Computational fluid dynamics analysis of influence of different pipe structures on gas mixing uniformity / 中国辐射卫生

Objective Tostudy the influence of pipe structures on the mixing uniformity of airborne effluents from nuclear power plant chimneys. Methods We used the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method to simulate the velocity distribution and gas mixing in long straight pipes (I type) with square section and circular section, 90° single-bend pipes (L type) with square section and circular section, and 90° double-bend pipes (S type and U type) with square section and circular section. Results For the long straight pipe, due to the lack of flow disturbance caused by structural changes, the mixing effect was not good; when the pipe section was circular, it might take mixing distance 20 times the hydraulic diameter to achieve the uniformity index required by the relevant standard; for the square pipe, the distance might be longer. In the single bend pipe with square section, the velocity uniformity was improved more greatly after the bend, and the tracer gas met the mixing uniformity at a shorter distance (11 times the hydraulic diameter), as compared with the single bend pipe with circular section. For the S-type double-bend pipe, the tracer gas appeared uniformly mixed after a distance 6 times the hydraulic diameter in the square pipe, and 7 times the hydraulic diameter in the circular pipe. For the U-type double-bend pipe, the gas in the square pipe also achieved uniform mixing ata shorter distance downstream, and the airflow showed greater disturbance when passing through the bend. Conclusion The CFD method can make an accurate prediction for the change patterns of gas mixing uniformity in pipes with different structures, and can partially replace physical experiments to study the factors affecting the mixing uniformity of airborne effluents from the chimney of nuclear power plants.

Assistentes sociais gaúchos(as) e as entidades representativas do serviço social / Social workers gaúchos(as) and the social work representative entities

Este artigo objetiva analisar como os(as) assistentes sociais, das Seccionais do Conselho Regional de Serviço Social (CRESS) 10ª Região, compreendem e se relacionam com as entidades representativas do Serviço Social. Mostraremos o resultado de uma pesquisa de caráter misto, realizada em 2019-2020, com assistentes sociais ativos(as) das Seccionais do CRESS 10ª Região. Para a obtenção dos dados, realizamos uma pesquisa bibliográfica, pesquisa de campo com grupos focais e aplicação de questionário. Foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo e análise do tipo inferencial para o tratamento dos dados. Os resultados indicaram fragilidade na compreensão acerca do papel das entidades e dificuldades de participação. Apontamos para a necessidade de fortalecimento das entidades representativas da categoria como estratégia de enfrentamento à intensificação da precarização do mundo do trabalho e das políticas sociais, assim como para estratégias que contribuam para a compreensão do papel das entidades e da democratização dos espaços representativos da categoria, enquanto formas de ampliação da participação dos profissionais

This article aims to analyze how the social workers of the Sections of the Regional Council of Social Work (CRESS) 10th Region understand and relation to the representative entities of Social Work. This is the result of a mixed survey, carried out in 2019-2020, with active Social Workers from the CRESS 10th Region Sections. To obtain the data, were used bibliographical research, focus groups and questionnaire application. Content analysis and inferential type analysis were used for data processing. The results indicated weakness in the understanding of the role of entities and difficulties of participation. Indicate the need to strengthen the category's representative entities as a strategy to confront the intensification of the precariousness of the world of work and social policies, as well as strategies that contribute to the understanding of the role of entities and the democratization of representative spaces of the category as ways of expanding the participation of professionals

México, una democracia en crisis de confianza y satisfacción, años 2000 - 2018 / Mexico, a democracy with confidence and satisfaction crisis: years 2000-2018

Resumen Este artículo ofrece una aproximación a la comprensión de las llamadas crisis "de confianza" y "de satisfacción" del Sistema Democrático Representativo en México; partiendo del establecimiento doctrinal y empírico del Sistema Representativo Democrático en el contexto internacional y en México, se estudia la creciente desafección por las instituciones políticas y el nivel de satisfacción expresada por las personas en momentos dignos de atención para la democracia mexicana: el primer proceso electoral federal con la alternancia partidista presidencial, año 2000; la elección del regreso a la continuidad y la consolidación del pluralismo político, año 2012; y la nueva posalternancia, 2018. Se usan datos estadísticos, teóricos y sociales de las encuestas que en México preguntan sobre el grado de satisfacción con la democracia como sistema representativo, hasta qué punto los ciudadanos le tienen más o menos confianza a instituciones públicas y privadas, y cómo han evolucionado estos sentimientos. Los datos disponibles evidencian que el Sistema Democrático Representativo mexicano sufre una crisis de confianza y de satisfacción y que tiene importantes retos por delante. Proponemos una defensa de la representación institucional con correcciones que pueda hacerla más cercana, sensible y eficiente.

