ABO and rhesus blood group frequency among donors and admitted patients at Zawia Medical Center, AzZawya City, Libya

The identification and categorization of blood groups play a crucial role in transfusion medicine as it allows for safe and compatible transfusions. Among the various blood group systems, the ABO and Rhesus blood grouping systems have special clinical significance. Understanding the distribution and frequency of ABO and Rhesus blood groups within a specific community is essential for healthcare planning, especially when it comes to blood supply management and organ transplantation. Additionally, studies have also shown a relationship between ABO blood groups and the onset and spread of diseases. Therefore, this study was conducted to detect the distribution and frequency of ABO and Rhesus blood groups in AzZawya City, Libya. In this retrospective study, data from the blood bank at Zawia Medical Center were collected over three years to detect the distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups among 5187 donors and admitted patients. The result shows that blood group O is the dominant among all study subjects (45%), as well as, among males (48.2%), and females (42.2%). Blood group A is the second most common at 34.6% among total, 33% among males, and 36% among females. For Rhesus antigens 89.4% of study subjects were Rhesus positive, 87.3% for males and 80% for females. In addition, the results show a statistically significant association between gender and blood group distribution p <0.001. Knowing the most common blood types helps maintain adequate blood bank supplies.

Immunophenotype and function of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets in Chinese rhesus macaques / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective:To provide data reference for using Chinese rhesus macaques as research model by studying the immunophenotype and function of peripheral blood lymphocytes in Chinese rhesus macaques.Methods:By optimizing antibody clones and fluorescent colors, the lymphocyte subset assay and T cell function assay panels were determined. Then the panels were used to analyze the proportion of T, B, NK and other cell subsets in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in 15 healthy Chinese rhesus monkeys, and the ability of T cells to secrete cytokines after non-specific stimulation.Results:Two multi-color flow cytometry analytic panels were established. Panel 1 could simultaneously detect a variety of lymphocyte subsets, including cytotoxic T lymphocytes, follicular helper T cells, regulatory T cells, B cells and NK cells. Panel 2 could detect the functions of multiple T cell subsets and the expression of immune checkpoint moleculars. The mean percentages of T, B, NK, Tfh, Treg, CD16 + NK and CD56 + NK cells in PBMCs of the Chinese rhesus macaques were (75.32±7.73)%, (13.22±7.50)%, (0.88±0.48)%, (0.73±0.27)%, (0.75±0.43)%, (47.87±22.35)% and (10.69±12.41)%. After non-specific stimulation, the proportion of CD4 + T cells secreting IL-2 and TNF-α was higher than that of CD8 + T cells, and the proportion of CD8 + T cells secreting CD107a and IFN-γ was higher than that of CD4 + T cells, while the proportion of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells secreting IL-17A was low. Conclusions:This study established a multi-color flow detection scheme that could simultaneously detect multiple cellular surface molecules and cytokines at the single cell level and could accurately and comprehensively analyze the immune cell subsets, functions and the immune checkpoint molecules in peripheral blood of Chinese rhesus macaques, providing a new experimental method and basic data for the development of vaccines and drugs against infectious diseases.

Development and verification of an indirect ELISA method for determination of specific IgG antibody against SARS-CoV-2 variant strain in rhesus monkey serum / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Objective To develop and verify an indirect ELISA method for determination of specific IgG antibody of rhesus monkey serum against SARS-CoV-2 variant strain. Methods An indirect ELISA method for the determination of specific IgG antibody was developed using inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant strain inactivated vaccine as coating antigen,and optimized for the coating antigen concentration(1,2 and 4 μg/mL),dilution of serum(1∶800～1∶12 800),blocking solution(PBST containing 1% BSA,2% BSA,1% skim milk,2% skim milk and 1% BSA + 1% skim milk),blocking time(30,60 and 90 min),dilution of secondary antibody(1∶5 000,1∶10 000,1∶15 000 and 1∶20 000),incubation time of serum and secondary antibody(30,60 and 90 min),and TMB reaction time(5,10,15,20,25 and 30 min). 60 negative serum samples of rhesus monkeys were detected by the developed method,and the negative and positive critical values were determined. The sensitivity and precision of the methodology were verified. In addition,the specific IgG antibody and neutralizing antibody against SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant strain in 44 serum samples of rhesus monkey were detected by the developed method and microneutralization method,and the correlation and consistency between the two methods were compared. Results The optimum detection conditions were determined:the coating antigen concentration was 1 μg/mL;the blocking solution was PBST containing 1% skim milk,and the blocking time was 30 min;the serum samples to be tested were diluted to 1∶1 600 and incubated for 90 min,and the secondary antibody was diluted to 1∶10 000 and incubated for 30 min;the color development time of substrate was 25 min. The positive critical value and negative critical value of the method was 0. 093 and 0. 084 respectively,and the detection values between them were judged as suspicious. The dilution of5 positive serum samples that showed positive results was 1∶51 200;the coefficients of variation(CVs)of precision were all less than 15%. There was a strong correlation between IgG antibody titer and neutralizing antibody level in the 44 rhesus monkey serum samples(r = 0. 858 0,P < 0. 000 1);the total coincidence rate of the two methods was 90. 9%,the positive coincidence rate was 93. 6%,and the negative coincidence rate was 84. 6%;the consistency test Kappa value was 0. 783 8(95% CI:0. 586 5～0. 981 0). Conclusion The developed indirect ELISA method for eletermination of specific IgG antibody against SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant strain in rhesus monkey serum has good sensitivity and precision,and has strong consistency with microneutralization method,which can be used for the determination of IgG antibody in rhesus monkey serum.

