Interpretation and reflection on the Measures for the Administration of Standards for Medicinal Products / 中国药房

In July 2023， the National Medical Products Administration issued the Measures for the Administration of Standards for Medicinal Products （hereinafter referred to as the Measures）. This article interprets the main content of the Measures， and analyzes its shortcomings as unclear definition of the drug standard code and the goals of drug standard information construction. It is recommended that the national drug regulatory department promptly apply to the standardization authority for the confirmation of the drug standard code “YB” letter， and the drug standard code and numbering rules would be included in the next round of amendments to the Measures. It is necessary to clarify the construction goals of the information system for drug standards at the same time， and build a national drug standard data-sharing platform based on the basic framework of user interface layer， computing processing layer， and data storage layer. Digital drug standards will be free， and access and download services for the public will be provided.

Epidemiological model for the construction of scenarios of the dissemination of COVID-19 in Codó-MA / Modelo epidemiológico para construção de cenários da disseminação da COVID-19 em Codó-MA / Modelo epidemiológico para la construcción de escenarios de la diseminación del COVID-19 en Codó-MA

Background and objectives: due to the increase in the number of cases of the new coronavirus in the city of Codó-MA, there was a need to carry out a study on the spread of COVID-19 in the municipality in order to have a better knowledge and understanding of the problem. A study was carried out on the spread of COVID-19 in the city of Codó-MA, comparing the quantitative data on the number of cases in 2020 and 2021 between May and July and using the epidemiological model Susceptible-Infectious-Isolated-Recovered (SIQR). Methods: we collected daily data from the epidemiological bulletins made available by the Municipal Health Department of Codó (SEMUS-Codó), we chose the SIQR compartmental model to carry out the simulations, we assumed hypotheses and estimated the parameters in order to design the scenarios. We simulated scenarios such as social distancing of healthy individuals and social isolation of infected individuals. Results: in early 2020, cases increased more frequently than in early 2021, and approximately 20% of those infected were in social isolation. According to projections, more than 80% of cases of COVID-19 were not accounted for in Codó. In 2021, there was greater underreporting than in 2020, approximately 82% and 85%, respectively. Conclusion: from the results, the authors conclude that the social isolation of those infected is a more efficient method to contain an epidemic than the total blockade of the population and that the high number of underreported cases is because most of these cases are asymptomatic.(AU)

Justificativa e objetivos: devido ao aumento do número de casos do novo coronavírus na cidade de Codó-MA, viu-se a necessidade para fazer um estudo sobre a propagação da COVID-19 no município para a ter melhor conhecimento e entendimento do problema. Foi realizado um estudo sobre a disseminação da COVID-19 na cidade de Codó-MA, sendo comparados os dados quantitativos dos números de casos nos anos de 2020 e 2021 entre os meses de maio e julho e utilizando o modelo epidemiológico Suscetíveis-Infecciosos-Isolados-Recuperados (SIQR). Métodos: coletamos os dados diários dos boletins epidemiológicos disponibilizados pela Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Codó (SEMUS- Codó), escolhemos o modelo compartimental SIQR para a realização das simulações, supomos hipóteses e estimamos os parâmetros para podermos projetar os cenários. Simulamos cenários, tais como distanciamento social dos indivíduos sadios e isolamento social dos indivíduos infectados. Resultados: no início de 2020, os casos aumentaram com mais frequência do que no início de 2021, e aproximadamente 20% dos infectados estavam em isolamento social. De acordo com as projeções, mais de 80% dos casos de COVID-19 não foram contabilizados em Codó. Em 2021, houve maior subnotificação do que em 2020, aproximadamente 82% e 85%, respectivamente. Conclusão: a partir dos resultados, os autores concluem que o isolamento social dos infectados é um método mais eficiente para conter uma epidemia do que o bloqueio total da população e que o alto número de casos subnotificados são porque a maioria desses casos são assintomáticos.(AU)

Antecedentes y objetivos debido al incremento en el número de casos del nuevo coronavirus en la ciudad de Codó-MA, surgió la necesidad de realizar un estudio sobre la propagación del COVID-19 en el municipio con el fin de tener un mejor conocimiento y comprensión de el problema. Se realizó un estudio sobre la propagación del COVID-19 en la ciudad de Codó-MA, comparando datos cuantitativos del número de casos en 2020 y 2021 entre mayo y julio y utilizando el modelo epidemiológico Susceptible-Infeccioso-Aislado-Recuperado (SIQR). Métodos: recolectamos datos diarios de los boletines epidemiológicos que pone a disposición la Secretaría Municipal de Salud de Codó (SEMUS-Codó), elegimos el modelo compartimental SIQR para realizar las simulaciones, asumimos hipótesis y estimamos los parámetros para poder diseñar los escenarios. Simulamos escenarios como el distanciamiento social de personas sanas y el aislamiento social de personas infectadas. Resultados: a principios de 2020, los casos aumentaron con más frecuencia que a principios de 2021, y aproximadamente el 20% de los infectados se encontraban en aislamiento social. Según proyecciones, en Codó no se contabilizaron más del 80% de los casos de COVID-19. En 2021 hubo mayor subregistro que en 2020, aproximadamente 82% y 85%, respectivamente. Conclusión: de los resultados, los autores concluyen que el aislamiento social de los contagiados es un método más eficiente para contener una epidemia que el bloqueo total de la población y que el alto número de casos subregistrados se debe a que la mayoría de estos casos son asintomáticos.(AU)

