos servicios

The concept of interculturality is used extensively and recurrently in both foreign and national meetings and scientific publications, both foreign and national. It is important to value concepts that are intertwined with the field of health. health. In this regard, we reflect and analyze the fact that Peru is a pluricultural country, with populations that belong to country, with populations that belong to different ethnic- cultural groups and speak different different ethnic-cultural groups and speak different languages. At the same time, public at the same time, public services are oriented to satisfy the needs of all Peruvians. Peruvians, which is why they must take into account the ethnic and cultural diversity of the population. and cultural diversity of the population. Therefore, public services that do not incorporate cultural perspectives of the population generate gaps that discourage people that discourage the population from seeking the same services.

O conceito de interculturalidade é ampla e recurrentemente utilizado na ciência estrangeira e nacional. reuniões e publicações científicas, tanto no país como no exterior. É importante valorizar conceitos que estão entrelaçados com o campo de saúde. A este respeito, nós reflect e analisamos o fato de que o Peru é um país pluricultural, com populações que pertencem ao seguinte país, com populações pertencentes a diferentes grupos étnico-culturais e falando diferente grupos etno-culturais e falam idiomas diferentes. Ao mesmo tempo, o público ao mesmo tempo, os serviços públicos são orientados para satisfazer as necessidades de todos os peruanos. Os peruanos, por isso, devem levar em conta a diversidade étnica e cultural da população. e diversidade cultural da população. Portanto, os serviços públicos que não incorporam as perspectivas culturais da população geram lacunas que desencorajam as pessoas que desencorajam a população de utilizar os mesmos serviços.

Implementation of case-based learning method for teaching biochemistry for undergraduate medical students

Background: First year MBBS curriculum in Biochemistry is taught by the conventional methods of teaching in which didactic lectures share almost 70% of the total content load, in which students fail to grasp the importance of biochemistry and its significant contribution in medical laboratory science. Hence, case-based learning (CBL) is being used in the medical curriculum, so that students are exposed to the real-life medical problems. Aim and Objectives: The study aimed implementation of CBL sessions in 1st year MBBS students and to analyze perception of students and faculty about the effectiveness of CBL method. Materials and Methods: A group of 150 students of Phase 1 MBBS course was selected for interventional study comprising two teaching-learning sessions on two core topics in biochemistry. Pre-test and post-test were conducted before and after the CBL session. A third test was conducted 1 month after the post-test to assess retention of knowledge gained by the students. The performance of the students was analyzed. Results: Pre-test and post-test analysis showed a very significant improvement in performance of the students after the CBL sessions. About 95% of the students and 90% of faculty reported that CBL sessions were useful to facilitate critical thinking through active learning. About 85% of students and 80% of faculty expressed that CBL helped in bridging the gap between theory and practice. Conclusion: It is evident from the present study that CBL in biochemistry can be implemented as innovative and effective teaching module to achieve the learning objectives. Case studies encourage active learning, promote critical thinking, and instill motivation in the subject.

Reflections of university students' experience under the online learning approach: A phenomenological study

Background@#The pandemic has reshaped the lives of everyone, including the way learning is delivered. Online learning in Physical Education (OLPE) is a form of distance learning where fundamental concepts of physical fitness are conducted remotely through the aid of technology. @*Objectives@#The study aimed to explore students' lived experiences in OLPE through the reflective narratives and photos generated from digital diary entries they made every other day for three weeks. The specific objective includes describing the students' feelings, processes, and realizations. @*Methodology@#Eight health professions students participated in this hermeneutic phenomenological study. The reflective accounts were analyzed following the interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) approach and revealed super-ordinate themes clustered into three categories: feelings, processes, and realizations. @*Results@#The first category is feelings evoked with super-ordinate themes, namely optimism with the course, appreciation of the teachers' attitude, empathy towards others, and desperation for a better set-up. The second category is processes experienced with super-ordinate themes, namely self-directed learning, awareness of the body, and dealing with heavy academic requirements. The third category is realizations with super-ordinate themes, namely experience of OLPE was a rollercoaster ride of successes and challenges, an experience that led to desires for improving self and the course, and finally, an opportunity for reflective learning. @*Conclusion@#Reflective accounts of feelings, processes, and realizations as students experience the sudden shift to OLPE are crucial in improving curricular policies and instructional designs for achieving quality outcomes.

