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Background : Reproductive Tract Infection (RTI) due to poor hygiene caused by faecal Bacteria or viruses which goes into the vaginal canal during and after defecation is not only damaging to the reproductive organ, but also causes indirect or direct impact on Socio-economic status of the patient and their family as well. Objective : This study highlights the importance of faecal hygiene in preventing damage to the reproductive tract and curbing the impact on social and economic problems in patients and their families. Materials and Methods : This study was conducted at GICE Nursing Home, Kalyani, Nadia, WB, between April 2016 and March, 2022. During this period, 11,872 cases were reported at GICE Nursing Home of which 10,000 cases were selected. Discussion : It was interesting to observe that those who wipe from back to front or vice versa are more likely suffering from Vaginitis (85%), Cervicitis (92%), Endometritis (55%), PID (60%), UTI (70%) and Tubal Block (17%) as compared to those who used Hand shower (10%) or Tissue Paper (9%). This is an indication that proper faecal hygiene can prevent damage to the reproductive system. Further analysis revealed that the inability to pay for medical expenses created a Socio-economic crisis among family members. Conclusion : It is concluded from this study that maintenance of proper faecal hygiene by women in Rural, Urban and Industrial areas, can not only help with prolonged illnesses but also prevent financial losses. As a result, Guardians, Teachers, Health Care Providers and Local Government should conduct outreach programs to teach the importance of faecal hygiene at home, in Schools, Colleges, Public health institutions and so on, etc
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Background: Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by the bacterium treponema pallidum, but little is known about its mechanism of action. In pregnancy it leads to adverse outcomes among more than half of the women with active disease, including early fetal loss, stillbirth, prematurity, low birth weight, neonatal and infant death.Methods: It is an observational study in the department of obstetrics and gynecology Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College Maharaja Yashwant Rao Hospital, Indore between January 2014 to December 2015 total 20870. In Include written informed consent, All the patients attending STI/RTI clinic with clinical diagnosis of STD. In Exclusion criteria include patients not give informed consent. Case definition: All VDRL + TPHA positive patients.Results: Out of 20870 females on which VDRL was performed 77 (0.036%) were found to be positive. The seroprevalence at study hospital thus came out to be 0.036%. These were further confirmed by TPHA and 73 (94.8%) out of 77 samples were positive. A total agreement was seen between TPHA and VDRL with a titer of 1 in 8 and above. Among total 20870 screened females, 77% (16101) were ANC patients of which 26 cases out of 77 that is 33.76% females were syphilis positive.Conclusions: Low prevalence of syphilis in pregnant women and adult general population is very encouraging. participation of people and public health approach to promote awareness of syphilis among physicians and populations at risk in India are very urgently needed to avoid the adverse consequences which could result from undiagnosed or improper treatment.