Registros de enfermagem referentes à inserção de cateteres nasogástricos e nasoenterais: não conformidades e sub-registro / Nursing records regarding the insertion of nasogastric and nasoenteral catheters: nonconformities and sub-recording / Registros de enfermería respecto a la inserción de sondas nasogástricas y nasoenterales: no conformidades y subregistros

Objetivo: O registro dos dados referentes a Terapia Nutricional Enteral (TNE) é importante para assegurar o procedimento e comunicação sistemática da assistência. Com o estudo, objetivou-se analisar os registros de enfermagem referentes à inserção de cateteres nasogástricos (CNG) e nasoenterais (CNE) considerando o sub-registro e não conformidades encontradas em prontuários e durante observação dos pacientes. Métodos: estudo observacional, transversal com abordagem quantitativa, mediante a aplicação de instrumento para coleta de dados de pacientes internados em um Hospital Universitário no Pará entre agosto de 2019 a julho de 2020. Resultados: Foram identificadas 191 inserções de cateteres por enfermeiros, sendo 43 (22,52%) reinserções sub-registradas e 148 (77,48%) apresentaram não conformidades. Discussão: O sub-registro e as não conformidades interferem na qualidade da assistência de enfermagem, fragilizam as ações de segurança do paciente, além de apresentarem repercussões legais. Conclusão: Os dados apresentados neste artigo foram primordiais para a detecção de lacunas na assistência de enfermagem. (AU)

Objective: The recording of data referring to Enteral Nutrition Therapy (ENT) is important to ensure the procedure and systematic communication of care. The objective was to analyze the nursing records regarding the insertion of nasogastric (CNG) and nasoenteral (CNE) catheters, considering the under-recording and non-conformities found in medical records and during patient observation. Methods: observational, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, through the application of an instrument to collect data from patients admitted to a University Hospital in Pará between August 2019 and July 2020. Results: 191 insertions of catheters by nurses were identified, of which 43 (22.52%) underreported reinsertion and 148 (77.48%) presented non-conformities. Discussion: Under-registration and non-compliance interfere with the quality of nursing care, weaken patient safety actions, in addition to having legal repercussions. Conclusion: The data presented in this article were essential for the detection of gaps in nursing care. (AU)

Objetivo: El registro de los datos referentes a la Terapia de Nutrición Enteral (ENT) es importante para garantizar el procedimiento y la comunicación sistemática de los cuidados. El objetivo fue analizar los registros de enfermería con respecto a la inserción de catéteres nasogástricos (GNC) y nasoenterales (CNE), considerando el subregistro y las no conformidades encontradas en los registros médicos y durante la observación de los pacientes. Métodos: estudio observacional, transversal con abordaje cuantitativo, mediante la aplicación de un instrumento para recolectar datos de pacientes internados en un Hospital Universitario de Pará entre agosto de 2019 y julio de 2020. Resultados: fueron identificadas 191 inserciones de catéteres por enfermeros, de de los cuales 43 (22,52%) subreportaron reinserción y 148 (77,48%) presentaron no conformidades. Discusión: El subregistro y el incumplimiento interfieren en la calidad de la atención de enfermería, debilitan las acciones de seguridad del paciente, además de tener repercusiones legales. Conclusión: Los datos presentados en este artículo fueron esenciales para la detección de lagunas en el cuidado de enfermería. (AU)

