Strategic Distributional Cost-Effectiveness Analysis for Improving National Cancer Screening Uptake in Cervical Cancer: A Focus on Regional Inequality in South Korea / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to conduct a cost effectiveness analysis of strategies designed to improve national cervical cancer screening rates, along with a distributional cost effectiveness analysis that considers regional disparities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cost effectiveness analysis was conducted using a Markov cohort simulation model, with quality adjusted life years as the unit of effectiveness. The strategies considered were current (biennial Papanicolaou smear cytology of females aged 20 or above), strong screening recommendation by mail to target regions (effect, 12% increase in screening uptake; cost, 1,000 Korean won per person), regular universal screening recommendation by mail (effect, 6% increase in screening uptake; cost, 500 Korean won per person), and strong universal screening recommendation by mail (effect, 12% increase in screening uptake; cost, 1,000 Korean won per person). Distributional cost effectiveness analysis was conducted by calculating the cost effectiveness of strategies using the Atkinson incremental cost effectiveness ratio. RESULTS: All strategies were under the threshold value, which was set as the Korean gross domestic product of $25,990. In particular, the ‘strong screening recommendation to target regions’ strategy was found to be the most cost effective (incremental cost effectiveness ratio, 7,361,145 Korean won). This was also true when societal inequality aversion increased in the distributional cost effectiveness analysis. CONCLUSION: The ‘strong screening recommendation to target regions’ strategy was the most cost effective approach, even when adjusting for inequality. As efficiency and equity are objectives concurrently sought in healthcare, these findings imply a need to develop appropriate economic evaluation methodologies to assess healthcare policies.

Perspectivas temporais e regionais da insegurança alimentar durante a crise econômica em Portugal, 2011-2013 / Time and regional perspectives of food insecurity during the economic crisis in Portugal, 2011-2013

Food insecurity (FI) has received much attention in recent years, even in high-income countries, due to the increasing trend of poverty and social inequalities indicators, as a result of the global financial crisis. The establishment of a monitoring system of FI becomes a priority for food and nutrition policies. Our study aims to evaluate FI trends during the economic crisis in Portugal and to identify regional disparities throughout the country. Data derived from three surveys conducted by the Portuguese Directorate-General of Health, concerning FI of the Portuguese population, during the period that Portugal was under the International Monetary Fund financial assistance program (2011–2013). Data were collected by face-to-face interviews and FI was evaluated using a psychometric scale. Logistic regression models were used to identify regional disparities in FI. The prevalence of FI was relatively unchanged at national and regional levels, during the analysis period. Data from 2013 indicates a high prevalence of FI (50.7%), including 33.4% for low FI, 10.1% for moderate FI and 7.2% for severe FI. Disparities according health region were also found for household FI. Algarve, Lisboa and Vale do Tejo were the two regions with the highest levels of FI, even after controlling for other socioeconomic variables. High levels of FI found in Portugal and the different regional profiles suggest the need for regional strategies, in particular in the most affected regions based on a broader action with different policy sectors (health, social security, municipalities and local institutions in the field of social economy)...

As questões da insegurança alimentar (IA) têm merecido uma atenção crescente nos últimos anos, mesmo nos países desenvolvidos, considerando a tendência crescente dos indicadores de pobreza e de desigualdades sociais, em resultado da crise económica global. A implementação de um sistema de monitorização da IA tornou-se uma prioridade das políticas de alimentação e nutrição. Este estudo pretende avaliar as tendências da IA durante a crise económica em Portugal, identificando possíveis iniquidades regionais. Os dados analisados provêm de três inquéritos conduzidos pela Direção-Geral da Saúde, referentes à IA da população portuguesa, durante o período em que Portugal esteve sob intervenção do programa de assistência financeira do Fundo Monetário Internacional (2011-2013). Os dados foram recolhidos por entrevistas face-a-face e a IA avaliada através de uma escala psicométrica. Utilizaram-se modelos de regressão logística para identificar iniquidades regionais na IA. A prevalência de IA manteve-se relativamente inalterada, a nível nacional e regional, durante este período. Em 2013 verificou-se uma elevada prevalência de IA (50,7%) (33,4% IA leve, 10,1% IA moderada e 7,2% IA grave). Iniquidades regionais foram também encontradas para a IA. As regiões do Algarve e de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo foram as que apresentaram níveis de IA mais elevados, mesmo após ajuste para as variáveis socioeconómicas. Os níveis de IA em Portugal e as disparidades regionais encontradas sugerem a necessidade de implementar estratégias a nível regional, em particular nas regiões mais afetadas, envolvendo os diferentes sectores com capacidade interventiva (saúde, segurança social, autarquias, instituições locais na área da economia social)...