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Introduction: Reproductive tract infections (RTIs) are a universal public health problem among young women in developingcountries and occupy the second position in public health problems. RTIs lead to 17% of economic losses in these countries.According to the WHO estimates in 2008, globally, 499 million new cases of RTIs occurred annually among women in thereproductive age group. In India, one among four women in the reproductive age group has any one type of RTIs and the annualincidence of RTI estimated is about 5%. Consequently, the prevalence rate of RTIs in various states of India is 19%–71%. Thereare about 40% of women estimated to have RTIs/sexually transmitted infections (RTI/STI) at any given point of time, but only1% complete the full course of treatment of both partners. The present study was conducted to know about the knowledge,attitude, and practices about the RTI/STIs among the antenatal mothers attending outpatient departments in Goa MedicalCollege as part of needs assessment for formulating educational and preventive strategies.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at Goa Medical College, a Tertiary Care Hospital atBambolim-Goa, from December 2018 until February 2019. Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) approval was taken from the IEC ofthe Goa Medical College. Data were collected by interviewing mothers using a semi-structured questionnaire. Additive scores weredeveloped for awareness, knowledge, and perceptions in specific areas of transmission, prevention, and treatment of RTI/STI. Thescores were characterized as poor, average, and good. Data were entered in EpiData Manager and analyzed using SPSS 22 version.Categorical variables were expressed in percentages and proportions and quantitative variables in mean ± SD. The associationbetween dependent and independent variables was assessed using bivariate analysis. P < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant.Aims and Objectives: The aims of the study were (1) to study the level of awareness regarding RTIs/STIs among antenatalmothers, (2) to study their knowledge regarding symptoms and modes of transmission of RTI/STI, (3) to study awarenessregarding preventive strategies for transmission of RTI/STIs, and (4) to study their attitudes and perceptions toward STIs.Results: The mean age of the study participants was 27.5 years. The majority of antenatal mothers, i.e., 64% were aware of RTI/STIsin our study. There was poor awareness in 46% of study subjects and good awareness in 28% of study subjects. On bivariate analysis,awareness was significantly related to education level (P = 0.000), occupation (P = 0.002), socioeconomic status (P = 0.000), andlocation (P = 0.000). About 59% antenatal mothers knew whitish discharge per vaginum as the most common symptom of STI/RTI.The other symptoms identified were lower abdominal pain by 56%, itching in perineal region by 40%, weakness by 50%, and lossof weight by 22%. The mode of spread of RTI/STIs was identified as a sexual route by 56% and blood transfusion by 35% and 31%and 30% were of the opinion that unhygienic conditions and unsafe deliveries were the modes of spread of RTI/STIs, respectively.About 50% antenatal mothers were aware that safe sexual practices can prevent STI/RTIs, 36% felt that the use of condoms helpsin preventing STI/RTIs, 22% opined that good personal hygiene is the mode of preventing RTI/STIs, and 31% were ignorant aboutits prevention. Thus, 67% subjects had poor knowledge, 24%average knowledge and good knowledge was present in only9% study subjects. On bivariate analysis, knowledge wassignificantly related to age (P = 0.04), education (P = 0.03),occupation (P = 0.002), and location (P = 0.015). Socioeconomicstatus shows significant linear by linear relation trends. About74% study, subjects felt that RTI should be treated to avoidcomplications, while 23% did not want to express themselves.Similarly, 20% subjects refused to talk about STIs. Half of the study participants (48%) had a poor score with respect to perception about STI/RTI. Only 19% had good scores which were significantlyrelated to education (P = 0.012), occupation (P = 0.001), and location (P = 0.000).Conclusion: The study findings show that although there is 64% awareness of STI/RTI, there is a lack of requisite knowledgewith respect to RTIs. The attitude, knowledge, and perception are significantly related to education, occupation, and location.Therefore, the knowledge has to be spread in society through educational programs so as to increase awareness of this problem,thereby curbing the spread of RTI/ STIs and their complications.
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Background: Ujjain is holy city of Lord Mahankal. It is an ancient city on the eastern bank of the Kshipra River. There were total 2508 students studying in 11th and 12th standards in various higher secondary schools of Ujjain city. Reproductive health is a crucial part of general health and a central feature of human development. It is a reflection of health during childhood and crucial during adolescence and adulthood, sets the stage for health beyond the reproductive years. Adolescence is a complex period of myriad of physiological as well psychological changes. This is a time for them to prepare for making responsibilities, a time of exploration and widening horizons and a time to ensure healthy all-around development. Adolescents lack knowledge regarding reproductive health problems. The present study is conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding selected aspects of reproductive health with special reference to knowledge of Reproductive tract infections (RTI) among adolescent school students.Methods: This was a cross sectional study carried out among randomly selected school students of Ujjain city.Results: It was observed that 86% of the students had adequate knowledge in the area of pregnancy and care during pregnancy. The mean score percentage of reproductive tract infection was found to be 56.92%. 90.50% students agreed that Menstruation is normal phenomenon.Conclusions: There is need of imparting sex education in schools across the country with the help of specially trained teachers and peer educators.