The association of ABO and Rhesus blood type with the risks of developing SARS-CoV-2 infection: A meta-analysis

@#Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been spreading like a wildfire everywhere in the globe. It has been challenging the global health care system ever since the end of 2019, with its virulence and pathogenicity. Recent studies have shown the association between ABO blood group, Rhesus blood type and susceptibility to COVID-19 infection. Various studies and few meta-analyses have been done and some might be inconsistent; therefore, this meta-analysis was done to assess the relationship between different ABO and Rhesus blood types on the susceptibility to COVID-19 infections. This meta-analysis assessed the odds ratio of COVID-19 infection of different ABO and Rhesus blood types. Subgroup analyses according to (1) age and gender matched; (2) different blood group antigens; (3) Rhesus positive and negative of each blood group were carried out. Publication bias and Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) were also done to assess the risk of bias in these publications. It was found that blood group A showed significant difference in odds ratio of COVID-19 infection (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.08-1.24). Blood group AB showed significant difference in odds ratio when studies with lower QUADAS-2 score were removed. This means that populations with blood group A and AB are more likely to be infected with COVID-19. As there is a higher tendency that blood group A and AB to be infected with COVID19, precautious care should be taken by these populations.

Modulation of Spike Count Correlations Between Macaque Primary Visual Cortex Neurons by Difficulty of Attentional Task / 神经科学通报·英文版

Studies have shown that spatial attention remarkably affects the trial-to-trial response variability shared between neurons. Difficulty in the attentional task adjusts how much concentration we maintain on what is currently important and what is filtered as irrelevant sensory information. However, how task difficulty mediates the interactions between neurons with separated receptive fields (RFs) that are attended to or attended away is still not clear. We examined spike count correlations between single-unit activities recorded simultaneously in the primary visual cortex (V1) while monkeys performed a spatial attention task with two levels of difficulty. Moreover, the RFs of the two neurons recorded were non-overlapping to allow us to study fluctuations in the correlated responses between competing visual inputs when the focus of attention was allocated to the RF of one neuron. While increasing difficulty in the spatial attention task, spike count correlations were either decreased to become negative between neuronal pairs, implying competition among them, with one neuron (or none) exhibiting attentional enhancement of firing rate, or increased to become positive, suggesting inter-neuronal cooperation, with one of the pair showing attentional suppression of spiking responses. Besides, the modulation of spike count correlations by task difficulty was independent of the attended locations. These findings provide evidence that task difficulty affects the functional interactions between different neuronal pools in V1 when selective attention resolves the spatial competition.

Preliminary report of preclinical trial of multi-genome engineering pig-to-macaque heart, liver and kidney transplantation / 器官移植