Implementation of points-based household registration policy for voluntary blood donors in Nanjing / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To analyze the implementation effect of points-based household registration policy for blood donors in Nanjing, so as to provide reference for other provinces and cities to develop incentive policies for blood donation. 【Methods】 The basic demographic profile, registration situation and deferral reasons of blood donors who applied for points-based household registration from 2017 to 2021 were analyzed by Excel. 【Results】 1) A total of 388 blood donors applied for points-based household registration for blood donation from 2017 to 2021, accounting for 0.042% of the total blood donors in Nanjing (388/923 160), and 357 applications were approved, accounting for 0.039% (357/923 160). 2) The proportion of male applicants was higher than that of female applicants (55.15% vs 44.85%). Applicants aged 26~35 accounted for the largest, followed by applicants aged 36~45, and applicants aged 18~25 accounted for the least. The proportion of applicants in Jiangsu province(23.27%) was higher than that of applicants from other provinces. The top three occupations were employees, workers and jobless. In terms of education level, applicants with junior high school education or below accounted for the largest, followed by high school and secondary school (35.05% vs 29.38% vs 23.20%). The proportion of first-time blood donors was the highest (33.24%). Among the repeated blood donors, blood donors who donated blood 2~3 times were with the highest share (23.93%). Nineteen donors(4.90%) got more than 100 points. 3) A total of 31 blood donors were deferred from 2017 to 2021, accounting for 7.90% of the total applicants. Among them, 23 applicants donated in other cities than Nanjing, 5 applicants failed to provide valid blood donation certificates, and 3 applicants submitted irrelevant material. 【Conclusion】 The implementation of points-based household registration policy for voluntary blood donors in Nanjing helped blood donors who could not reach other points due to low education level and income to become registered permanent residence in Nanjing

A Brief Discussion on the in Vitro Diagnostic Reagent Inspection Practice of Self-examination Management Regulations for Medical Device Registration / 中国医疗器械杂志

On October 21, 2021, the National Medical Products Administration issued and implemented the Self-examination Management Regulations for Medical Device Registration. The regulations clarify the specific requirements of the registration applicants in the process of self-examination, and put forward detailed requirements from the aspects of self-examination ability, self-examination report, declaration materials and responsibility requirements, so as to ensure the orderly development of the self-examination of medical device registration. Based on the actual verification work of in vitro diagnostic reagent, this study briefly discussed the understanding of the relevant contents of the regulations, aiming to provide some reference for enterprises and related supervision departments that have the requirement of registered self-examination.

Discussion on Key Control Points and Common Problems of Molecular Diagnostic Reagents in the Process of Design and Development / 中国医疗器械杂志

Design and development process of molecular diagnostic reagents is critical to quality management system of in vitro diagnostic reagent. Based on the technical characteristics of molecular diagnostic reagents, the study analyzed the concerned key control points and common problems in the process of design and development from the view of registration quality management system. It aimed at offering technical guidance on design and development process of molecular reagents and registration quality management system to enterprises, thus improving the product development efficiency, optimizing the quality management system, and increasing the efficiency and quality of registration and declaration.

Concerns of Technical Evaluation on Registration of Disposable Endoscopic Injection Needle / 中国医疗器械杂志

From the point of the technical evaluation of the registration of medical devices, the technical evaluation focus of the disposable endoscopic injection needle registration are briefly described in the chapters of the application overview documents, risk management data, product technical requirements, research data, toxic substance residues, biocompatibility evaluation, clinical evaluation data, et al. The common terms of technical requirements are specified, risk management and research materials list the project requirements for product characteristics. So as to accurately judge the product quality, improve the review efficiency, promote the development of the industry.

Analysis of Revision Content and Evaluation Attentions on Guidance for Registration of Metallic Bone Plate Internal Fixation System (Revised in 2021) / 中国医疗器械杂志

This study briefly introduces the revised content of Guidance for Registration of Metallic Bone Plate Internal Fixation System (Revised in 2021) compared to the original guidance, mainly including the principles of dividing registration unit, main performance indicators of standard specification, physical and mechanical performance research, and clinical evaluation. At the same time, in order to provide some references for the registration of metallic bone plate internal fixation system, this study analyzes the main concerns in the review process of these products based on the accumulation of experience combining with the current review requirements.

Discussion on the Authenticity Verification Method in the Verification of Medical Device Registration Quality Management System / 中国医疗器械杂志

Authenticity verification is a very important aspect of medical device registration quality management system verification of medical device. How to verify the authenticity of samples is a problem worth discussing. This study analyzes the methods of authenticity verification from the aspects of product retention sample, registration inspection report, traceability of records, hardware facilities and equipment. In order to provide reference for relevant supervisors and inspectors in the verification of registration quality management system.