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Background: Lack of awareness and poor hygiene practices during menstruation can lead to various gynecological problems in the reproductive life of girls. Menstruation is still considered as unclean in the Indian society. Objectives: The objective of the study is to assess the hygiene practices among adolescent girls with special reference to menstrual hygiene in urban area of Barpeta and to assess the restrictions practiced by them during menstruation. Materials and Methods: It was a community-based cross-sectional study involving 200 adolescent girls of Barpeta conducted from August 2018 to January 2019. The data were collected using predesigned and pretested pro forma. Results: The study revealed that 92% of the respondents knew about menstruation before menarche. As high as 92% of the respondents believed that menstruation occurs due to natural or hormonal cause, whereas 1.5% considered it as a disease process. 81.5% girls used commercially available sanitary pads and 78.5% girls cleaned external genitalia with soap and water. All the participants avoid attending religious occasion, followed by kitchen work (57.5%), marriage party (31.5%), and 30.5% of them were sleeping separately. 46% of the respondent avoid sour food during menstruation. Conclusion: Although awareness regarding menstrual hygiene is quite satisfactory in majority of the respondents, yet false perceptions, ignorance, and unsafe practices are still prevailing in the community. Behavior change communication to bring about safe and hygienic practices during menstruation through different stakeholders will help in solving menstruation-related problems among the adolescent girls.
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Background: Genital infections, a major cause of illness among women in reproductive age group, affect their quality of life and social living. Early diagnosis and treatment of STI/RTI is also an important aspect in prevention of HIV transmission. As there are only a handful of studies in Kerala and none in Kannur assessing the prevalence, associated factors of genital infections and health seeking behaviour among women in reproductive age group, this study stands important.Methods: A community based descriptive study was conducted in Kulappuram area of Cheruthazham Panchayat which is the field practice area of Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Kannur, Pariyaram from June, 2017 – July, 2018. A total of 404 women in reproductive a group were studied. A semi-structured, pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect relevant information. Data was analyzed using SPSS-version 19 software.Results: The mean age of the study population was 32.20±10.741years. 52.7% of the study population had genital infection, with 40.6% having symptoms of Reproductive Tract Infections (RTI) and 12.1%, symptoms of Urinary tract Infections (UTI). The presence of these was significantly associated with menstrual disorders, cloth as menstrual pad users, marriage, sexual activity and absence of infertility. Only 39.0% of the women with infections had sought treatment.Conclusions: Although there was high prevalence of genital infections among the study population, treatment seeking behaviour was very low. There is a need for sustained motivation and support to promote women to seek timely medical care than to suffer silently.
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Objective To investigate whether the placement of intrauterine device (IUD) can increase the incidence of fallopian tube obstruction. Methods A total of 458 patients with secondary infertility who visited the outpatient clinic between January 2014 and December 2015 were selected for observation group, of which, 246 cases who used IUD in the past but were not pregnant were the IUD group, and 212 cases with no history of using IUD were the control group. According to the medical history of two groups,and based on test results of gynecological routine inspection, mycoplasma (UU), chlamydia (CT), type B ultrasound examination of pelvic cavity and hysterosalpingography (HSG) in two groups, whether the placement of IUD increased the risk of fallopian tube obstructive infertility was comprehensively analyzed. Results There was a higher incidence of reproduction tract infection in patients with fallopian tube obstruction than that in patients without fallopian tube obstruction in IUD group (pelvic infection 32.6% vs. 15.7%,CT 23.9% vs. 9.3%,UU 42.8% vs. 18.5%, vaginitis 36.2%vs. 24.1%,P0.05). There were no significant differences in history of uterine cavity operations and incidence of reproductive tract infection between two groups of patients with tubal obstruction(uterine cavity operations 55.8%vs. 45.2%,pelvic infection 32.6%vs. 39.3%,vaginitis 36.2% vs. 34.1%, CT 23.9% vs. 27.4%,UU 42.8% vs. 40.7%,P>0.05). Conclusion There is no necessary correlation between fallopian tube obstruction and placement of IUD, which therefore will not increase the incidence of fallopian tube obstruction.
