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Objective To investigate the utilization of reproductive health services and relating factors among internal migrant population in Beijing,Shanghai and Chongqing.Methods A multi-stage cluster sampling method was adopted in this cross-sectional study,conducted in Beijing,Shanghai and Chongqing from August 2014 to August 2015.Standard methods on statistics and nonlinear canonical correlation were applied.Results Out of the 6 545 internal migrant persons,41.76％ ever used the reproductive health services in the past year.Results from the nonlinear canonical correlation analysis revealed that the utilization of reproductive health services was correlated with the demographic features (rn1 =0.28,P＜ 0.000 1) and characteristics of the population mobility (rb1 =0.21,P＜0.000 1),respectively.For the above said demographic features,canonical variable L1 which represented the demographic features was mainly determined by area,occupation and education attainment.Canonical variable M1 that reflected the utilization of reproductive health services,was mainly determined by factors as free contraceptives,education on contraception/reproductive health,and pregnancy diagnosis/antenatal care.As for the characteristics of the population mobility,canonical variable U1,which represented population mobility characteristics,was mainly determined by factors as purpose of migration,current pattern of residence and the length of annual stay in the area.Again,the canonical variable V1,reflecting the use of reproductive health services was mainly determined by factors as free contraceptives,check-up on reproductive tract infection,education on contraception/reproductive health,and pregnancy diagnosis/antenatal care.Conclusions The utilization of reproductive health services was low among the internal migrant population under study.Responsible departments for health and family planning in those cities should make internal migrants attach importance to reproductive health.
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Objective To investigate the utilization of reproductive health services and relating factors among internal migrant population in Beijing,Shanghai and Chongqing.Methods A multi-stage cluster sampling method was adopted in this cross-sectional study,conducted in Beijing,Shanghai and Chongqing from August 2014 to August 2015.Standard methods on statistics and nonlinear canonical correlation were applied.Results Out of the 6 545 internal migrant persons,41.76％ ever used the reproductive health services in the past year.Results from the nonlinear canonical correlation analysis revealed that the utilization of reproductive health services was correlated with the demographic features (rn1 =0.28,P＜ 0.000 1) and characteristics of the population mobility (rb1 =0.21,P＜0.000 1),respectively.For the above said demographic features,canonical variable L1 which represented the demographic features was mainly determined by area,occupation and education attainment.Canonical variable M1 that reflected the utilization of reproductive health services,was mainly determined by factors as free contraceptives,education on contraception/reproductive health,and pregnancy diagnosis/antenatal care.As for the characteristics of the population mobility,canonical variable U1,which represented population mobility characteristics,was mainly determined by factors as purpose of migration,current pattern of residence and the length of annual stay in the area.Again,the canonical variable V1,reflecting the use of reproductive health services was mainly determined by factors as free contraceptives,check-up on reproductive tract infection,education on contraception/reproductive health,and pregnancy diagnosis/antenatal care.Conclusions The utilization of reproductive health services was low among the internal migrant population under study.Responsible departments for health and family planning in those cities should make internal migrants attach importance to reproductive health.
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En América Latina, los primeros meses del 2016 estuvieron marcados por crecientes reportes de microcefalia, que poco después se demostró estaba causado por el virus zika. Inicialmente su transmisión fue caracterizada como metaxénica (a través del mosquito del dengue, Aedes aegypti), para luego encontrarse evidencias de transmisión sexual. Por ello, el Ministerio de Salud (MINSA) del Perú solicitó evaluar la capacidad de respuesta de sus servicios de salud reproductiva en las áreas de mayor riesgo de contagio, el área nororiental del Perú y Lima, a fin de identificar necesidades y nudos críticos y elaborar un plan de mejora de la oferta de servicios. En el caso de Lima, también se incluyeron dos establecimientos de EsSalud. Mediante entrevistas individuales, grupales, listas de chequeo y guías de observación, se analizaron variables claves del sistema de salud. El presupuesto en las regiones fue siempre menor al solicitado, mientras que el de planificación familiar recibía otros usos. Los horarios de atención fueron limitados, en tanto que se requiere actualizar las competencias del personal para usar el dispositivo intrauterino (DIU) y métodos de larga duración. El 83% de establecimientos tenía desabastecimiento del inyectable mensual, mientras que 17% presentó substock. Asimismo, resultó clara la necesidad de capacitar al personal para la prevención del zika durante las relaciones sexuales, así como antes y durante el embarazo. No se reconoció los vínculos con la violencia sexual. Los servicios orientados a usuarias/os adolescentes brindaban atención con horarios restringidos, además de otras limitaciones a su acceso. Solo el 22% de usuarias había recibido información de parte de los proveedores.