Abstract This article offers an approximation to the understanding of the so-called "confidence" and "satisfaction" crises of the Representative Democratic System in Mexico; Starting from the doctrinal and empirical establishment of the Democratic Representative System in the international context and in Mexico, the growing disaffection for political institutions and the level of satisfaction expressed by people in key moments of the Mexican democracy is studied: the first federal electoral process with the presidential party alternation, year 2000; the choice of the return to continuity and the consolidation of political pluralism, year 2012; and, the new post-alternation 2018. Statistical, theoretical and social data are used from surveys in Mexico that ask about the degree of satisfaction with democracy as a representative system, to what extent citizens have more or less trust in public and private institutions, and how these feelings have evolved. The available data show that the Mexican Representative Democratic System is suffering a crisis of confidence and satisfaction and that it has important challenges ahead. We propose a defense of institutional representation with corrections that can make it closer to the people, more sensitive and efficient.

Degustar psicodrama on-line com portadores de obesidade. você aceita? / Tasting online psychodrama with obesity sufferers. do you accept? / Degustar psicodrama en línea con pacientes obesos. ¿aceptas?

RESUMO A autora partilha experiências de atendimento psicodramático on-line com pacientes obesos, como em uma degustação, que inspira a criação de recursos e reflexões sobre a prática psicoterápica em tempos de pandemia do Covid-19, bem como em novos tempos, demonstrando a viabilidade do referencial psicodramático nesta modalidade.

ABSTRACT The author shares experiences of psychodramatic care online with obese patients, as a tasting, which inspires the creation of resources and reflections on psychotherapeutic practice in times of the Covid-19 pandemic, as well as in new times, demonstrating the viability of the psychodramatic reference in this modality.

RESUMEN A través del relato de sessiones el autor comparte sus experiencias de atención psicodramática en línea con pacientes obesos, por lo cual inspira la creación de recursos y reflexiones sobre la práctica psicoterapéutica en tiempos de la pandemia Covid-19, así como en los nuevos tempos, demostrando la viabilidad del marco psicodramático en esta modalidad.

Evaluation of representative research works in pharmaceutical field based on Z-index model / 中国药科大学学报

@#This paper aims to explore the feasibility of establishing a representative work screening method based on the academic recognition of the paper. Through comparative analysis of the strong and weak points of representative method, h-index core method, the subjective selection results by faculty applying for higher professional titles, and the academic recognition method established in this research (Q1 Journal-Percentile in Subject Area-Category Normalized Citation Impact, Q1-PSA-CNCI), representative works were introduced into the Z-index to form the Zh, Zr and Zq-index, and the correlations between the indicators were analyzed. Compared with other methods, the number of representative works obtained by the Q1-PSA-CNCI method is more reasonable. There was significant correlation among the indicators (P < 0.05), with no significant difference in the Zq-index among faculty evaluated for different professional titles (P > 0.05). Studies have shown that the Q1-PSA-CNCI method could help to screen representative works and was more reasonable than the number of representative works selected based on the other two methods, so Zq-index could be used as an indicator for representative work evaluation to provide reference for the qualitative evaluation of papers. It is more reasonable to improve the review process with the participation of "small peers".

