The role of IFN-γ production during retroviral infections: an important cytokine involved in chronic inflammation and pathogenesis

ABSTRACT Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) plays a crucial role in viral infections by preventing viral replication and in the promotion of innate and adaptive immune responses. However, IFN-gamma can exert distinct effects in different persistent viral infections. The long-term overproduction of IFN-γ in retroviral infections, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), and human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), resulting in inflammation, may cause neuronal damage. This review is provocative about the role of IFN-γ during persistent retroviral infections and its relationship with the causation of some neurological disorders that are important for public health.

Oral lesions and retroviruses in shelter cats / Afecções orais e retroviroses em gatos de abrigo

Oral lesions are common problems in feline medicine worldwide, and may be associated with different causes, such as infectious agents. There are only a few studies reporting the chief oral diseases and the results for retrovirus tests in shelter cats in Brazil, especially in the South region. This study aimed to identify the main inflammatory oral lesions in shelter cats and verify the test results for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infections. Forty-three felines from private shelters in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul state (RS) that presented clinically evident oral lesions, regardless of age, breed, sex, and neuter status, were used in this survey. Serological tests for FIV and FeLV were performed in all cats, and data regarding the rearing system were collected. Sixteen cats (37.2%) were reared in a free system, whereas 27 (62.8%) were kept under a restrict system. Of the 43 cats with oral lesions, 29 (67.44%) presented only one type of lesion, characterized as periodontitis (n=22, 51.16%), followed by gingivitis (n=6, 13.95%), and stomatitis (n=1, 2.32%). Concomitant stomatitis and periodontitis were found in the 14 remaining cats (100%). With respect to the test results for retrovirus infections, nine (20.93%) of the 43 felines were positive for FIV alone. Co-infection with both viruses was observed in seven cats (16.28%). No cat was seropositive for FeLV valone. None of the six cats that presented gingivitis was positive for FIV and FeLV; one cat with stomatitis was positive for FIV and FeLV; of the 22 cats with periodontitis, six (27.27%) were FIV positive and two (9.09%) were FIV/FeLV positive; and of the 14 cats that presented stomatitis and periodontitis, three (21.43%) were FIV positive and four (28.57%) were FIV/FeLV positive. As for diagnosis, 28 cats (65.1%) presented solely periodontal disease (PD), one cat (2.32%) had feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCG) alone, and 14 (32.5%) had both PD and FCG. The results obtained show that the main oral lesions found in shelter cats in the central region of RS were gingivitis, stomatitis, and periodontitis. Periodontitis, in association or not with stomatitis, was the most frequently observed oral cavity lesion in FIV- and/or FeLV-positive cats. Other factors may contribute to installation of inflammatory oral diseases in shelter cats because most cats with oral cavity lesions tested negative for retrovirus infections.(AU)

As afecções orais são problemas comuns em medicina felina em diferentes locais do mundo e podem estar relacionadas a diferentes causas, como agentes infecciosos. Poucos estudos foram encontrados no Brasil sobre o levantamento das principais doenças orais e dos resultados de testes para retrovírus em gatos de abrigos, principalmente na região Sul. Diante disso, o objetivo deste artigo foi identificar as principais afecções orais inflamatórias em gatos de abrigos e verificar os resultados dos testes para o vírus da imunodeficiência felina (FIV) e o vírus da leucemia felina (FeLV). Foram incluídos 43 felinos provenientes de abrigos privados localizados na região central do Rio Grande do Sul (RS) que apresentavam lesões orais clinicamente evidentes, independente de idade, raça, gênero e estado reprodutivo. Em todos os gatos foram realizados testes sorológicos para FIV e FeLV e obtidas informações referentes ao sistema de criação. Em 16 gatos (37,2%), o sistema de criação era livre, enquanto em 27 (62,8%) era restrito. Dos 43 gatos com lesões orais, em 29 (67,44%) foi verificado somente um tipo de lesão, caracterizado como periodontite (n=22, 51,16%), seguido de gengivite (n=6, 13,95%) e estomatite (n=1, 2,32%). Lesões concomitantes de estomatite e periodontite foram encontradas nos 14 gatos (100%) restantes. Quanto aos resultados dos testes para retrovírus, nove (20,93%) dos 43 felinos testados, foram positivos somente para FIV. Em sete gatos (16,28%) foi observada coinfecção pelos dois vírus. Em nenhum gato foi observado soropositividade somente para FeLV. Dos seis gatos com gengivite, nenhum foi positivo para FIV e FeLV; um gato com estomatite foi positivo para FIV e FeLV; dos 22 gatos com periodontite, seis (27,27%) foram FIV positivos e dois (9,09%) FIV/FeLV positivos; e dos 14 com estomatite e periodontite, três (21,43%) foram FIV positivos e quatro (28,57%) FIV/FeLV positivos. Quanto ao diagnóstico, em 28 gatos (65,1%) foi observada somente doença periodontal (DP), em um (2,32%) somente gengivoestomatite crônica felina (GECF) e em 14 gatos (32,5%) DP e GECF. Diante dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que as principais lesões orais encontradas em gatos de abrigos da região central do RS foram gengivite, estomatite e periodontite; a periodontite associada ou não a estomatite foi a lesão oral mais frequente nos gatos positivos para FIV e/ou FeLV. Acredita-se que outros fatores possam contribuir na instalação de doenças orais em gatos de abrigos, já que houve predomínio de gatos com resultados negativos nos testes para os retrovírus.(AU)

Seroprevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus in domestic cats of Fortaleza, Ceará / Soroprevalência do vírus da imunodeficiência felina e do vírus da leucemia felina em gatos domésticos de Fortaleza, Ceará

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) and Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) are important etiologic agents of immunosuppressive diseases in felines. The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of these retroviruses in domestic cats in Fortaleza, Ceará and the epidemiological factors associated with these infections. Between 2015 and 2016, 138 blood samples were collected and tested for FIV and FeLV by the enzyme immunoadsorption assay (ELISA). Parameters such as breed, gender, age, reproductive status, multi-cat environment, outdoor access and clinical manifestations were evaluated. The results showed that 12.32% were positive for FIV, 5.80% for FeLV and 1.45% for co-infection (FIV/FeLV). FIV+ animals were mostly mixed breed, neutered male adult cats, with indoor lifestyle and living in a multi-cat household. The most common clinical manifestation observed was disorders of the oral cavity. Factors found to increase the risk for FeLV seropositivity include mixed breed, young, spayed female cats, indoor lifestyle living in a multi-cat household were the most common epidemiological factors observed. The most common clinical manifestation was anorexia and apathy. The prevalence of these viruses were relatively high, compared with other region of Brazil. This study demonstrated that mixed breed, castrated, multi-cat environment and indoor lifestyle animals are of greater relevance for FIV and FeLV infection diseases. Factors related to cat demographics and health such as age, sex and type of household are important predictors for seropositive status to FeLV or FIV in Fortaleza. High prevalence of FeLV or FIV observed in our study is of concern, in view of the immunosuppressive potential of the two pathogens.(AU)

O Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina (FIV) e o Vírus da Leucemia Felina (FeLV) são importantes agentes etiológicos de doenças imunossupressoras em felinos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a prevalência desses retrovírus em gatos domésticos em Fortaleza, Ceará e os fatores epidemiológicos associados a essas infecções. Entre 2015 e 2016, foram coletadas 138 amostras de sangue e testadas para FIV e FeLV pelo ensaio de imunoadsorção enzimática (ELISA). Parâmetros como raça, gênero, idade, estado reprodutivo, ambiente com vários gatos, acesso ao ar livre e manifestações clínicas foram avaliados. Os resultados mostraram que 12,32% foram positivos para o FIV, 5,80% para o FeLV e 1,45% para a co-infecção (FIV/FeLV). Os animais FIV+ eram na sua maioria gatos machos castrados, adultos, de raça mista, com estilo de vida dentro de casa e vivendo em um ambiente com vários gatos. A manifestação clínica mais comum observada foi distúrbios da cavidade oral. Os fatores encontrados que aumentam o risco de soropositividade para FeLV incluem gatas fêmeas castradas, jovens, de raça mista, com estilo de vida dentro de casa e vivendo em um ambiente com vários gatos, foram os fatores epidemiológicos mais comuns observados. A manifestação clínica mais comum foi anorexia e apatia. A prevalência desses vírus foi relativamente alta em comparação com outras regiões do Brasil. Este estudo demonstrou que os animais de raça mista, castrados, vivendo em um ambiente com vários gatos e estilo de vida dentro de casa são de maior relevância para as doenças infecciosas por FIV e FeLV. Fatores relacionados à demografia e à saúde do gato, como idade, sexo e tipo de domicílio, são importantes preditores do estado soropositivo para FeLV ou FIV em Fortaleza. A alta prevalência de FeLV ou FIV observada em nosso estudo é preocupante, tendo em vista o potencial imunossupressor dos dois patógenos.(AU)