Non-rigid registration for medical images based on deformable convolution and multi-scale feature focusing modules / 生物医学工程学杂志

Non-rigid registration plays an important role in medical image analysis. U-Net has been proven to be a hot research topic in medical image analysis and is widely used in medical image registration. However, existing registration models based on U-Net and its variants lack sufficient learning ability when dealing with complex deformations, and do not fully utilize multi-scale contextual information, resulting insufficient registration accuracy. To address this issue, a non-rigid registration algorithm for X-ray images based on deformable convolution and multi-scale feature focusing module was proposed. First, it used residual deformable convolution to replace the standard convolution of the original U-Net to enhance the expression ability of registration network for image geometric deformations. Then, stride convolution was used to replace the pooling operation of the downsampling operation to alleviate feature loss caused by continuous pooling. In addition, a multi-scale feature focusing module was introduced to the bridging layer in the encoding and decoding structure to improve the network model's ability of integrating global contextual information. Theoretical analysis and experimental results both showed that the proposed registration algorithm could focus on multi-scale contextual information, handle medical images with complex deformations, and improve the registration accuracy. It is suitable for non-rigid registration of chest X-ray images.

Multiresolution discrete optimization registration method of ultrasound and magnetic resonance images based on key points / 生物医学工程学杂志

The registration of preoperative magnetic resonance (MR) images and intraoperative ultrasound (US) images is very important in the planning of brain tumor surgery and during surgery. Considering that the two-modality images have different intensity range and resolution, and the US images are degraded by lots of speckle noises, a self-similarity context (SSC) descriptor based on local neighborhood information was adopted to define the similarity measure. The ultrasound images were considered as the reference, the corners were extracted as the key points using three-dimensional differential operators, and the dense displacement sampling discrete optimization algorithm was adopted for registration. The whole registration process was divided into two stages including the affine registration and the elastic registration. In the affine registration stage, the image was decomposed using multi-resolution scheme, and in the elastic registration stage, the displacement vectors of key points were regularized using the minimum convolution and mean field reasoning strategies. The registration experiment was performed on the preoperative MR images and intraoperative US images of 22 patients. The overall error after affine registration was (1.57 ± 0.30) mm, and the average computation time of each pair of images was only 1.36 s; while the overall error after elastic registration was further reduced to (1.40 ± 0.28) mm, and the average registration time was 1.53 s. The experimental results show that the proposed method has prominent registration accuracy and high computational efficiency.

A comparative study based on the mandibular movement track and the movement parameters of the virtual articulator in simulating occlusal adjustment / 华西口腔医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#This study aimed to compare the effects of virtual adjustment on occlusal interferences in mandibular posterior single crown and three-unit bridge restorations by using the mandibular movement track and the movement parameters of a virtual articulator.@*METHODS@#Twenty-two participants were recruited. Digital casts of the maxillary and mandibular arches were obtained using an intraoral scanner, and the jaw registration system was used to record the data of the mandibular movement track and the movement parameters of the articulator. Four kinds of restorations with 0.3 mm occlusal interferences were designed with dental design software. In particular, single crowns were designed for teeth 44 and 46, whereas three-unit bridges were designed for teeth 44-46 and 45-47, and the corresponding natural teeth were virtually extracted. Virtual adjustment of the restorations was performed using two dynamic occlusal recordings, namely, the mandibular movement track and the movement parameters of the virtual articulator. A reverse-engineering software was used to measure the root-mean-square of the three-dimensional deviation of the occlusal surfaces between natural teeth and the adjusted restorations. The differences between the two methods of virtual-occlusion adjustment were compared and analyzed.@*RESULTS@#For the same group of restorations, the three-dimensional deviation of the mandibular movement track group were lower than those of the virtual articulator group, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). For the four groups of restorations adjusted by the same method, the three-dimensional deviation of the 46-tooth single crown was the largest and the smallest three-dimensional deviation was that of the 44-tooth single crown. Statistical differences existed between the 44-tooth single crown and the other groups (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#For the occlusal design of posterior single crown and three-unit bridge, the mandibular movement track could be a more effective approach to virtual occlusal adjustment than the movement parameters of the virtual articulator.

Analysis of treatment outcomes of elderly pulmonary tuberculosis aged 65 and above in Chongqing from 2015 to 2020 / 中国热带医学