Approach for reporting serous effusion fluid in pleural, peritoneal and pericardial cavity and immunohistochemistry

Background: The aim of this study is to make a detailed cytological study of effusion fluids and compare with cell block study of the representative cases and IHC studies were done.Methods: Prospective study of 216 cases effusion fluids from in and around hospitals, Mangalore. This study conducted over a period of 18 months from October-2014 to April-2016. This study scrutinized and approved by Institutional Ethics Committee. The samples were processed by conventional cytology using Papanicolaou-stain and Cell Block (CB) method using 10% Alcohol-formalin fixative and stained with H and E. The cellularity, architectural patterns, morphological details were studied both smears. Ancillary immunohistochemical staining with calretinin and EMA are done.Results: A total of 216 cases of effusion fluids with cell block study were included, age range of 13 years to 93 years. Pleural fluid comprised of 55.09%, peritoneal fluid of 43.51% and pericardial fluid of 1.38%. 71% were clinically diagnosed as non-neoplastic and 29% were neoplastic condition. In CS study, 84.5% cases were benign/reactive effusion and 8.5% were positive for malignancy. In CB study, 84.5% were benign/reactive effusion and 10.2% were positive for malignancy. In comparison authors found an increase in diagnostic efficacy by 18%. IHC EMA for adenocarcinoma cells has sensitivity of 100% and calretinin for reactive mesothelial cells has specificity of 100%.Conclusions: Authors concluded that cell block technique when used as an adjuvant to routine smear examination in effusion fluids has increased the diagnostic yield and better preservation of architectural pattern. IHC is helpful in differentiating between reactive mesothelial and adenocarcinoma cells.

Evaluating pharmaceutical marketing knowledge and attitude among medical representative in Mumbai City: A quantitative study

Medical representatives are important members of pharmaceutical companies. They are hired based on some specificcriteria like basic knowledge about clinical, pharmaceutical marketing, and selling skills which are suitable to interactwith healthcare providers. They provide drug’s information to healthcare professionals and help pharmaceuticalcompanies to generate the sales. After hiring for medical representative, companies provide training on many aspects.Along with scientific research knowledge, they often need to be updated and well versed with pharmaceuticalmarketing knowledge. For success of any medical representative, sound knowledge of pharmaceutical marketingis necessary. Knowledge and attitude regarding pharmaceutical marketing need to be ascertained by medicalrepresentative from time to time. Evaluation about the same was the main focus of this study. This was an exploratorystudy that involved both primary research with the help of research survey and secondary research. Target samplewas medical representatives working in various pharmaceutical companies. From the above survey, majority of themedical representatives felt that basics of pharmaceutical marketing knowledge are necessary for successful detailingand that will help them to increase sales. Adding to this, they also mentioned that they were only trained on how to readout the matter to healthcare professionals. Moreover, there are many basic pharmaceutical marketing concepts whichare needed for better understanding and successful detailing.

Characterization of oil/water partition coefficient of chishao terpene glucoside components based on contribution rate of representative components for myocardial ischemia / 中国中药杂志

The components of traditional Chinese medicine(TCMCs) are the basic unit of raw materials for Chinese medicines, and their physical and chemical properties directly affect the choice of dosage forms and the optimization of prescriptions. However, most of TCMCs are multi-component complex systems, and the characterization of their overall properties is still in the exploration stage. On the basis of biological activity, the representative components are determined, and then the individual characteristics are fitted with the weight coefficient of efficacy contribution rate, which may provide reference for characterizing the overall properties of TCMCs. In this study, with the pharmacological effects of isoproterenol(ISO)-induced myocardial ischemia in rats as the indicators, the pharmacodynamic contribution rates of three representative components of chishao terpene glucoside components(CSTGCs) were evaluated by the normalization weighting method. The contribution rates of paeoniflorin, paeoniflorin and benzoylpaeoniflorin were 54.87%, 32.46% and 12.67%, respectively. The oil-water partition coefficients of paeoniflorin, albiflorin, benzoylpaeoniflorin in water and buffer solutions with different pH values were measured, and the oil-water partition coefficients of CSTGCs were characterized by the weight of their pharmacodynamics contribution rate. The results showed that the apparent oil-water partition coefficient(log P) of CSTGCs in the phosphate buffer system such as n-octanol-water(pH 2.0, 2.5, 5.0, 5.8, 6.8) were 0.18-0.22, indicating that CSTGCs have common absorption and low permeability, providing basis for the preparation of CSTGCs.