Creating the Nightingale Initiative for Global Health: theoretical reflections to follow in Florence Nightingale's footsteps / Criando a Iniciativa Nightingale para a Saúde Global: reflexões teóricas para seguir os passos de Florence Nightingale / Creación de la Iniciativa Nightingale para la Salud Global: reflexiones teóricas para seguir los pasos de Florence Nightingale

Objective: this paper articulates how three Nightingale scholars applied their theoretical reflections to Florence Nightingale's farreaching anticipation of the year 1999 and to her comprehensive definition of "Health" derived from her 1893 essay "Sick-nursing and Health-nursing." Method: this is a historical narrative paper. With intentions to explore how Nightingale's insights might inform today's nursing culture and enhance nursing practice, these scholars joined a team of civil society activists to craft the Nightingale Declaration for A Healthy World as the founding credo of the Nightingale Initiative for Global Health. To follow in Nightingale's footsteps for more than two decades, these scholars since developed methods to increase public awareness of global health concerns and to engage today's nurses and concerned citizens in this public advocacy. Results: project demonstration results include specific advocacy for the United Nations Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals — "Global Goals" targeted to achieve universal outcomes specific to "Health" and across the wider scope of social and environmental health determinants — all anticipated by Nightingale throughout her 40-year career. Conclusion: given today's severe global health concerns, these scholars' theoretical reflections identify challenges to contemporary nursing culture — calling for methods developed to strengthen nursing's voice in the global public arena.

Objetivo: este artigo articula como três estudiosas de Nightingale aplicaram suas reflexões teóricas à antecipação de longo alcance de Florence Nightingale do ano de 1999 e à sua definição abrangente de "Saúde" derivada de seu ensaio de 1893 "Enfermagem de enfermos e enfermagem em saúde". Método: trata-se de um artigo narrativo histórico. Com a intenção de explorar como os insights de Nightingale podem fundamentar a cultura de enfermagem de hoje e aprimorar a prática de enfermagem, essas acadêmicas se juntaram a uma equipe de ativistas da sociedade civil para elaborar a Declaração Nightingale por um Mundo Saudável como o credo fundador da Iniciativa Nightingale para a Saúde Global. Para seguir os passos de Nightingale por mais de duas décadas, essas estudiosas então desenvolveram métodos para aumentar a consciência pública sobre as preocupações com a saúde global e para envolver as enfermeiras e os cidadãos preocupados de hoje nessa defesa pública. Resultados: os resultados da demonstração do projeto incluem a defesa específica dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio e Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável das Nações Unidas - "Objetivos Globais" direcionados para alcançar resultados universais específicos para "Saúde" e em todo o escopo mais amplo dos determinantes sociais e ambientais de saúde - todos antecipados por Nightingale ao longo de sua carreira de 40 anos. Conclusão: dadas as graves preocupações atuais com a saúde global, as reflexões teóricas dessas estudiosas identificam desafios para a cultura contemporânea da enfermagem - clamando por métodos desenvolvidos para fortalecer a voz da enfermagem na arena pública global.

Objetivo: este artículo articula cómo tres académicas Nightingale aplicaron sus reflexiones teóricas a la gran anticipación proyectiva de Florence Nightingale con respecto al año 1999 y a su definición integral de "Salud" derivada de su ensayo de 1893 de título "Cuidados a los enfermos y cuidados sanitarios". Método: se trata de un artículo narrativo histórico. Con la intención de explorar cómo las ideas de Nightingale podrían fundamentar la cultura de Enfermería actual y mejorar la práctica de la Enfermería, estas académicas se unieron a un equipo de activistas de la sociedad civil para elaborar la Declaración de Nightingale para un mundo saludable como el credo fundador de la Iniciativa Nightingale para la Salud Global. Para seguir los pasos de Nightingale durante más de dos décadas, estas académicas desarrollaron métodos para aumentar la conciencia pública sobre las preocupaciones de salud global e involucrar a las enfermeras y ciudadanos interesados de hoy en esta defensa pública. Resultados: los resultados de la demostración del proyecto incluyen una promoción específica para las Metas de Desarrollo del Milenio y Metas de Desarrollo Sustentable - "Metas Globales" de las Naciones Unidas dirigidas a lograr resultados universales específicos de "Salud" y en el ámbito más amplio de los determinantes de la salud sociales y ambientales, todo anticipado por Nightingale a lo largo de sus 40 años de carrera. Conclusión: dadas las graves preocupaciones de salud mundial de la actualidad, las reflexiones teóricas de estas académicas identifican desafíos a la cultura de la Enfermería contemporánea, y exigen métodos desarrollados para fortalecer la voz de la Enfermería en el ámbito público mundial.