In Latin America, the first months of 2016 were marked by the increasing reports of microcephaly, which was shortly afterwards shown to have been caused by the Zika virus. Initially, its transmission was typified as metaxenic (caused by the Dengue mosquito Aedes aegypti); later, evidences of sexual transmission were detected. Thus, the Ministry of Health of Peru required to evaluate the response capacity of the reproductive health services to needs and critical knots and to draft a plan to improve the offer. In the case of Lima, EsSalud facilities were also included. Through individual and group interviews, and check lists and observation lists, key variables of the health system were analyzed. The budget of the regions was always lower than that requested; the family planning budget was expended in other uses. Office hours were limited. The staff skills on both intrauterine device (IUD) and long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) use needed to be updated. 83% of the facilities had shortage of monthly injectable contraception, and 17% were sub-stocked. Likewise, the staff needed to be trained on Zika prevention during sexual activity, and before and during pregnancy. The links with sexual violence were not recognized. The services for adolescent users had restricted office hours, and other access limitations. Only 22% of the users had received information from the suppliers.
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Reproductive health (RH) education and services of female migrants in China have become an important health issue. This research aimed to investigate the RH knowledge and utilization among married female migrants, and to explore the influencing factors from the perspectives of population and sociology. We conducted a cross-section survey in Shenzhen and Wuhan, China, using the purposive sampling method. A total of 1021 rural-to-urban married migrants were recruited, with 997 valid survey results obtained. A face-to-face structured questionnaire survey was used, with primary focus on knowledge of fertility, contraception, family planning policy and sexual transmitted diseases/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (STD/AIDs), and RH service utilization. The results showed that the RH service utilization (38.0%) was at a low level in married migrants and the accessibility of RH service was poor. Females who migrated to (OR=0.32) Wuhan obtained fewer RH consultations than those in Shenzhen. The workers with high school education received additional RH consultations and checkup services than those with other background education, apart from the white collar workers who received extra RH consultations and checkup services than the blue collar workers (P<0.05). We can draw a conclusion that the utilization of RH services in married female migrants remains at a low level in China. RH service utilization can be improved via the relevant health departments by enhancing the responsibility of maternal and health care in the community health service center.
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Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , China , Ciudades , Dinámica Poblacional , Servicios de Salud Reproductiva , Factores Socioeconómicos , Esposos , MigrantesRESUMEN
Objetivo Analizar la autoimagen e imagen social de las mujeres compañeras de migrantes (MCM) y su relación con la búsqueda de servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva (SSR) en comunidades con alto índice de intensidad migratoria a Estados Unidos de América (EUA). Método Entre octubre de 2004 y mayo de 2005 se realizaron 60 entrevistas en profundidad a MCM y 19 entrevistas semiestructuradas a integrantes de sus familias, 14 representantes de organizaciones sociales, 10 representantes de los servicios de salud y 31 hombres y mujeres residentes de la comunidad. Resultados La autoimagen e imagen social de las MCM es de mujeres "desprotegidas", "solas", "sin pareja sexual" y por lo tanto inactivas sexualmente. En consecuencia "no deben padecer ITS, usar anticonceptivos, ni embarazarse" cuando su compañero está en EUA. La búsqueda de servicios de SSR se encuentra relacionada con la autoimagen, la imagen social y el comportamiento esperado de estas mujeres predominando la noción de control familiar o social, la cual está relacionada con sus condiciones de convivencia o no con familiares. Conclusiones Las MCM que conviven con su familia o la de su compañero son sujeto de mayor control "familiar" para buscar servicios de SSR. Por el contrario, las MCM que viven solas son sujeto de mayor control "social" sobre este proceso. La autoimagen e imagen social de mujeres inactivas sexualmente parece incidir en el comportamiento social de estas mujeres y puede constituirse en un obstáculo para la búsqueda oportuna de servicios de SSR en comunidades con alta intensidad migratoria.
Objective Analysing the self-image and social image of migrants' female partners (MFP) and their relationship with the search for sexual and reproductive health services (SRHS) in communities having a high US migratory intensity index. Methods 60 MFP were subjected to in-depth interviews between October 2004 and May 2005 and 19 semi-structured interviews were held with members of their families, 14 representatives from social organisations, 10 health service representatives and 31 men and women residing in the community. Results MFP self-image and social image regards women as being "vulnerable", "alone", "lacking sexual partner" and thus being sexually inactive. Consequently, "they must not contract sexually-transmitted diseases (STD), use contraceptives or become pregnant" when their partners are in the USA. The search for SRHS services was found to be related to self-image, social image and the notion of family or social control predominated in the behaviour expected for these women which, in turn, was related to conditions regarding their coexistence (or not) with their families. Conclusions MFP living with their family or their partner's family were subject to greater "family" control in their search for SRHS services. On the contrary, MFP living alone were subjected to greater "social" control over such process. Sexuallyinactive women's self-image and social image seems to have a bearing on such women's social behaviour and could become an obstacle to the timely search for SRHS services in communities having high migratory intensity.