Climate Predictions for Ludhiana District of Indian Punjab under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5

Climate change poses significant threats to global food security and water resources. In a present study, a Global Climate Model HAD GEM2-ES under RCPs 4.5 and 8.5 was used for climate prediction study. The study spanned 46 years of baseline (1970-2015) as well as two future periods’ mid-century (MC) (2020-2050) and end century EC (2060-2090). The results showed that the temperature would increase by 1.56°C and rainfall would decrease by 98 mm in MC (2020-2050); and 3.11°C and 90 mm in EC (2060-2090), respectively under RCP 4.5. In RCP 8.5 the increase in temperature and rainfall was 2.75°C and 153 mm, respectively in MC and the corresponding values in EC was 5.46°C and 251 mm, respectively.

Quality evaluation strategy of Chinese materia medica preparation based on characteristics of “structural composition of multi-components” / 中草药

The scientific and objective quality evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine preparations has always been a historical problem in the process of modernization of traditional Chinese medicine. In the past, the single component evaluation model of “point for surface, one for all” and the index selection method of “content-only theory” were mostly used in the quality evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine preparations, which seriously deviated from the characteristics of the overall view of traditional Chinese medicine, and it was difficult to objectively and accurately evaluate the quality of traditional Chinese medicine preparations. At present, the quality evaluation model of traditional Chinese medicine preparations based on multiple indicators has become the consensus of many experts and scholars. However, the complexity of the multi-components of traditional Chinese medicines has made it impossible to accurately identify all the components in the quality evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine preparations, and it is even more impossible to use all the components as the standard for quality evaluation. According to the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine, a limited number of representative components which can represent the overall effect of traditional Chinese medicine preparations were selected by means of network pharmacology, molecular docking, etc. Based on the content of representative components and their proportional relationship, the quality evaluation strategy of traditional Chinese medicine preparation based on the characteristics of “components structure” was established, in order to provide new ideas for the quality evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine preparations in the future.

Investigation and Research on the Awareness and Attitude of Medical Representative Registration System among Pharmaceutical Marketers in Guiyang City / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To investigate the awareness and attitude of medical representative registration system among pharmaceutical marketers in Guiyang city.  METHODS： A self-designed questionnaire survey about the awareness （full point 100） and attitude （total points ranged 17-85） of medical representative registration system was conducted among pharmaceutical marketers selected by the stratified random sampling in the six districts of Guiyang city， and the difference of awareness and attitude scores were compared among pharmaceutical marketers with different characteristics （12 aspects）， and relevant suggestions were made. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS： A total of 220 questionaires were sent out， and 220 questionaires were collected among which there were 205 valid questionaires （effective rate of 93.2％）. Total awareness score of 205 pharmaceutical marketers was（55.17±21.20）points， with average correct rate of 55.17％. Pharmaceutical marketers from pharmaceutical companies scored significantly higher than those from other pharmaceutical companies； pharmaceutical marketers who mainly promoted prescription drugs scored significantly higher than those who mainly promoted other types of pharmaceutical products； pharmaceutical marketers who set up city public hospitals as the target market scored significantly higher than those who set up other markets； pharmaceutical marketers who learned about the system from media reports scored significantly higher than those who learned about the system from other sources， above 4 were with statistical significance （P＜0.05）. Meanwhile， overall attitude scores （higher score means higher recognition） of 205 pharmaceutical marketers were （58.76±12.84） with average score rate of 69.13％； the score of pharmaceutical marketers who learned about the system from media reports was significantly lower than other pathways， the score of pharmaceutical marketers who had received training was significantly higher than those who hadn’t， the score of pharmaceutical marketers in the enterprises where formulated countermeasure plans was significantly higher than those in the enterprises where hadn’t formulated， above 3 were with statistical significance （P＜0.05）. The knowledge level of Guiyang pharmaceutical marketers on the registration system of medical representatives needs to be improved. The marketers generally took positive attitude towards the policy， and believed that medical institutions， pharmaceutical companies and medical representatives would benefit from it. To promote the construction of pharmaceutical marketing compliance， medical institutions， pharmaceutical companies and pharmaceutical marketers should take the initiative to cooperate with the formulation and implementation of medical representative  registration system.