@#Abstract: Objective　To analyze the treatment outcomes of elderly patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Chongqing, so as to provide reference for the prevention and control strategies of the epidemic of elderly pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods　The data of tuberculosis cases aged ≥65 years in Chongqing from 2015 to 2020 were collected from the National Health Insurance Information Project Disease Prevention and Control Information system. Descriptive statistical methods were used to analyze the data. Results The registration rates of elderly active pulmonary tuberculosis patients and etiological positive patients were 110.95/10-5and 32.25/10-5 in 2015 and 84.06/10-5 and 57.29/10-5 in 2020. The annual decline rate of active tuberculosis registration was 5.40%, and the annual increase rate of pathogenic-positive tuberculosis registration was 12.18%. The registration rates of active tuberculosis patients and etiological positive patients in the whole population were 70.75/10-5 and 17.63/10-5 in 2015 and 50.34/10-5 and 29.14/10-5 in 2020. The annual decline rate of active tuberculosis registration was 6.58%, and the annual increase rate of pathogenic-positive tuberculosis registration was 10.57%. From 2015 to 2020, a total of 25 931 cases of elderly pulmonary tuberculosis were registered, of which 21 374 (82.43%) cases were successfully treated and 4 010 (15.80%) cases had unfavorable outcomes. The proportion of cured and death patients showed an increasing trend year by year (χ2trend=313.853, 100.502, P<0.01). From 2015 to 2020, the average annual successful treatment rate of elderly pulmonary tuberculosis in the whole city was 82.43%, with the lowest rate in southeast Chongqing (74.23%), followed by urban areas (81.99%). The success rate of elderly pulmonary tuberculosis treatment in the whole city, west Chongqing, northeast Chongqing and southeast Chongqing showed a downward trend year by year (χ2trend=230.199, 35.278, 108.076, 112.130, all P<0.01), with annual decline rates of 2.77%, 2.26%, 3.0% and 4.12%, respectively. Among the registered elderly patients, female, 65-<75 years old, Han nationality, newly diagnosed, no complications, and negative for etiology (χ2=15.234, 255.910, 146.842, 179.998, 25.575, 131.170, P<0.01) had higher success treatment rates. Conclusions The prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in the elderly population in Chongqing City is declining, but the positive registration rate of etiology is increasing annually, and the success rate of treatment is decreasing. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the systematic management, publicity and education of elderly patients (especially those in southeast Chongqing, male, positive patients and severe patients) to effectively control the epidemic of tuberculosis in the elderly.

Long-term trend analysis of liver cancer survival rate in Qidong region, Jiangsu Province, 1972-2019 / 中华肝脏病杂志

Objective: To analyze the incidence and survival rate of liver cancer cases in the entire population in the Qidong region from 1972 to 2019, so as to provide a basis for prognosis evaluation, prevention, and treatment. Methods: The observed survival rate (OSR) and relative survival rate (RSR) of 34 805 cases of liver cancer in the entire Qidong region population from 1972 to 2019 were calculated using Hakulinen's method with SURV3.01 software. Hakulinen's likelihood ratio test was used for statistical analysis. Age-standardized relative survival (ARS) was calculated using the International Cancer Survival Standard. The Joinpoint regression analysis was performed with Joinpoint 4.7.0.0 software to calculate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) of the liver cancer survival rate. Results: 1-ASR increased from 13.80% in 1972-1977 to 50.20% in 2014-2019, while 5-ASR increased from 1.27% in 1972-1977 to 27.64% in 2014-2019. The upward trend of RSR over eight periods was statistically significant (χ (2) = 3045.29, P < 0.001). Among them, male 5-ASR was 0.90%, 1.80%, 2.33%, 4.92%, 5.43%, 7.05%, 10.78%, and 27.78%, and female 5-ASR was 2.33%, 1.51%, 3.35%, 3.92%, 3.84%, 7.18%, 11.45%, and 29.84%, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in RSR between males and females (χ (2) = 45.68, P < 0.001). The 5-RSR for each age group of 25-34 years old, 35-44 years old, 45-54 years old, 55-64 years old, 65-74 years old, and 75 years old were 4.92%, 5.29%, 8.17%, 11.70%, 11.63%, and 9.60%, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in RSR among different age groups (χ (2) = 501.29, P < 0.001). The AAPC in Qidong region from 1972 to 2019 for 1-ARS, 3-ASR, and 5-ARS were 5.26% (t = 12.35, P < 0.001), 8.10% (t = 15.99, P < 0.001), and 8.96 % (t = 16.06, P < 0.001), respectively. The upward trend was statistically significant in all cases. The AAPC of 5-ARS was 9.82% in males (t = 14.14, P < 0.001), and 8.79% in females (t = 11.48, P < 0.001), and the upward trend was statistically significant in both. The AAPC of 25-34 years old, 35-44 years old, 45-54 years old, 55-64 years old, 65-74 years old, and 75 years old were 5.37% (t = 5.26, P = 0.002), 5.22% (t = 5.66, P = 0.001), 7.20% (t = 6.88, P < 0.001), 10.00% (t = 12.58, P < 0.001), 9.96% (t = 7.34, P < 0.001) and 8.83% (t = 3.51, P = 0.013), and the upward trend was statistically significant. Conclusion: The overall survival rate of registered cases of liver cancer in the Qidong region's entire population has greatly improved, but there is still much room for improvement. Hence, constant attention should be paid to the study on preventing and treating liver cancer.