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Background: Hygiene practices of women during menstruation are of importance as it has health impacts in terms of increased vulnerability to reproductive tract infection. Proper menstrual hygiene, correct perception and belief protect women folk from this suffering. This study is aimed to explore the knowledge, attitude, social practices during menstruation among adolescent secondary schoolgirls. Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study was undertaken among 150 adolescent school going girls by using provisional sampling in Thiruporur, India. Required data was collected through a pre-tested questionnaire during the study period and simple frequencies and comparative percentages were used to analyze the results. Results: Only 18.67% of adolescent girls had knowledge about menstruation before menarche. As high as 67% of them did not know the cause of menstruation. 23.33% of the girls believed that menstrual bleed comes from the same pathway from which urine comes. Nearly all girls (96.67%) reported sanitary pad usage during the duration of mensuration. Two-third (66%) of the girls were secluded during menstruation and majority (81.3%) were restricted to attend school. Conclusions: Though knowledge among the participant girls regarding mensuration and menstrual hygiene was not adequate, it was satisfactory to find that the sanitary pad usage among the sample was 100% due to government services which are provided free of cost. Definitely, it will improve the menstrual status of the girls from cloth to a safer sanitary absorbent usage.
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Background: Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) / Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs) primarily affect sexually active population in the reproductive age group and are acquired through unprotected sexual act and bad hygiene. Apart from being serious diseases, STIs enhance transmission of HIV infection. Syndromic case management approach is very important strategy to manage (STIs) / (RTIs). Objective: To study the pattern of Reproductive Tract Infections including Sexually Transmitted Infections among the patients attending Changual block primary health centre of Kharagpur II block, Paschim Medinipur district. Methods: STI/RTI records of 164 patients attending the STI clinic of Changual BPHC, Kharagpur-II block from 1st April, 2012 to 31st March, 2013 were analysed. Results: About three fourth of the individuals were aged <30 years and only 5.5% individuals belonged to ≥40 years age. 97% study subjects were females. Most of the individuals were married (72.6%). More than half of the individuals were referred by general outdoor of Block Primary Health Centre (BPHC) or by doctor of PHCs under that BPHC. One fourth cases were self-reported. Half of the individuals presented with chief complaint of only white discharge per vagina. Most of individuals were suffering from vaginitis/VD syndrome (61.6%). More than 90% individuals were prescribed kit 1 and kit 2. About 5% individuals admitted (all females) that they had multiple partners. Only 13.4% individuals were referred to ICTC centre. Conclusions: There IEC activities should be carried out to increase awareness regarding avoidance of high risk behavior and availing services provided at health centre.
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Objective To investigate the distribution and drug resistance of genital tract pathogens in pregnant women with premature rupture of membranes (PROM),and provide guidance for clinical rational use of antibiotics.Methods From 2011 to 2013,3 162 cases of patients with premature rupture of membranes were cultured for bacteria,Mycoplasma and Chlamydia.Identification and drug sensitive test of the bacteria were detected by VITEK II system;all of the data were ana-lyzed by WHONET5.6 software.Results The rate of infection was 33.30%,in which the positive rate of bacteria,Fung, Mycoplasma culture and Chlamydia trachomatis antigen detection were 13.19%,4.87%,24.89% and 2.72% respectively. The ratio of Escherichia coli producing extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBLS)were 13.76%.The ratio of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)and Methicillin resistant coagulase negative Staphylococcus (MRCNS)were 27.27%and 66.25% respectively.Mycoplasma was most sensitive to minocycline,doxycycline.Conclusion Mycoplasma in-fection was the first,followed by bacteria.clinical should strengthen the surveillance of pathogen infection,and rational use of antibiotics according to the results of drug sensitive test.