Projections of Temperature-related Non-accidental Mortality in Nanjing, China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

The health effects of climatic changes constitute an important research area, yet few researchers have reported city- or region-specific projections of temperature-related deaths based on assumptions about mitigation and adaptation. Herein, we provide quantitative projections for the number of additional deaths expected in the future, owing to the cold and heat in the city of Nanjing, China, based on 31 global circulation models (GCMs), two representative concentration pathways (RCPs) (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), and three population scenarios [a constant scenario and two shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) (SSP2 and SSP5)], for the periods of 2010-2039, 2040-2069, and 2070-2099. The results show that for the period 2070-2099, the net number of temperature-related deaths can be comparable in the cases of RCP4.5/SSP2 and RCP8.5/SSP5 owing to the offsetting effects attributed to the increase of heat related deaths and the decrease of cold-related deaths. In consideration of this adaptation, we suggest that RCP4.5/SSP2 is a better future development pathway/scenario.

Current situation and consideration of patent protection in classical representative famous prescriptions in China / 中国中药杂志

Classical Representative Famous Prescription is the valuable cultural heritage of Chinese medicine. In November 2018,the State Council issued the " Intensive Implementation of the National Intellectual Property Strategy in 2018 to Accelerate the Construction of IP Strong Country",explicitly proposing to strengthen the intellectual property protection of Classical Representative Famous Prescription.How about the current situation of intellectual property protection of lassical Representative Famous Prescription in China? We selected Liuwei Dihuang Pills,Shengmai Powder and Guizhi Fuling Pills( three representative drugs on market) from Chinese Pharmacopoeia2015 Volume I issued by Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission to analyze their patent layout,reflecting its status quo of patent protection as follows: first,in recent years,the number of related patent applications for Classical Representative Famous Prescriptions has declined,which was positively correlated with the drug registration and approval policies in recent years,but the policy dividend has not been reflected in the patent application,which may be related to the long period of pharmaceutical R&D; secondly,the patent applicant in the field of Chinese medicine is mainly based on individuals,but the applicant of Classical Representative Famous Prescription is mainly of enterprises,and in addition,the company applicants have the highest authorization rate; thirdly,the main technologies are to improve preparation method and the dosage form in the research and development of Classical Representative Famous Prescription,but these two types of authorized patents have much difficulty in further application on the market. Therefore,the innovative entities shall look for a new breakthrough in secondary development and utilization of Classical Representative Famous Prescriptions.

Yes, I can: a representação das pessoas com deficiência no videoclipe We're the Superhumans do Channel 4 / Yes, I can: the representation of persons with disabilities in the video We're the Superhumans of the Channel 4 / Yes. I can: la representación de las personas con discapacidad en el video We´re the Superhumans del Channel 4

Este trabalho se propôs a responder a seguinte questão: De que maneira as pessoas com deficiência são retratadas no videoclipe "We're the Superhumans" produzido pelo canal de televisão inglês, Channel 4, e divulgado pelo IPC para promover os Jogos Paralímpicos Rio/2016? Como base metodológica, utilizamos a análise do discurso e elencamos duas categorias: Espetacularização da deficiência (supercrip) e Representação das pessoas com deficiência. Identificamos que as pessoas com deficiência foram apresentadas sob a ótica das capacidades e habilidades socioesportivas. A peça publicitária se restringiu em veicular conteúdos que promovem a surpresa e o encantamento do público, omitindo, por vezes, problemáticas desse universo, assim como a questão da acessibilidade. Constatamos também a mobilização de três elementos para a representação das pessoas com deficiência: 1 ­ Discurso nacionalista; 2 ­ A mediação informativa das modalidades paralímpicas; e 3 ­ A projeção de futuro a partir da imagem da criança e de novas modalidades esportivas.

This paper sets out to answer the following question: how are people with disabilities portrayed in the video "We're the Superhumans" produced by the english channel, Channel 4, and released by the IPC to promote the Rio 2016 Paralympics Games? As a methodological basis, we used discourse analysis and listed two categories: Disability Spectacularization (supercrip) and Representation of people with disabilities. We identified that people with disabilities were presented from the perspective of social and sports skills and abilities. The piece of advertising was restricted to convey contents that promote the surprise and the enchantment of the public, omitting sometimes problematic of this universe, as well as the question of accessibility. We also note the mobilization of three elements for the representation of people with disabilities: 1 - Nationalist discourse; 2 - The information mediation of the Paralympic modalities; And 3 - The projection of the future from the image of the child and new sports modalities.