Inclusão ou ilusão da identidade de gênero no país com o maior número de assassinatos de transgêneros: um ensaio crítico brasileiro / Inclusión o ilusión de la identidad de gênero en el país con el mayor número de asesinatos transgêneros: ensayo crítico brasileño / Inclusion or illusion of gender identity in the country with the highest transgender murders: a Brazilian critical essay

Resumo Objetivo refletir sobre as implicações e os riscos associados ao novo registro de identificação do Brasil para a população trans. Método trata-se de estudo reflexivo que explora o conceito de identidade social como um fenômeno complexo, fundamentado nos princípios da autodeterminação e da dignidade humana. São consideradas perspectivas feministas pós-humanistas e críticas, que desafiam o essencialismo biológico dos indivíduos, com foco especial na teoria de Judith Butler. Resultados o Brasil está atualmente implementando um registro nacional de identificação capaz de reconhecer a identidade de gênero das pessoas trans. Este estudo aborda as implicações do novo sistema nacional de identificação, incluindo possíveis retrocessos e avanços na luta pelos direitos das pessoas trans. Para proteger a identidade e a segurança dessas pessoas, este artigo defende a criação de um novo sistema de identificação emitido pelo governo que armazene informações pessoais em bancos de dados, exibindo apenas o nome social e o marcador de gênero no cartão. Considerações finais e implicações para a prática as altas taxas de violência contra pessoas trans no Brasil destacam a necessidade urgente do novo sistema. O reconhecimento precoce e o respeito pela identidade de gênero são fundamentais para promover o sucesso do novo sistema.

Resumen Objetivo reflexionar sobre las implicaciones y los riesgos asociados con el nuevo registro de identificación de Brasil para la población trans. Método este es un estudio reflexivo que explora el concepto de identidad social como un fenómeno complejo, fundamentado en los principios de autodeterminación y dignidad humana. Se consideran perspectivas feministas poshumanistas, que desafían el esencialismo biológico, con un enfoque particular en la teoría de Judith Butler. Resultados Brasil se encuentra implementando un registro nacional de identificación que puede reconocer la identidad de género entre personas trans. Este estudio aborda las implicaciones del nuevo sistema nacional de identificación, incluyendo posibles retrocesos y avances en la lucha por los derechos de las personas trans. Para proteger la identidad y la seguridad de estas personas, este artículo aboga por la creación de un nuevo sistema de identificación emitido por el gobierno que almacene información personal en bases de datos, mostrando solo el nombre social y el marcador de género en la tarjeta. Consideraciones finales e implicaciones para la práctica las altas tasas de violencia contra personas trans en Brasil enfatizan la necesidad urgente del nuevo sistema. El reconocimiento temprano y el respeto por la identidad de género son fundamentales para promover el éxito del nuevo sistema nacional de identificación.

Abstract Objective to reflect on the implications and risks associated with Brazil's new identification registry for the trans population. Method this is a reflective study that explores the concept of social identity as a complex phenomenon, grounded in the principles of self-determination and human dignity. To accomplish this, it draws upon feminist post-humanist and critical perspectives, challenging individuals' biological essentialism, with a particular focus on Judith Butler's theory. Results Brazil is currently implementing a national identification registry that can recognize trans individuals' gender identity. This manuscript addresses the implications of the new national identification system, including potential setbacks and advances in the struggle for trans rights. To safeguard people's identity and safety, this article advocates for a novel national government-issued identification system that stores personal information in central databases for linking purposes, displaying only the preferred name and gender marker on the identification card. Final considerations and implication for practice the high rates of anti-trans violence in Brazil emphasize the urgent need for the new system. Early recognition and respect for gender identity are integral to promoting the success of the new national identification system.

Cobertura populacional de enfermeiros no Brasil: estimativas com base em diferentes fontes de dados / Population coverage of nurses in Brazil: estimates based on different data sources / Cobertura poblacional de enfermeros en Brasil: estimaciones basadas en diferentes fuentes de datos

Resumo Estima-se um déficit de seis milhões de enfermeiros em todo o mundo. Apesar da importância para os sistemas de saúde, estudos sociodemográficos são escassos devido à ausência de dados sistematizados específicos para enfermeiros. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a cobertura populacional de enfermeiros no Brasil com base em fontes oriundas do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), nos anos de 2010 e 2015, e do Conselho Federal de Enfermagem (Cofen), nos anos de 2013 e 2019. Em ambas as fontes, houve um aumento médio de 164 mil enfermeiros em todo o Brasil. A taxa de crescimento para o período das pesquisas do IBGE (15,7% ao ano) foi o triplo daquela registrada nos dados do Cofen (5,3% ao ano). A cobertura nos estados do Brasil permanece aquém da recomendação internacional (40 enfermeiros a cada 10 mil habitantes), com maiores déficits nos estados das regiões Norte e Nordeste. As comparações deste estudo reiteram a importância da disponibilidade de dados padronizados e sistematizados para a Enfermagem no Brasil. Indicadores de saúde acurados subsidiam políticas públicas para a redução de iniquidades em saúde, com destaque para a cobertura de enfermeiros, especialmente em regiões de elevadas vulnerabilidades socioeconômicas.