Resultados, dificultades y reflexiones psicológicas para futuras generaciones de atletas de alto rendimiento / Results, difficulties and psychological reflections for future generations of high-performance athletes

Introducción: El presente trabajo servirá como base teórica-psicológica para futuras generaciones de atletas de alto rendimiento. Objetivo: Evidenciar un grupo de acciones psicopedagógicas utilizadas en la preparación psicológica de atletas de deportes juveniles en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Métodos: Se estudió aleatoriamente una muestra representativa 549 (54,19 por ciento) del Estado de Yaracuy en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, aplicando diversos cuestionarios validados internacionalmente para determinar personalidad, motivación, relaciones interpersonales, desarrollo de la actividad volitiva, prearranque, asimilación de carga, actividades recreativas y actividades de relajación y reflexión. Resultados: Se detectaron dificultades en los atletas como falta de autoconfianza (79,6 por ciento), excesivo respeto al contrario (65,1 por ciento), motivación media (32,6 por ciento) y baja (36,5 por ciento), falta de compatibilidad psicológica entre atletas y con el entrenador (95 por ciento), falta de disciplina en los atletas ya establecidos (79,4 por ciento), bajo nivel en las cualidades volitivas (68,4 por ciento), entre otros aspectos. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico realizado permite la aplicación efectiva de métodos y medios para el entrenamiento y las competiciones, diseñando recomendaciones e intervenciones psicopedagógicas específicas para la autoconfianza, el respeto excesivo, al contrario, la motivación, la falta de compatibilidad psicológica, la disciplina y los esfuerzos volitivos. Se evidenciaron avances notables en los deportes intervenidos como parte de los juegos nacionales(AU)

Introduction: The present study is a theoretical-psychological analysis intended for future generations of high-performance athletes, with the purpose of contributing a number of psychopedagogical actions used for the psychological preparation of youth sports athletes from the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Objective: Contribute some results from the psychological preparation of athletes members of selections from Yaracuy State in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, including the main difficulties found during preparation for the national games. Methods: A random study was conducted of a representative sample of 549 athletes (54.19 percent; population 1 013) from Yaracuy State in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, applying various internationally validated questionnaires to determine personality, motivation, interpersonal relationships, development of volitional activities, pre-start, load assimilation, recreational activities, and relaxation and reflection activities. Results: Deficiencies were found which included low self-esteem (79.6 percent), excessive respect for opponents (65.1 percent), medium and low motivation (32.6 percent and 36.5 percent, respectively), lack of psychological rapport between the athletes and the coach (95 percent), lack of discipline among established athletes (79.4 percent), and poor volitional qualities (68.4 percent), among others. Conclusions: The diagnosis performed leads to effective application of methods and means for both training and competitions, designing psychopedagogical recommendations and interventions specifically geared to self-confidence, excessive respect for opponents, motivation, lack of psychological rapport, discipline and volitional efforts. Notable progress was observed in the sports undergoing intervention in preparation for the national games(AU)

O estranhamento do banal: a poética Magritteana sob um olhar psicanalítico / The strangeness of commonplace: magritte's poetics beneath a psychoanalytical glance