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Background: Reproductive tract infections (RTIs) often go unnoticed and sexually active young women are particularly susceptible to sexually transmitted Infections (STIs). STIs are among the top five disease categories and about one third of STIs globally occur among people younger than 25 years of age. Present study was carried out to know the socio demographic profile of women suffering from RTI/STI. Sensitivity and specificity of syndromic approach was also found. Aims & Objective: (1) To know the socio-demographic profile of female patients attending the gynecology OPD with complaints of RTIs. (2) To find out the sensitivity and specificity of various diagnostic tests used for diagnosing RTIs. Material and Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out among 150 female patients who have attended the Gynecology OPD with complains suggesting Reproductive Tract Infection (RTI) during March-September 2005. After taking Medical and Obstetric History, vaginal and cervical specimens were collected during pelvic examination for laboratory investigation to confirm the diagnosis of genital tract infection. 5 ml blood was drawn in sterile vacutainer for serology. Various laboratory tests were carried out to confirm the diagnosis of RTI. Results: Out of 150 females patients of reproductive tract infection, 68 (45.3%) were less than 25 yrs. Mean age of the study population was 27.37 ± 5.52 yrs. Majority (133, 88.7%) of the females were housewives. The most common symptom reported was vaginal discharge (147, 98%), followed by lower abdominal pain (114, 76%) Findings of present study revealed that sensitivity of Homogenous white discharge (compared with gram stain) to detect the Bacterial vaginosis was 69.4%. Similarly correlation of Green Yellow frothy (GYF) discharge with culture examination for detection of trichomoniasis revealed, sensitivity of 68.8% and specificity of 99%, which means that all the cases labelled as “not having GYF discharge” also tested negative for trichomoniasis by culture. Sensitivity of curdy white discharge in detecting candidiasis was 69.1% and specificity was 99.1%. Conclusion: Young married women are more prone to Reproductive Tract Infection (RTI). Abnormal vaginal discharge is the most common presenting feature among the sufferers of RTI/STI. Syndromic approach is highly specific in diagnosing RTI.
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Background: Ayurvedic text reports suggested Lannea coromandelica is used in various microbial origin disorders like dysentery, sore eyes and leprosy, genital wounds. Objective: The present study was designed to investigate the antimicrobial effect of L. coromandelica Houtt. Merrill. (Anacardiaceae) on microbes which cause female reproductive tract infection. Materials and Methods: Ethanolic and aqueous bark extract (Ext.) of L. coromandelica were screened against strains of Streptococcus pyogens, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Antimicrobial assay had been done with agar well diffusion method. Results: Ethanolic extracts [100% (16 mg), 75% (12 mg) and 50% (8 mg)] of L. coromandelica exhibited zone of inhibition (ZI) 19.21 mm, 18.45 mm, 16.41 mm and 18.12 mm, 17.35 mm, 16.35 mm against S. aureus and S. pyogens, respectively. However, only 100% and 75% ethanolic extract showed (ZI-19.18 mm, 16.29 mm) activity against C. albicans. Nevertheless, aqueous extract (100%) showed higher antifungal activity (ZI-16.97 mm). Ciprofl oxacin and amphotericin B were used as a standard drugs in the present study. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that L. coromandelica Houtt. Merrill. have antibacterial activity against S. pyogens, S. aureus and antifungal property against C. albicans. Our fi ndings corroborate the ethnobotanical use of L. coromandelica in traditional medicine system (Ayurveda) of India.