Abstract There is an estimated deficit of six million nurses worldwide. Despite its importance for health systems, sociodemographic studies are scarce due to the absence of systematized data specific to nurses. The objective of this study was to compare the population coverage of nurses in Brazil based on sources from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), in the years 2010 and 2015, and the Federal Nursing Council (Cofen), in the years 2013 and 2019. In both sources, there was an average increase of 164 thousand nurses throughout Brazil. The growth rate for the period of the IBGE surveys (15.7% per year) was triple that recorded in the Cofen data (5.3% per year). Coverage in the states of Brazil remains below the international recommendation (40 nurses per 10 thousand inhabitants), with greater deficits in the states of the North and Northeast regions. The comparisons in this study reiterate the importance of the availability of standardized and systematized data for Nursing in Brazil. Accurate health indicators subsidize public policies to reduce health inequities, with emphasis on the coverage of nurses, especially in regions with high socioeconomic vulnerabilities.

Resumen Hay un déficit estimado de seis millones de enfermeros en todo el mundo. A pesar de la importancia para los sistemas de salud, estudios sociodemográficos son escasos debido a la ausencia de datos sistematizados específicos para enfermeros. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la cobertura poblacional de enfermeros en Brasil a partir de fuentes del Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística (IBGE), en los años 2010 y 2015, y del Consejo Federal de Enfermería (Cofen), en los años 2013 y 2019. En ambas fuentes, hubo un aumento promedio de 164.000 enfermeros en todo Brasil. La tasa de crecimiento para el período de las encuestas del IBGE (15,7% anual) resultó el triple de la registrada en los datos del Cofen (5,3% anual). La cobertura en los estados de Brasil permanece por debajo de la recomendación internacional (40 enfermeros por 10.000 habitantes), con mayores déficits en los estados de las regiones Norte y Nordeste. Las comparaciones de este estudio reiteran la importancia de la disponibilidad de datos estandarizados y sistematizados para la Enfermería en Brasil. Indicadores precisos de salud apoyan las políticas públicas para reducir las desigualdades en salud, con énfasis en la cobertura de enfermeros, especialmente en regiones de alta vulnerabilidad socioeconómica.

Avaliação dos dados de mortes por COVID-19 nas bases dos cartórios do RC-Arpen, SIVEP-Gripe e SIM no Brasil em 2020 / Evaluation of data on deaths due to COVID-19 from the databases of the Civil Registry (RC-Arpen), SIVEP-Gripe, and SIM in Brazil in 2020 / Evaluación de datos de muertes por COVID-19 en las bases de datos del Registro Civil-Arpen, SIVEP-Gripe y SIM en Brasil en 2020

Este estudo compara os registros de óbitos por COVID-19 em 2020 para todo o território nacional. Utilizamos três bases distintas: Registro Civil (RC-Arpen), Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e Sistema de Informação da Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe (SIVEP-Gripe). Há discordâncias entre os números de mortes por COVID-19 divulgados pelas diversas bases e essas diferenças variam em cada Unidade da Federação. A base do RC-Arpen é atualizada mais rapidamente que as outras duas bases do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde - DATASUS (SIM e SIVEP-Gripe), além de ser mais indicada para monitoramentos e pesquisas que abrangem períodos mais recentes. Apesar da atualização mais lenta, as bases do DATASUS apresentam números geograficamente similares e divulgam dados mais detalhados sobre as mortes. Esse detalhamento das informações torna as bases do DATASUS mais adequadas para pesquisas que demandam mais informações sobre o paciente e o tratamento.

This study compares the death records due to COVID-19 in 2020 for Brazilian territory. Three distinct databases were used: Civil Registry (RC-Arpen), Brazilian Mortality Information System (SIM), and Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System (SIVEP-Gripe). We identified differences between the numbers of deaths due to COVID-19 in these databases, varying in each federative unit. The RC database is updated faster than the other two databases (SIM and SIVEP-Gripe) and it is most suited for monitoring and for studies covering recent periods. Despite the slower update, Brazilian Health Informatics Department (DATASUS) databases present geographically similar numbers and disclose more detailed data on deaths. This detailed information improves the DATASUS databases for studies that require more information about the patient and treatment.