O presente artigo pretende construir possíveis relações entre a psicanálise e algumas das obras mais inquietantes de René Magritte (1898 ­ 1967), mantendo consonância com a curadoria de uma exposição sobre o artista, chamada "Magritte: The Mystery of the Ordinary". Para tanto, além de nos debruçarmos sobre materiais de comentadores e críticos da obra do pintor, investigamos também os textos produzidos pelo próprio Magritte, nos quais o pintor versa sobre conceitos fundamentais para a compreensão de seu pensamento artístico: emoção estética, poética, mistérios do cotidiano, estranhamento (ressoante ao Umheimlich freudiano). Tivemos aqui o cuidado de manter alguma distância de interpretações superficiais e reducionistas, que simplesmente aplicassem a psicanálise à obra de arte. Portanto, buscamos construir uma leitura crítica, atenta aos detalhes e atravessamentos que percorrem as obras de arte, evidenciando as implicações ali presentes e propondo aproximações entre a obra de Magritte e a teoria psicanalítica (AU).

This article aims to build possible relationships between psychoanalysis and some of the most puzzling works of René Magritte (1898 - 1967), keeping consistent with the curating of an exhibition called "Magritte: The Mystery of the Ordinary". Thus, we dedicated to reading materials of commentators and critics of the painter's work, we also investigated the texts produced by Magritte himself, in which the painter introduces some key-concepts for the understanding of his artistic thinking: aesthetic emotion, poetics, mysteries of the ordinary, uncanny (resounding the Freudian's Umheimlich). Thereby, we were careful to not produce superficial and reductionist interpretations, which only implement psychoanalysis to the art. Therefore, we aimed to produce a critical interpretation, attentive to details of art works, demonstrating the implications present there and showing possible links between the work of Magritte and psychoanalytic theory (AU).

Reflections on improving the teaching quality of basic surgery / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The Surgery foundation is a course that emphasizes both theory and practice. It is an important part of surgical study and a compulsory basic course for medical students. The teaching quality of this course is directly related to the future level of clinical operation of medical students, and the good teaching methods and means are one of the key factors to determine the quality of the course. In this paper, the reform of teaching means and methods of this course are discussed, so as to further improve the teaching quality and summarize the experience and advice.

Theory of communicative action: a basis for the development of critical thinking / Teoría de la acción comunicativa: subsidio para el desarrollo del pensamiento crítico / Teoria da ação comunicativa: subsídio para o desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico

ABSTRACT Reflections on some assumptions of the theory of Communicative Action and the development of Critical Thinking in the context of training students in undergraduate nursing courses. The perspective is based on concepts of Jürgen Habermas, as a possibility for the development of critical thinking among the students of these courses. Communication is therefore understood as inherent in the training of nurses in a continuous, dynamic, dialogical process, with interventions that are related to the context of the students and that have meaning for them, in order to contribute to the promotion of Critical Thinking.

RESUMEN Texto reflexivo que objetiva aproximar algunos presupuestos de la teoría de la Acción Comunicativa con el desarrollo del Pensamiento Crítico en el contexto de la formación de estudiantes en los cursos de graduación en Enfermería. Se trata de una reflexión basada en algunos conceptos de Jürgen Habermas, como una posibilidad para el desarrollo del pensamiento crítico en estudiantes de esos cursos. Se entiende, por lo tanto, la comunicación como inherente a la formación de los enfermeros en un proceso continuo, dinámico, dialógico, con intervenciones asociadas al contexto de los estudiantes y que tengan significado para ellos, a fin de contribuir para la promoción del Pensamiento Crítico.

RESUMO Texto reflexivo que objetiva aproximar alguns pressupostos da teoria da Ação Comunicativa com o desenvolvimento do Pensamento Crítico no contexto da formação de estudantes nos cursos de graduação em Enfermagem. Trata-se de uma reflexão com embasamento em alguns conceitos deJürgen Habermas, como uma possibilidade para o desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico nos estudantes desses cursos. Entende-se, portanto, a comunicação como inerente à formação dos enfermeiros em um processo contínuo, dinâmico, dialógico, com intervenções associadas ao contexto dos estudantes e que tenham significado para eles, a fim de contribuir para a promoção do Pensamento Crítico.