Este artículo pretende contestar a la siguiente pregunta: ¿Cómo se retratan las personas con discapacidad en el video "We´re the Superhumans" producido por el canal inglés, Channel 4, y publicado por el IPC para promover los Juegos Paralímpicos de Río / 2016? Como base metodológica, se utilizó el análisis del discurso y indicamos dos categorías: espectacularización de la discapacidad (supercrip); y la representación de las personas con discapacidad. Hemos identificado que las personas con discapacidad se presentaron desde la perspectiva de habilidades y capacidades sociales y deportivas. La publicidad se limitaba a transmitir contenidos que promovieran la sorpresa y el encantamiento del público, omitiendo a veces problemática de este universo, así como la cuestión de la accesibilidad. También observamos la movilización de tres elementos para la representación de las personas con discapacidad: 1 - Discurso nacionalista; 2 - La mediación de la información de las modalidades paraolímpicas; y 3 - La proyección del futuro desde la imagen del niños y las nuevas modalidades deportivas.

Topology Optimization of Bionic Porous Structure Based on Biomechanical Properties of Trabecular Bone / 医用生物力学

Objective Based on structure of animal trabecular bone, implants with porous structure were designed to describe mechanical properties of trabecular structure and explain significance of bionic trabecular porous implants in clinical treatment. Methods Based on anisotropic mechanical properties of animal trabecular bone, a porous structure was designed using the topology optimization method. The principles of partition and block reconstruction were first proposed according to bone function theory. The trabecular structure was then reconstructed based on micro-CT images. The boundary constraint and external load were applied on this model according to the respective-volume-element (RVE) method. Taking the solved mechanical properties as objective functions of optimization, the porous structure design and optimization were conducted using the variable density method and the homogenization method. Results The trabecular bone possessed the anisotropic mechanical properties. It was found that the volume fraction showed an increasing trend from the edge to the middle across the same section of trabecular bone. But there was no obvious regular pattern in Poisson’s ratio, which was evenly distributed in the range between 0.17 and 0.30. As to the values of elastic modulus and shear modulus, they were both significantly higher in the main pressure position compared with those in the other positions. After topography optimization based on these mechanical properties, the Poisson’s ratio of the optimized model was in the same range as the animal trabecular bone. The elastic modulus error was less than 14%， with the minimum being only 3%. In addition, the shear modulus error was below 8%， which ultimately complied with criteria of the original goal. Conclusions The designed porous structure based on topology optimization had the same anisotropic characteristics as animal trabecular bone, while reducing the stress concentration phenomenon, which could achieve the specific design for porous structure, thus providing a reasonable and effective method for clinical porous implants.

The Zhejiang School of Chinese Medicine:Its Orgin,Development and Academic Characteristics / 浙江中医药大学学报

[Objective]To explore the orgin,development and academic characteristics of the Zhejiang school of Chinese materia medica.[Method]To research literature and inquire historic human heritages of the Zhejiang school of Chinese materia medica,analyze historical figures,sum up the academic ideology. [Result]The history of the Zhejiang school of Chinese materia medica can be up to 8,000 years ago.According to preliminary statistics,the Zhejiang School of Chinese materia medica works are about more than 170.The representatives are Tong Jun,FAN Li,WEI Boyang,CHEN Cangqi,CHEN Shiwen,LU Fu,ZHANG Zhicong,WU Yiluo,ZHAC Xueming,and so on.The academic characteristics of the Zhejiang school are focused on innovation,pragmatism,respect for classics, using fresh and cool medicine.[Conclusion] Zhejiang area is rich in medicinal resources,and Zhejiang has a large numble of talents.Since ancient times, intellectuals of Zhejiang believe that"either to be a good prime minister or to be an excellent doctor".So it has made a great quantity of persons with ability in the Zhejiang school,and an immense number of books,and formed with its own distinctive academic characteristics of Ethnopharmacology which is focused on innovation,pragmatism,respected for classics,using fresh and cool medicine.The Zhejiang school of Chinese materia medica has made an outstanding contribution to the cause of Chinese medicine,and occupied an important position.