Este estudio compara los registros de defunciones por COVID-19 en 2020 para todo el territorio brasileño. Se utilizaron tres bases diferentes: Registro Civil (RC-Arpen), Sistema de Información de Mortalidad (SIM) y Sistema de Información de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de la Gripe (SIVEP-Gripe). Existen discrepancias entre las cifras de muertes por COVID-19 comunicadas por las distintas bases de datos y estas diferencias varían en cada Unidad Federal. La base de datos RC se actualiza más rápidamente que las otras dos bases de datos del Departamento de Informática del Sistema Único de Salud - DATASUS (SIM y SIVEP-Gripe) y es más adecuada para el seguimiento y las encuestas que abarcan periodos más recientes. A pesar de que la actualización es más lenta, las bases de datos del DATASUS presentan cifras geográficamente similares y revelan datos más detallados sobre las muertes. Este detalle de la información hace que las bases de datos del DATASUS sean más adecuadas para investigaciones que requieren más información sobre el paciente y el tratamiento.

Textual research on ancient and modern literature and analysis on research hot spots of classical prescription Shenling baizhu powder / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To provide reference for the clinical application and further research and development of Shenling baizhu powder. METHODS Using the methods of textual research and bibliometrics， the key information such as the composition， dose， processing and usage of Shenling baizhu powder in ancient and modern literature were systematically summarized and sorted out， and the number of publications， keywords， and other contents of modern literature were visually analyzed. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS Shenling baizhu powder was first collected in Taiping Huimin Hejiju Fang （abbreviated “Jufang”）， the composition of core drugs and most widely used dose ratio in previous generations were the same as those in Jufang， basically focusing on powder making and being taken after mixed with liquid； the dosage was concentrated on 2-3 qian； the function and application of it had been expanded to a certain extent compared with Jufang； its clinical application had gradually extended from internal medicine to surgery， gynecology， pediatrics， ophthalmology， dermatology， etc.， covering all aspects of the disease caused by spleen deficiency in general； the composition mechanism revolved around “strengthening the spleen， replenishing qi and removing dampness”； the recommended prescription drugs were all selected from the corresponding varieties in the pharmacopoeia. Modern research mainly focuses on clinical practice， with traditional Chinese medicine or traditional Chinese and Western medicine combined with this formula as the main modified treatment for various intestinal diseases， diarrhea diseases， and lung diseases. The efficacy and application are the frontier hot spots today， and the mechanism of action has begun to be explored. The usage in the literature and the inclusion in the pharmacopoeia are inconsistent， and further research is needed.

Effects of X-ray volume imaging registration methods on position verification for radiotherapy in treatment of middle/lower-segment esophageal cancer / 中国辐射卫生

@#<b>Objective</b> To compare the set up errors derived from different registration methods of the X-ray volume imaging (XVI) system for radiotherapy in the treatment of middle/lower-segment esophageal cancer, and to provide a reference for radiation treatment of esophageal cancer. <b>Methods</b> We randomly selected 63 patients with middle/lower-segment esophageal cancer, and obtained their reconstructed XVI images at the first therapy to perform automatic registration with gray-value and bone registration methods. We acquired and compared the three translation errors (along <i>x</i> [left to right], <i>y</i> [head to feet], and <i>z</i> [front to back] axes) and three rotation errors (around the <i>x</i>, <i>y</i>, and <i>z</i> axes) derived from the two registration methods. <b>Results</b> Gray-value registration had significantly smaller translation errors along the <i>x</i> and <i>z</i> axes than bone registration (<i>x</i> azes <i>t</i> = −2.78, <i>z</i> azes <i>t</i> = −2.15, <i>P</i> < 0.05), but there was no significant difference along the <i>y</i> axes (<i>P</i> > 0.05). The rotation errors around the three axes were all smaller than 1°, and were smaller with gray-value registration than with bone registration, but without significant differences (<i>P</i> > 0.05). <b>Conclusion</b> We recommend gray-value registration for radiotherapy in the treatment of middle/lower-segment esophageal cancer. Manual verification or fine-tuning is recommended after automatic registration in clinical practice. Besides translation errors, rotation errors should also be paid attention to.

Discussion of Application Status and Key Attentions on Registration for Ossicular Replacement Prosthesis / 中国医疗器械杂志

The ossicular replacement prosthesis should have good biocompatibility, stability, easy to install, and excellent sound transmission capacity. In this study, the characteristics of ideal materials for the ossicular replacement prosthesis were analyzed by searching the types of materials used in clinical practice and comparing the advantages and disadvantages of various materials and structures. At the same time, in combination with the current evaluation requirements and evaluation experience, the focus of the performance research project of ossicular replacement prosthesis in the process of registration is discussed to clarify the performance evaluation requirements of these products, so as to provide reference for the future work of manufacturers and regulators. The performance evaluation of ossicular replacement prosthesis focuses on its mechanical properties, fixation stability, sound transmission characteristics, biological characteristics, and magnetic resonance compatibility.