The perception of school directors in the city of jaguariúna about combat sports / Percepção dos dirigentes das escolas do município de jaguariúna sobre as lutas

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to understand the perceptions of elementary school leaders in the municipality of Jaguariúna (State of São Paulo, Brazil) about the benefits that combat sports can bring to education in Physical Education classes or as extracurricular activities and the possibilities to enabling this process. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with school directors and coordinators in all 15 public and private schools, totalling 30 interviews. Most of the interviewed had little contact with combat sports and only three had this activity at the school. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and organized for qualitative textual analysis. The results point out that combat sports are valuable teaching tools in elementary schools, and that in order for their benefits to be achieved, they should be developed following school regular activities, and the professionals must be inserted in the school context. Several benefits were emphasized by the school leaders, including aspects of student attitudes, transmission of values, emotional development, social relations and benefits related to physical activity.

RESUMO O objetivo desse estudo é conhecer a percepção dos dirigentes de escolas do ensino fundamental sobre os potenciais benefícios das Lutas e como viabilizar a inserção dessa prática na escola, nas aulas de Educação Física ou como atividade extracurricular. Entrevistas semiestruturadas foram realizadas com os diretores e coordenadores dos estabelecimentos de ensino de Jaguariúna, interior de São Paulo, que somaram 15 escolas entre públicas e particulares, totalizando 30 entrevistas gravadas e transcritas, constituindo uma matriz para análise textual qualitativa. A maioria dos dirigentes teve pouco contato e apenas três escolas desenvolvem aulas de Lutas, entretanto, verificou-se como principal resultado que essa prática é considerada como possível e bem vista no ambiente escolar. Os dirigentes entendem, sobretudo, que os benefícios estão ligados à capacitação e inserção do profissional no contexto escolar e que devem ser desenvolvidas no contra turno, como complementares às atividades curriculares. Diversos foram os benefícios percebidos pelos dirigentes das escolas, ligados principalmente, aos aspectos de transmissão de condutas e valores, desenvolvimento emocional, relações sociais e benefícios relacionados à atividade física.

Pesquisar em psicologia: algumas reflexões / Researching in the field of psychology: some reflections

O presente trabalho, de cunho bibliográfico, tem a pretensão de tecer algumas considerações sobre o pesquisar em Psicologia, abordando questões que envolvem as análises quantitativa e qualitativa em pesquisa, uma vez que em ciências sociais, incluindo a Psicologia, há um movimento em favor do uso concomitante destes dois tipos de análise, em detrimento de paradigmas isolados e a favor de uma maior amplitude de informações, que a utilização de técnicas multimodais pode oferecer. A intenção é ilustrar o assunto de maneira didática, a fim de favorecer, principalmente, aqueles que estão iniciando na área da pesquisa.

The present work, based on bibliography, has the intention of making some considerations about the research in Psychology, addressing issues that involve quantitative and qualitative analysis in research, since in social sciences, including Psychology, there is a movement in favor of concomitant use of these two types of analysis, to the detriment of isolated paradigms and in favor of a greater breadth of information, that the use of multimodal techniques can offer. The intention is to illustrate the subject in didactic way, in order to favor, mainly, those who are initiating in the research area.

Educação física e esporte: reflexões e ações contemporâneas / Physical education and sports: reflections and contemporary actions

O artigo analisa o modo como os sujeitos se apropriam do esporte, sinalizando outras possibilidades para compreender as relações com as práticas esportivas. Para tanto, entrevista 83 sujeitos, 69 evadidos e 14 participantes de um projeto social. A análise indica que os participantes aceitaram, por tempo limitado, ou mesmo rejeitaram a proposta do projeto, fundamentada na concepção crítico-superadora. Percebe-se não apenas a reprodução, nem tampouco a adaptação às regras, mas um uso que permitiu a participação produtiva realizada na dialética das estratégias impostas pelo projeto, em relação às táticas de subversão dos participantes que decidiram abandoná-lo ou nele permanecer.

The article analyzes the way the subjects are appropriated of the sport, highlighting the possibilities to understand the relations with the sports practices. To do so, 83 subjects were interviewed, 69 evaded, and 14 participants of a social project. The analysis indicates that the participants accepted, for a limited period, or even rejected the project proposal, based on the critical-surpassing conception. Not only the reproduction is notable, neither the rules adaptation, but a use that enabled the productive participation made in the dialectic of the strategies imposed by the project, related to subversion tactics of the participants who decided to abandon it or to remain in it.