Representative Nutrients Contents and Nutritional Adequacy Evaluation of Single-Dish Meal for Middle School Students / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: With the increasing number of single households and so-called Honbab-jok, those who eat alone, people tend to enjoy convenient and simple meals, such as single dish meals. This study was performed to provide data on the energy and nutrient content, and nutritional adequacy of single-dish meal. METHODS: From the literature reviews, 61 types of single-dish meals were selected, and divided into 4 groups (steamed rice, noodle, porridge, and sandwich·burger), and a further 11 sub-groups (bibimbab, fried rice, topped rice, rolled rice/warm noodle, cold noodle, seasoned noodle, dukgook/porridge/, and sandwich, burger). In addition, 382 junior high school students from Gyeonggi, Sejong, Jeonbuk, and Chungnam areas were recruited for the survey. The survey questionnaires were composed of the characteristics, preference, and intake frequency of single-dish meals. The representative energy content (arithmetic mean) of single-dish meals were calculated, and compared with the energy contents of preference and intake frequency-weighted values adjusted. The representative nutrient contents, energy contribution ratio, and INQ (index of nutritional quality) of a single-dish meal were calculated for a nutritional adequacy evaluation. RESULTS: The study subjects considered a single-dish meal as tasty, simple and fast to prepare, inexpensive, nutritious, and no low calorie food. The preference scores of all but 1 sub-group of single-dish meals were ≥ 5.00 (5.00~5.97), and 1 sub-group (porridge) was 4.67 on a 7-point scale. The intake frequency of 11 sub-groups were 0.31~1.71/week, porridge was the lowest at 0.31 and warm noodles was the highest at 1.71. Fried rice, rolled rice, and warm noodle' intake frequency were ≥ 1/week. The representative energy of steamed rice, noodle, sandwich·burger were 443, 429, and 428 kcal, respectively, and that of porridge was 264 kcal. Less than 5% differences in the representative energy of 4 groups were observed when adjusted for the preference or intake frequency-weighted values. The energy contribution ratio of macro-nutrients calculations showed that porridge was a high carbohydrate and low fat food, whereas sandwich·burger were high fat and low carbohydrate foods. The INQ of calcium and vitamin C were less than 1.0 in all 4 food groups, but the INQ of protein and thiamin were > 1.0 in all 4 single-dish food groups. CONCLUSIONS: The representative energy in the 4 groups of single-dish meal was 264~450 kcal, which is a rather low calorie meal, and the energy contribution ratio of macro-nutrients were inadequate. The protein and thiamin levels were sufficient but the calcium and vitamin C levels were insufficient in all 4 groups of a single-dish meal judged by the INQ. The additional intake of fruits and milk·dairy products between meals with a single-dish meal, supply of calcium and vitamin C may increase, which will result in an improved nutritional balance.