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[Objective]To probe into the immune protective effect of Astragalus polysaccharide on mice ,whose genital tract was infected with Chlamydia trachomatis. [Methods]After the murine model of genital tract infected with chlamydia trachomatis was established, we could obtain the minimum effective infective dose. Mice were immuned by different doses(10 mg·kg-1, 20 mg·kg-1, 40 mg·kg-1) of Astragalus polysaccharide(APS) and 0.9%NS , meanwhile the blank group was regarded as the control group. After mice were immuned, we detected serum IgG antibody levels by ELISA method,and took the twice effective dose of chlamydia trachomatis to attack the genital tract after a week. Then the mice genital shedding of epithelial cells were cultured at each interval 2d. After 10 days, we kil ed the mice to calculate spleen(thymus) index, and observed the pathological changes in the reproductive tract of the mice. [Results]Compared with the control group, spleen(thymus) index and serum IgG antibody levels of Astragalus polysaccharide group are significantly higher. The results of vaginal exfoliated cells from Ct training show that, Ct positive rate of Astragalus polysaccharide group is significantly reduced, the number of inclusion bodies is also significantly decreased. And with the increasing concentration of Astragalus polysaccharide, the protective effect is more obvious. The NS group has no significant difference from the control group in al indicators. [Conclusions]Astragalus polysaccharide can induce immune protection on Ct genital tract attacked mice, and in the concentration range, with the increase of the concentration, the protection effect is better.
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Background: Reproductive tract infection (RTI) represents a major public health problem in India. Women are either not aware of the symptoms of RTI or refuse to seek health care due to economic and time constrains unless suffering from alarming symptoms. Objectives: To find out the prevalence of women with suggestive symptoms of RTI; to identify clinical and cytological abnormalities among the symptomatic women and to find out association between socio-demographic profile and risk factors with RTI symptomatic and cytology positive patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 385 married women in reproductive age group residing in Baligori sub-center area in Tarakeswar block of Hooghly district, West Bengal, India, were screened for symptom suggestive of RTI; symptomatic women went through gynecological examination and cancer cervix screening by Pap smear. Analysis of results was done by Odds ratio and multivariate logistic regression. Results: Overall, 23.6% of the study population had symptoms suggestive of RTI. Most of them (68.1%) had abnormal vaginal discharge. Among the symptomatic women, cytology proved that 24.4% were suffering from acute cervicitis, 4.7% from A Squamous Cell of Undetermined Significance (ASCUS) and 2.3% from Low Grade Intra epithelial Lesion (LSIL) Squamous. Statistically significant association was observed for age, number of children, contact history of husband, pond bathing, menstrual hygiene, intra uterine device insertion, non-usage of barrier method, and history of abortion among women symptomatic for RTI and asymptomatic women. Conclusions: Prevalence of suggestive symptoms of RTI in women was found to be high (23.6%), and among them 7% had cervical dysplasia. Therefore, enhancing awareness and organizing screening camps are absolute necessity and must be held at frequent intervals to curb the menace due to cervical cancer.
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Objective To explore the correlation between induced abortion and reproductive tract infections (RTIs). Methods On the basis of keeping the representation of cities under study,53 652 fertile women aged 15-49 were surveyed by using a stratified-cluster-random sampling.Investigation and gynecological examination were conducted by two steps - firstly converging at the clinics, and then visiting those households for someone who did not show up at the clinics. Results Among all the 32.0% (n=16 800) women ever having experienced the history of induced abortion,21.1%(n= 11 090) of them had one, 7.6%(n=3976) women had two, and 4.1%(n=1734) women had at least three events. 59.0%(n=30 959) women among our studied samples had ever had RTI,with 30.9% ( n = 16 215 ) of them had only one 20.0% (n = 10 494 ) women had two and 8.1% (n =4250) had three or more RTIs. Data from x2 text and ordinal regression analysis revealed that the rural married women who underwent more induced abortions were more likely to suffer from RTIs,especially cervical infection and PID. Conclusion Our study showed that the rates of induced abortion and reproductive tract infections among married women in Anhui province were both high.Women who underwent induced abortions had a higher prevalence rate of reproductive tract infections.