El archivo analiza lo modo como los sujetos se apropian del deporte, señalizando otras posibilidades para comprender las relaciones con las prácticas deportivas. Para eso, entrevista 83 sujetos, 69 evadidos y 14 participantes de un proyecto social. La análisis indica que los participantes aceptaron, por tiempo limitado, o mismo rechazaron la propuesta del proyecto, fundamentada en la concepción críticosuperadora. Se puede percibir que no solamente la reproducción, ni tampoco la adaptación a las reglas, pero un uso que permitió la participación productiva realizada en la dialéctica de las estrategias impostas por lo proyecto, en relación a las tácticas de subversión de los participantes que decidieron abandónalo o permanecer en lo mismo.

Busca de paralelismo entre conhecimento pedagógico do conteúdo e processo de raciocínio e ação pedagógica / The search of parallelism between pedagogical knowledge of the contents and the process of reasoning and pedagogical action

Ao apresentar as propostas do conhecimento pedagógico do conteúdo e do processo de raciocínio e da ação pedagógica, Shulman não explicitou, em sua teoria, as possíveis relações entre elas. Visando a analisar tais relações, este ensaio colocou lado a lado esses dois temas nucleares nos estudos de Shulman e, respaldado por outras investigações que abordam esses temas, buscou descobrir como podem se inter-relacionar na formação inicial de professores. As informações analisadas permitem inferir que ambas as propostas mantêm estreita, recíproca e quase interdependente relação entre si, de modo que se permeiam, se complementam e somam esforços no sentido comum de transformar os conhecimentos do conteúdo dos futuros professores em conhecimentos ensináveis aos alunos. A consideração dessas questões pelos programas de formação e sua implementação, por meio de práticas pedagógicas e suas reflexões, têm potencial para integrar esses elementos e qualificar a formação inicial dos futuros professores.

While presenting the proposals of the pedagogical knowledge of the contents and the pedagogical action, Shulman did not set out in his theory the possible relations between them. Willing to analyze such relations, this essay put these two core themes in Shulman studies side by side and supported by other investigations that address these themes, tried to find out how they may inter-relate in the initial teacher training. The analyzed information allow to infer that both proposals keep a strict, reciprocal and almost interdependent relation between them, so that they permeate themselves, and complete and make efforts to each other in the common sense to transform the contents knowledge of the future teachers into teachable knowledge to pupils. The consideration of these questions by the training programs and its implementation through pedagogical practices and their reflections can potentially integrate these elements and qualify the initial training of future teachers.

Un criterio taxonómico para los patrones de consumo etílico / Taxonomic criterium for the alcohol consumption patterns

Con el propósito de redactar un boceto sobre la taxonomía de los patrones de consume etílico para ser utilizado en los talleres nacionales de la oncena revisión de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades, se proponen reflexiones sobre el concepto de bebedor social y las modalidades de consumo no social manifestadas tanto en personas con dependencia alcohólica como en otras sin dicho diagnóstico. A la luz de la trascendente resolución 58.26 se abordan los criterios de cantidad y frecuencia establecidos por la OMS, así como las razones cuantitativas que explican el mayor impacto del uso nocivo de alcohol en personas sin dependencia, que en los propios alcohólicos. Con objetivos taxonómicos, se propone excluir al consumo perjudicial de la categoría nosográfica alcoholismo y valorarlo como el escalón inmediato a la dependencia en el continuo de los patrones de ingestión que conduce a este estado. Destaca igualmente algunas modalidades de consumo de alta significación social cuando se valoran con criterios cuantitativos y cualitativos. Insiste en la metáfora de la decapitación prefrontal por el uso indebido de drogas duras, entre las que se incluyen el alcohol y la marihuana, por sus nefastos efectos sobre la conducta. Propone finalmente mayor atención a las manifestaciones somáticas derivadas de la ansiedad mantenida de los familiares convivientes con adictos a drogas duras en los que el estrés hace igual papel que el humo indirecto y se comportan como adictos pasivos cuya máxima expresión son los codependientes