Current opinions on the viral etiology of leukemia / 中国肿瘤临床

Half a century ago,it was confirmed that leukemia could be induced by retroviruses in some animals.There are numerous en-dogenous retroviruses in the human genome.However,retrovirus-related human adult T-cell leukemia is only endemic in some local areas. Recently,an extensive study on apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide 3(APOBEC3)family members has revealed the resistance mechanism in human to retrovirus-induced leukemia.The Epstein-Barr virus is widely spread in the human population and exists as a latent infection in the human body for a long time.It is closely associated with the occurrence and development of some lymphomas and solid tumors,indicating its tumorigenicity.The relationship between other viral infections and leukemia/lymphoma remains unclear. The interaction may be mediated by complex,multistep,and indirect networks,which need to be further illuminated.

Hematological findings and factors associated with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) positivity in cats from southern Brazil / Achados hematológicos e fatores associados a positividade pelo vírus da leucemia felina (felv) e vírus da imunodeficiência felina em gatos do sul do Brasil

Using a retrospective study, 493 cats tested for FeLV and FIV were selected for analysis of the association between hematologic findings and positivity at immunoassay test. Individual and hematologic variables were assessed considering the influence of results using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Out 153 of the 493 cats were positive for FeLV (31%), 50 were positive for FIV (10.1%) and 22 were positive for both FIV and FeLV (4.4%). Multivariate analysis detected significant associations between FeLV infection and age below 1 year (p=0.01), age from 1 to 10 years (p=0.03), and crossbreed (p=0.04). Male cats were more likely to be FIV-positive (p=0.002). Regarding hematological changes, FeLV-positive cats have higher odds to anemia, leukopenia and lymphopenia than FeLV-negative cats. FIV-positive cats are more likely to have anemia than negative. Identification of associated factors related to animal status and correlation of hematological disorders with infection by retroviruses in cats could be useful for detecting these retroviral diseases in cats.(AU)

Através de um estudo retrospectivo, 493 gatos testados para FeLV e FIV foram selecionados para análise da associação entre as alterações hematológicas e a positividade no teste imunoenzimático. Variáveis individuais e hematológicas foram consideradas para verificar a influência dos resultados utilizando análise de regressão logística univariada e multivariada. Um total de 153 de 493 gatos avaliados foram positivos para o FeLV (31%), 50 foram positivos para o FIV (10,1%) e 22 foram positivos para FIV e FeLV (4,4%). Análise multivariada detectou uma associação significativa entre a infecção pelo FeLV e a idade abaixo de 1 ano (P=0,01), idade entre 1 a 10 anos (P=0,03) e raça mista (P=0,04). Gatos machos foram mais predispostos a serem positivos para FIV (P=0,002). Com base nas alterações hematológicas, gatos positivos para o FeLV tem maior odds para apresentar anemia, leucopenia e linfopenia que os negativos. Gatos positivos para FIV possuem maiores chances de apresentarem anemia que os gatos negativos. A identificação dos fatores associados à infecção relacionados ao perfil do animal e a correlação com os distúrbios hematológicos com a infecção, pode ser útil para detecção das doenças retrovirais em gatos.(AU)

Caracterización de la enfermedad de la artritis y encefalitis caprina en las provincias de Salta y Jujuy