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Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Aceptación de la Atención de Salud , Servicios de Salud Reproductiva , Autoimagen , Parejas Sexuales/psicología , Controles Informales de la Sociedad , Percepción Social , Migrantes , Servicios de Salud para Mujeres , Actitud del Personal de Salud , Conducta Anticonceptiva , Relaciones Familiares , México , Autonomía Personal , Servicios de Salud Reproductiva/provisión & distribución , Población Rural , Conducta Sexual , Servicio Social , Servicios de Salud para Mujeres/provisión & distribuciónRESUMEN
Objective To study knowledge,ability and related behavior of reproductive health among unmarried women migrants in Qingdao area,Shandong and evaluate effectiveness of basic intervention,including provision of free condom and health education and enhanced intervention,including healthy sex,contraception and health-care seeking behavior.Methods A community intervention trial was conducted among 1800 unmarried women migrants aged 18 -29 years in 10 workplaces of Qingdao.Basic intervention included health knowledge publicity and distribution of free condoms,and enhanced intervention included distribution of very important person (VIP) service cards,hotline telephone service,broadcasting digital versatile disc (DVD) of reproductive health knowledge,health lectures,peer education,and so on,in addition to health knowledge publicity and distribution of free condoms.Effectiveness was evaluated using questionnaire before and six months after intervention.Results After intervention,awareness of reproductive health and attitude to reproductive health improved significantly among the women migrants,as compared to those before intervention,particularly in knowledge of contraception and sexual health with enhanced intervention (with more than 20％ of them aware) ( P ＜ 0.01 ).About effectiveness on health-care seeking behavior,59.2％ (482/814) and 80.8％ (651/806) of the women migrants with reproductive tract infections would visit physicians after basic and enhanced intervention,as compared to those of 32.0％ (286/895) and 31.9％ (275/862) before them,respectively (P＜0.01).About effectiveness on contraceptive behavior,persistent and proper use of effective contraception methods improved significantly after intervention,as compared to that before it ( P ＜ 0.05 ),but with no significant difference between the two group with basic and enhanced intervention.Conclusions Both basic and enhanced intervention is effective and feasible in women migrants,more effective for enhanced one.
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Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar as concepções dos profissionais de saúde, sobre a participação do homem nos diferentes aspectos do processo reprodutivo. Os eixos teóricos foram a Teoria das Representações Sociais e Gênero. Optou-se pela abordagem qualitativa por ser capaz de responder às questões do universo de significados referentes aos valores, as crenças, aos estereótipos, atitudes e fenômenos que não podem ser quantificáveis. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de oficina de trabalho, cujos temas foram "A construção das identidades femininas e masculinas" e "O lugar dos homens no serviço de saúde reprodutiva". Da articulação desses dois temas centrais foi possível verificar que as representações dos profissionais sobre a mulher se referem ao cuidar enquanto que a do homem se referem à racionalidade. O homem acompanha a companheira e o filho nos vários setores do serviço, porém mostra-se ausente nas situações de pós-aborto e doação do filho. Apesar dos profissionais estarem trabalhando no sentido de oferecer aos usuários uma assistência integral e de qualidade, um dos maiores obstáculos tem sido a precária infraestrutura física e material do serviço
This research aims at analyzing the health professionals' conceptions about man's participation in the different aspects of the reproductive process. It is based on the Theory of the Social and Gender Representations. The Qualitative Approach was chosen since by using it, it was possible to answer questions belonging the meaning universe, referring to values, beliefs, stereotypes, attitudes and phenomena, which cannot be quantifiable. Workshops about the following themes were used for data collecting: "The Construction of the Feminine and Masculine Identities", "Men' place in the Reproductive Health Services. From the articulation of these 2 (two) central themes it was possible to check that the professionals´representations about the women are related to taking care and the man´s to rationality. Men go with their partner and children to several Sectors of the Service, however they are absent in situations like post-abortion and child donation. Although the professionals have been working hard to offer the users an integral and qualified assistance, one of the greatest obstacles has been the precarious physical and material infraestructure of the Service