With the objective of making a draft on the taxonomy of alcohol consumption patterns for use in the national workshops of the 11th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases, some reflections were submitted about the concept of social drinker and the non-social consumption modalities that manifest both in alcohol dependent-persons and non-dependent people. In the light of the transcendental resolution 58.26, the quantity and frequency criteria set by the WHO, as well as the quantitative reasons accounting for the higher impact of the harmful consumption of alcohol in non-dependent persons than in alcoholics were discussed. For taxonomic purposes, it was suggested that harmful consumption be excluded from the nosographic category alcoholism and be assessed as the immediate link to dependency in the patterns of drinking intake leading to this condition. Likewise, this paper underlined some consumption modalities of high social significance when they are evaluated based on quantitative and qualitative criteria. It insisted on the metaphor of frontal decapitation due to the use of hard drugs, including alcohol and marihuana, and their harmful effects on the behaviour. It finally made the proposal of paying more attention to somatic manifestations derived from sustained anxiety in relatives living with hard drug addicts, who are affected by the stress that plays the same role as the indirect smoke and behave as passive addicts whose ultimate expression is co-dependency

Algunas reflexiones éticas en el uso de la tecnología reproductiva moderna para el tratamiento de la infertilidad / Some ethical reflection in the use of modern reproductive technology for the treatment of infertility

El desafío de cualquier sociedad es construir acuerdos basados en consideraciones éticas y valóricas, que con dinamismo y pragmatismo se renueven según lo que aprendemos día a día a través de la ciencia, de la experiencia y de las realidades sociales. Acuerdos sociales así construidos generan deliberaciones tolerantes, pluralistas y respetuosas de la diversidad de pensamientos y creencias. Esta manera de relacionarse cívicamente ha demostrado ser difícil en el contexto latinoamericano. Este artículo intenta sentar las bases biológicas del desarrollo humano para ejercer un pensamiento ético separandolos mínimos morales, que deben aplicarse a todas las personas, de los máximos morales, que cada uno puede incorporar según sus propias creencias. En primer lugar, se describen los diferentes estadios del desarrollo embrionario previo a la implantación con objeto de reflexionar sobre el estatuto del embrión y luego se hace referencia a las técnicas de reproducción asistida y los desafíos éticos que éstas representan.

A major challenge for any society is to build agreements and regulations based on ethical considerations and value judgments which are dynamic and permanently reviewed and renewed according to what science, experience and social realities teach us every day. Social agreements, which respectthe different ways that people, think and believe, have proved to be a difficult task in Latin America. This article tries to set the biologic bases of early human development in order to separate ethical judgments based onminimal moralities which are applicable to all from maximal moralities which should not be obligatory and followed as personal beliefs. Firstly, the different stages of pre implantation development are described and the moral status of the embryo is examined. This is followed by comments on some challenges posed by modern reproductive Technologies.

Como moram muitos de nossos velhos? Reflexões sobre um conjunto de visitas a instituições que abrigam pessoas idosas / How our elderly live? Reflections about the visitations on the Instituitions that attend the elderly

Motivado pela pergunta formulada no título acima: como moram muitos de nossos velhos?, e para trazer uma resposta ligada ao real da instituição que os abriga, este artigo procura mostrar alguns fragmentos de depoimentos das pesquisadoras, duas recém-mestras da área do envelhecimento, resultantes de suas reflexões sobre a questão da moradia e das visitas e entrevistas com os residentes idosos de oito instituições de São Paulo. Tendo como pano de fundo, a experiência de ter participado de um laboratório experimental, isto é, de um grupo de pesquisa sobre Envelhecimento e Moradia, do Programa de Pós Graduação em Gerontologia da PUC/SP, intitulado; "Onde vamos morar em 2030?", as pesquisadoras, sentiram a necessidade de ir a campo visitar algumas Instituições de Longa Permanência, a fim de checar suas percepções e impressões acerca da temática proposta. Como resultado, um conjunto de escritas que mostram as relações entre os velhos e suas velhices, entre velhos e a instituição asilar, entre velhos e funcionários, entre velhos e familiares, desvelando, como não poderia deixar de ser, convergências e divergências nas relações, inclusive muitas faces daqueles sujeitos ali envolvidos, manifestas em suas respostas verbais ou corporais.