La artritis y encefalitis Caprina (CAEV) puede presentar diferentes síntomas clínicos, siendo la artritis la más común. A fin de caracterizar la presencia de enfermedades en las majadas caprinas del noroeste argentino, se llevó a cabo una encuesta sanitaria a productores, con toma de muestras biológicas para el diagnóstico de enfermedades en la que fue incluida CAEV. Se efectuó un análisis serológico con un ELISA indirecto y se completó con un examen clínico general de los animales y toma de muestra de necropsia de algunos de los casos. En la Provincia de Salta, tres establecimientos fueron positivos, con un 6,25% de prevalencia. La seroprevalencia del hato con seguimiento de caso fue del 55% mientras que el 48% presentó signos clínicos donde la artritis de la articulación carpal fue la más frecuentemente afectada. El virus CAEV está distribuido en la provincia de Salta y la severidad de las lesiones observadas sugiere la presencia de nuevas cepas que deben ser investigadas conjuntamente al desarrollo de capacidades locales para el diagnóstico, clave de cualquier plan de erradicación.

Caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus (CAEV) may present different clinical symptoms, with arthritis being the most common. In order to characterize the presence of diseases in goats from the Argentinean northwest, a sanitary survey was carried out to producers, with biological sampling for the diagnosis of diseases in which CAEV was included. A serological analysis was performed with an indirect ELISA and was completed with a general clinical examination of the animals and a necropsy sample collection of some of the cases. In the Province of Salta, three establishments were positive, with a prevalence of 6.25%. The serum prevalence of the herd with case follow-up was 55%, while 48% presented clinical signs where arthritis of the carpal joint was most frequently affected. The CAEV virus is spread in the province of Salta and the severity of the observed lesions suggests the presence of new strains that should be investigated in combination with the development of local capacities for diagnosis, this is the key to any eradication plan.

SEROPREVALENCE OF Toxoplasma gondii (Nicole & Manceaux, 1909) AND RETROVIRAL STATUS OF CLIENT-OWNED PET CATS (Felis catus, Linnaeus, 1758) IN RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL / Soroprevalência da infecção por Toxoplasma gondii (Nicole & Manceaux, 1909) e a infecção por retrovírus em população urbana de gatos domésticos (Felis catus, Linnaeus, 1758) no Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Cats, as definitive host, play an important role in the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii. This study aimed to establish the seroprevalence of anti-T. gondii immunoglobulins G and M, and determine the frequency of oocysts in the feces of the domestic cat population in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. We also aimed to study the association between T. gondii infection and age, sex, breed, lifestyle, diet and retroviral infection. A total of 108 cats were included in the study and fecal samples of 54 of those cats were obtained. Only 5.6% of the cats were seropositive for anti-T. gondii immunoglobulins using the indirect hemagglutination test. None of the 54 cats presented oocysts in their fecal samples. Although not statistically significant, males, mixed-breed, free-roaming and cats aged two years and older were found to be more exposed. Age, lifestyle and the use of litter boxes were found to play an important role as risk factors. Anemia and retroviral infections were independent of T. gondii infection. No antibodies were detected in the majority of cats (94.4%), indicating that those cats had never been exposed to the parasite and, therefore, once infected, they could present the risk of shedding large numbers of oocysts into the environment.

Os gatos, como hospedeiros definitivos, apresentam um papel fundamental na transmissão do Toxoplasma gondii. Nosso estudo teve como objetivo determinar a presença de imunoglobulinas G e M anti-T. gondii, e a frequência de oocistos nas fezes de uma população de gatos domésticos do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Objetivou-se ainda estudar a associação da infecção por T. gondii com a idade, sexo, raça, estilo de vida, dieta e infecção por retrovírus. Um total de 108 gatos foi incluído no estudo e 54 amostras de fezes foram obtidas desses animais. Somente 5,6% dos gatos foram sororreagentes para T. gondii, utilizando-se o teste de hemaglutinação indireta. Nenhum dos 54 gatos apresentou oocistos em suas amostras fecais. Embora sem comprovação estatística, machos, sem raça definida, com acesso livre às ruas e gatos com mais de dois anos de idade tenderam a ser mais expostos ao parasito. Idade, estilo de vida e uso de caixa de areia foram considerados importantes fatores de risco. Anemia e infecção por retrovírus não apresentaram relação com infecção por T. gondii. Não foram detectados anticorpos na maioria dos gatos (94,4%), indicando que esses gatos nunca foram expostos ao parasito e que, se infectados, poderão eliminar grande número de oocistos no ambiente.