Representative Nutrients Contents and Nutritional Adequacy Evaluation of Single-Dish Meal for Middle School Students / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: With the increasing number of single households and so-called Honbab-jok, those who eat alone, people tend to enjoy convenient and simple meals, such as single dish meals. This study was performed to provide data on the energy and nutrient content, and nutritional adequacy of single-dish meal. METHODS: From the literature reviews, 61 types of single-dish meals were selected, and divided into 4 groups (steamed rice, noodle, porridge, and sandwich·burger), and a further 11 sub-groups (bibimbab, fried rice, topped rice, rolled rice/warm noodle, cold noodle, seasoned noodle, dukgook/porridge/, and sandwich, burger). In addition, 382 junior high school students from Gyeonggi, Sejong, Jeonbuk, and Chungnam areas were recruited for the survey. The survey questionnaires were composed of the characteristics, preference, and intake frequency of single-dish meals. The representative energy content (arithmetic mean) of single-dish meals were calculated, and compared with the energy contents of preference and intake frequency-weighted values adjusted. The representative nutrient contents, energy contribution ratio, and INQ (index of nutritional quality) of a single-dish meal were calculated for a nutritional adequacy evaluation. RESULTS: The study subjects considered a single-dish meal as tasty, simple and fast to prepare, inexpensive, nutritious, and no low calorie food. The preference scores of all but 1 sub-group of single-dish meals were ≥ 5.00 (5.00~5.97), and 1 sub-group (porridge) was 4.67 on a 7-point scale. The intake frequency of 11 sub-groups were 0.31~1.71/week, porridge was the lowest at 0.31 and warm noodles was the highest at 1.71. Fried rice, rolled rice, and warm noodle' intake frequency were ≥ 1/week. The representative energy of steamed rice, noodle, sandwich·burger were 443, 429, and 428 kcal, respectively, and that of porridge was 264 kcal. Less than 5% differences in the representative energy of 4 groups were observed when adjusted for the preference or intake frequency-weighted values. The energy contribution ratio of macro-nutrients calculations showed that porridge was a high carbohydrate and low fat food, whereas sandwich·burger were high fat and low carbohydrate foods. The INQ of calcium and vitamin C were less than 1.0 in all 4 food groups, but the INQ of protein and thiamin were > 1.0 in all 4 single-dish food groups. CONCLUSIONS: The representative energy in the 4 groups of single-dish meal was 264~450 kcal, which is a rather low calorie meal, and the energy contribution ratio of macro-nutrients were inadequate. The protein and thiamin levels were sufficient but the calcium and vitamin C levels were insufficient in all 4 groups of a single-dish meal judged by the INQ. The additional intake of fruits and milk·dairy products between meals with a single-dish meal, supply of calcium and vitamin C may increase, which will result in an improved nutritional balance.

Discovery and verification of representative ingredients of Chishao terpene glucoside components against ischemia and hypoxia injury / 药学学报

The discovery and verification of components are prerequisites for developing of component preparations. The molecular docking technique and pharmacodynamic activity evaluation provide effective methods for the discovery and verification of the representative components of Chishao terpene glucoside components (CSTGCS) against ischemia and hypoxia injury. The chemical constituents of CSTGCS were analyzed qualitatively by UPLC-TOF/MS/MS. Main chemical constituents were docked with key receptor proteins of myocardial ischemia to preliminarily screen anti-ischemia active ingredients, and screening for main active ingredients with Libdockscore. Then a H9c2 cell hypoxia injury model was established, and creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined to screen the representative combinations in CSTGCS. In addition, apoptosis index, apoptotic protein expression and mitochondria-associated mRNA levels were determined to verify the inhibition of the representative components (RCS) on the apoptosis of hypoxic cells. Eventually, the representative components of CSTGCS were determined. The results showed that paeoniflorin, albiflorin, benzoyl paeoniflorin and oxypaeoniflorin were considered to be the main active components because of their high matching with target proteins (4TWT, 3O4O, 4KZN, 1M9J) in space and energy. There was no statistical difference in regulating CK, LDH, SOD, MDA levels and maintaining mitochondrial function as well as inhibiting cell apoptosis between CSTGCS group and RCS group (paeoniflorin + albiflorin + benzoyl paeoniflorin combination). Therefore, paeoniflorin, albiflorin and benzoyl paeoniflorin were selected as the most representative ingredients of CSTGCS against ischemia and hypoxia injury, providing a basis for the overall properties of the components and formulation of CSTGCS.

Characterization of overall biopharmaceutical properties of traditional Chinese medicine components based on identification of representational components / 中国中药杂志

Preformulation research, an in-depth research for pharmacological and pharmaceutical properties of raw materials, has been widely used in the field of chemical drugs. Although traditional Chinese medicine components (TCMCs) are the basic units in Chinese medicine preparation, the properties characterization of these components is still in an exploratory stage, because empiricism and blindness are still present in the development of the Chinese medicine preparations. TCMCs, a complex multi-component system, is very difficult to be analyzed in details. Herein, a research idea is put forward for the characterization of overall properties by using representative compositions. Firstly, various composition groups were set up for screening the representative components by in vitro and in vivo efficacy evaluation according to the original proportion. Then the equilibrium solubility, oil/water (O/W) partition coefficient and apparent permeability coefficient of the representative components were detected. Subsequently, the similarity assessment and discrete analysis were performed for the subdivision of TCMCs. The overall properties of TCMCs were fitted by mass fraction or efficacy contribution of each representative component, so as to characterize the overall properties of components/sub-components.