Motivated by the question from the title: How our elderly live?, and to show the true nature of the Institutions that serves them, this article aims to show fragments from researchers statements; two elderly studies masters , about their reflections on the habitation and their visits and interviews with people from eight Institutions in São Paulo. Given by the experience in a group of Aging and Habitation researchers from the PUC/SP Gerontology Post Graduation Program, titled "Where are we going to live in 2030?", myself and the researchers felt the necessity to visit some of the "Instituições de Longa Permanência" to check our perceptions and impressions on the theme. The result shows the relations between the elderly and their oldness, between the elderly and the Elderly Institutions, between the elderly and the staff, between the elderly and their families, showing, as expected, convergences and divergences on their relations, and the various faces of those involved, manifested in their verbal voice and bodily manner.

Reflexiones interacadémicas sobre el proceso de atención de enfermería / Inter-academical reflexions on the nursing process

El desarrollo de actividades interacadémicas en espacios de investigación sin lugar a dudas reporta la posibilidad de un intercambio de visiones sobre la disciplina y una experiencia en pro de la cultura de la Inter-multidisciplina. En el marco de la Unidad de Investigación la ENEO-UNAM, ha instituido los jueves académicos, escenario donde se diserta sobre temas relevantes para el cuidado a la salud, tal fue el caso del Proceso de Atención de Enfermería (PAE). En una jornada de cuatro sesiones se abordó por representantes de las diversas Academias de Enfermería e Investigadores en el tema, los diferentes escenarios en los que se evidencia el proceso, así como la problemática y forma de aproximarse al PAE. De dicha actividad se reconocieron tres aspectos nodales en torno al PAE a saber: Aspectos semánticos-nominales, los Teóricos conceptuales y los Instrumentales; todos de gran trascendencia e impostergable abordaje. Lo anterior inserto en una visión filosófica sobre el cuidado a partir de la aprehensión de persona y naturaleza, que lleven a considerar el verdadero humanismo con que se ha investido a la profesión de enfermería.

The development of interacademic activities in investigation spaces without doubt reports the possibility of an interchange of visions on the discipline and a experience for the culture of the Inter-discipline. Within the framework of the Unit of Investigation the ENEO-UNAM, has instituted academic thursdays, scene where dissert on excellent subjects for the care to the health, so was the case of the Nursing Process Attention (PAE by abbreviations in for Spanish) . In cycle of four sessions one approached by representatives of the diverse Academies of Nursing and Investigators in the subject, the different scenes in which the process is demonstrated, as well at the problematic and forms to come near to the PAE. We´re acknowledge of this activity, three aspects around the PAE : Aspects semantic-nominal, the conceptual theoreticians and Instrumentation; all of great importance and urgent boarding. All inserted in a philosophical vision on the care from the apprehension of person and the nature, who take to consider the true humanist whereupon she has been invested to the Nursing profession.

Response and Reflections of Teaching in Kunming Medical College to the Rapid Development of Higher Education / 昆明医科大学学报

For 10 years recently,China has implemented the strategy of "rejuvenating technology,talents for the first",and China's higher education has made improvement significantly: the number of student in-class increases drastically,the gross enrollment rate of higher education reached the level of popular education.Kunming Medical College,in this particular historical period of development by accelerating the construction and structural adjustment, strengthening management,taping potential,integrating use of resources,has better dealt with the enormous pressure and the challenge caused by the school's operating scale's nearly five times increase,and has ensured the quality of student training;In the new historical period of development, Kunming Medical College will continuously change education ideas,achieve the leap development from teaching university to teaching and research university positively.

Reflections on the doctor-patient communication with non-full civil capacity patients / 中华医学教育探索杂志

From the point of view of law and taking the non-full civil capacity patients as the object,this paper introduces the connotation and type of such patients in detail,and the specialization of the status,contents and forms of communication as the main body of doctor-patient communication,and make related study on the significance and problems of such special communication,hoping to put forward a new idea,which is helpful for the further theory and practice study on doctor-patient communication,and build a harmonious relationship between doctors and patients.