Role of Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase in Sensing Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) detects human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and produces cGAMP to induce cytokines. Reverse transcribed DNA of HIV is critical for triggering innate immune responses as inhibitor of HIV reverse transcriptase blocked the induction of interferon-beta by the virus. Furthermore, knockout of cGAS in human or mouse cell lines abrogated the production of cytokines by HIV infection highlighting the essential role of cGAS in detection of HIV and other retroviruses.

Human endogenous retroviruses and tumors / 白血病·淋巴瘤

Viral etiology of tumor has been studied for a century.Seven human tumor viruses were identified over the past half century.The complexity and regularity of the pathogenic mechanisms of human tumor viruses have been elucidated preliminarily.Human genome sequencing indicated that 8 ％ of human genes were composed of human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs).Owing to the findings that adult T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) can cause human adult T-cell leukemia and animal exogenous and HERVs can induce tumors and malignant diseases,the relationship between HERVs and human tumors has attracted much attention receutly.Here this article discusses the association of the expression of HERVs with leukemia and solid tumors progression,which may be an important aspect of tumor virology.

Effects of TRPC6 on invasibility of low-differentiated prostate cancer cells

OBJECTIVE@#To study the expression of TRPC6 among prostate cancer cells, establish high expression cell lines of TRPC6, and to provide potential cell mode for prostate cancer oncogenesis and development.@*METHODS@#Occurrence and development of prostate cancer cells, PC3, PC-3 m DU145, 22 rv1, LNCaP and normal prostate epithelial cells in the PrEC TRPC6 expression level were detected by QPCR method. Calcium phosphate transfection method was used to package retrovirus pLEGFP-N1-TRPC6 and pLEGFP-N1-vector and infect the prostate cancer cells, a stable high expression of TRPC6 prostate cancer cells. Sable cell lines of TRPC6, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2, MMP9 expression was detected by QPCR and Western blot. Change of cell invasion ability was detected by Transwell.@*RESULTS@#The expression level of prostate cancer cells TRPC6 were higher than control group PrEC cells. Among TPRC6 the expression of cell line PC 3 transfer potential wre the lowest, and high transfer cell line PC-3M express was the highest. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and western blot results showed that after filter, the seventh generation of cell TRPC6 protein and mRNA expression levels were higher than the control group obviously. Transwell experimental results showed that the overexpression of TRPC6 could promote the invasion ability of PC3 prostate cancer cells.@*CONCLUSIONS@#TRPC6 expressed in prostate cancer cells is in disorder, and its action may be associated with the invasion and metastasis of prostate cancer cells; successful establishment of stable high expression of TRPC6 prostate cancer cells primarily confirm the invasion-trigger ability of TRPC6 on prostate cancer, and lay down the Foundation for exploring the TRPC6's role in the occurrence and development of prostate cancer mechanism.

Occurrence of antibodies against Maedi-Visna in Santa Inês sheep in the State of Sergipe, Brazil / Ocorrência de anticorpos contra o virus Maedi-Visna em ovinos Santa Inês, no Estado de Sergipe, Brasil

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLV) are infectious diseases of viral etiology caused by retroviruses, characterized for being a slowly progressive degenerative disease. The aim of this study was to determine the occcurrence of antibodies against lentivirus in the flock of Santa Inês sheep in Sergipe, Brazil. A minimum number of samples was analyzed by the Astudillo calculation, with an expected prevalence (p) of 10%, error rate (;) of 20% and confidence level of 95% (g = 1.96) obtaining the minimum number of samples (n) of 861. Finally, 941 serum samples were collected, derived from 54 properties and 19 municipalities distributed in three regions of the State, and the number of collected samples was proportional to the sheep flock of each municipality. The serum was placed at -20°C until the Agar Gel Immunodiffusion test (AGID), and results considered as positive or suspicious in AGID were assessed by the Western blotting technique. Out of sampled animals, 194 (20.62%) were male and 747 (79.38%) were female. From the stratification by age, 300 were young sheep (31.88%), aged between six months and one year old, 308 (32.73%) were young adults, aged between 1 and 3 years old, and 333 (35.39%) were estimated to be older than three years old. Results showed that antibodies against the Maedi-Visna virus in the sheep flock occcurred in the State of Sergipe at low frequency (0.11%). Thus, the occcurrence of Maedi-Visna infection in sheep in the State of Sergipe is reported, and emphasizes the participation of the transit of animals in the epidemiology of the disease.

As Lentiviroses de Pequenos Ruminantes (LVPR) são enfermidades infecciosas de etiologia viral causadas por retrovírus, caracterizadas por uma doença de degeneração progressiva e lenta. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a ocorrência de anticorpos contra o lentivírus no rebanho ovino Santa Inês, de Sergipe. Para analisar o número mínimo de amostras utilizou-se o cálculo de Astudillo, com prevalência esperada (p) de 10%, margem de erro (;) de 20% e grau de confiança de 95% (g = 1,96), obtendo-se o número mínimo de amostras (n) de 861. Foram colhidas 941 amostras de soro ovino oriundas de 54 propriedades e 19 municípios distribuídos nas três mesorregiões do Estado, sendo o número de amostras proporcional ao efetivo ovino do município. O soro foi acondicionado a -20°C até a realização do teste de Imunodifusão em Gel de Ágar (IDGA). Os resultados considerados positivos ou suspeitos na IDGA foram reavaliados através da técnica de Western blotting. Dos animais amostrados, 194 (20,62%) eram machos e 747 (79,38%) eram fêmeas. Quanto à estratificação por idade, 300 ovinos eram jovens (31,88%), entre seis meses e um ano, 308 (32,73%) eram jovens adultos, entre 1 e 3 anos, e 333 (35,39%) tinham idade estimada superior a 3 anos. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que anticorpos contra o vírus Maedi-Visna (MVV) ocorrem no rebanho ovino do estado de Sergipe em baixa frequência (0,11%). Assim, relata-se a ocorrência da infecção por Maedi-Visna em ovinos no estado de Sergipe e ressalta-se a participação do trânsito de animais na epidemiologia da doença.

Transposable Elements: No More 'Junk DNA'

Since the advent of whole-genome sequencing, transposable elements (TEs), just thought to be 'junk' DNA, have been noticed because of their numerous copies in various eukaryotic genomes. Many studies about TEs have been conducted to discover their functions in their host genomes. Based on the results of those studies, it has been generally accepted that they have a function to cause genomic and genetic variations. However, their infinite functions are not fully elucidated. Through various mechanisms, including de novo TE insertions, TE insertion-mediated deletions, and recombination events, they manipulate their host genomes. In this review, we focus on Alu, L1, human endogenous retrovirus, and short interspersed element/variable number of tandem repeats/Alu (SVA) elements and discuss how they have affected primate genomes, especially the human and chimpanzee genomes, since their divergence.

Identification of a Novel Intronic Transcript Containing 11q13.5 HERV-W gag Sequence / 天津医药

Objective:To identify the novel intronic transcripts containing 11q13.5 HERV-W gag sequence, and explore the modulation of the transcripts on the alternative splicing of host gene PTD015. Methods:Half-nested PCR and touchdown PCR were used to amplify the target transcripts. The transcripts were cloned and sequenced. The plasmids inserted with the target transcripts were transfected into JEG3 cells and the alternative spliced mRNA levels of PTD015 were measured with real time PCR. Results:A 1 739 bp novel intronic transcript containing 755 bp 11q13.5 HERV-W gag sequence, 527 bp 5′ long terminal repeat and 457 bp sequence on the 5′-end of 11q13.5 HERV-W was identified. The intronic antisense transcripts significantly down-regulated the alternative spliced mRNA levels of PTD015. Conclusion:The intronic antisense transcripts originating from the second intron of gene PTD015 could modulate the alternative splicing of the host gene PTD015.

Establishment of Two Cell Lines with Double Markers and Comparison between Their Abilities for Detecting Replication-Competent Retro viruses / 中国肿瘤生物治疗杂志

In this study, we use retroviral vectors, LXSN (containing internal promoter) and GCEN(containing internal ribosomal entry site,IRES), which cany ?galactosidare gene (LacZ) and neomycin phosphotransferase gene (Neo_R) as double markers, to establish two cell lines, LG-3T3 and GG-3T3. The sensitivities of the two cell lines for detecting replication-competent retroviruses(RCR) in marker rescue test were compared. Our results indicated that both cell lines can be used in marker rescue test, the sentivity of GG-3T3 was 100 times higher than that of LG-3T3.