Objective To investigate the application prospect of the most extensive genome engineering pig internationally in preclinical xenotransplantation. Methods Porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) knockout combined with 3 major heterologous antigen gene knockouts and 9 humanized genes for inhibition of complement activation, regulation of coagulation disorders, anti-inflammatory and anti-phagocytosis were transferred into a pig (PERV-KO/3-KO/9-TG) as a donor, and the heart, liver and kidney were obtained and transplanted to 3 Rhesus macaque recipients respectively to establish a preclinical research model of pig-to-Rhesus macaque xenotransplantation. The functional status of xenografts after blood flow reconstruction was observed and the survival of recipients was summarized. The hemodynamics of xenografts were monitored. The change of hematological indexes of each recipient was compared. The histopathological manifestation of xenografts was observed. Results After the blood flow was reconstructed, all xenografts showed ruddy color, soft texture and good perfusion. The transplant heart, liver and kidney showed full arterial and venous blood flow and good perfusion at 1 d after operation. The postoperative survival time of heart, liver, and kidney transplant recipients was 7, 26, and 1 d, respectively. The levels of creatine kinase, creatine kinase isoenzyme, and lactate dehydrogenase increased in heart transplant recipient at 1 d after operation, and gradually recovered to near normal levels at 6 d after operation. All indexes increased sharply at 7 d after operation. The level of aspartate aminotransferase increased in liver transplant recipients at 2 d after operation, and the alanine aminotransferase basically returned to normal at 10 d after operation, but the total bilirubin continued to increase. Both aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase increased at 12 d after operation, and reached a peak at 15 d after operation. The kidney transplant recipient developed mild proteinuria at 1 d after operation, and died of sudden severe arrhythmia. Histopathology showed that the tissue structure of cardiac and renal xenografts was close to normal, and liver xenografts presented with patchy necrosis, the liver tissue structure was disordered, accompanied by inflammatory damage, interstitial hemorrhage and thrombotic microangiopathy. Conclusions PERV-KO/3-KO/9-TG pig shows advantages in overcoming hyperacute rejection, mitigating humoral rejection and coagulation dysregulation. However, whether it can be used as potential donor for clinical xenotransplantation needs further evaluation.

Recent advances in myeloid-derived suppressor cell biology / 医学前沿

In recent years, studying the role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in many pathological inflammatory conditions has become a very active research area. Although the role of MDSCs in cancer is relatively well established, their role in non-cancerous pathological conditions remains in its infancy resulting in much confusion. Our objectives in this review are to address some recent advances in MDSC research in order to minimize such confusion and to provide an insight into their function in the context of other diseases. The following topics will be specifically focused upon: (1) definition and characterization of MDSCs; (2) whether all MDSC populations consist of immature cells; (3) technical issues in MDSC isolation, estimation and characterization; (4) the origin of MDSCs and their anatomical distribution in health and disease; (5) mediators of MDSC expansion and accumulation; (6) factors that determine the expansion of one MDSC population over the other; (7) the Yin and Yang roles of MDSCs. Moreover, the functions of MDSCs will be addressed throughout the text.

Distribution of ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood Groups among Voluntary Blood Donors in Central Gujarat, India

Introduction: The ABO and Rh blood group systems are themost important blood group systems in Transfusion Medicine.This study was carried out with an objective to study thedistribution of ABO and Rh blood groups among voluntaryblood donors in Central Gujarat, India which is essential foreffective management of blood inventory.Material and Methods: The present retrospective studywas carried out at our blood centre. The data of presentstudy is from 01/06/2009 TO 31/12/2019. Total 398803voluntary blood donors were considered medically fit andaccepted for blood donation. ABO and Rh typing was doneby Manual Microplate Technique (June 2009 to August 2015)and automated blood group Immucor Galileo neo machine(September 2015 to December 2019) both forward and reverseblood grouping after validation at blood bank.Result: Out of 398803 blood donors B blood group was mostcommon(143408-35.96%) and the least blood group was ABBlood group (33631 – 8.43%). There were more Rh Positiveblood donors (372660 – 93.45%) as compared to Rh Negativeblood donors (26143 – 6.55%).Conclusion: The most common blood group among voluntarydonors was B positive and least common blood group was ABnegative.

Evaluation of Residual Stepping Ability in Monkeys with Spinal Cord Injury / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective:To evaluate the residual stepping ability in monkeys with spinal cord injury longitudinally. Methods:Four adult female monkeys were studied. Right hemisection of 10 mm spinal cord tissue was performed at the T7-9 segment. Gait tests of bipedal locomotion were performed before, and six weeks and twelve weeks after injury by VICON system. Gait cycle duration, amplitude of knee and ankle angles, and ratio of united parameters were obtained from successive stepping and were quantitative analyzed. Results:The coordination of bilateral hindlimbs was destroyed after spinal cord injury, and the right hindlimb showed obviously dragging. The gait cycle duration of the left hindlimb increased significantly (P < 0.001), and the amplitudes of knee and ankle angle significantly increased (P < 0.001) after spinal cord injury. The ratio of united parameters was not statistically different among all the time points (P > 0.05). The gait cycle duration of the left hindlimb was correlated with step length (r = 0.838, P = 0.001), step height (r = 0.726, P = 0.007) and amplitude of ankle angle (r = 0.766, P = 0.004), and the amplitude of ankle angle was correlated with step length (r = 0.627, P = 0.029). Conclusion:The gait pattern of monkey with spinal cord injury has been changed. The gait strategy of the uninjured side was adjusted compensatively after spinal cord injury to adapt the functional impairment of contralateral hindlimb.

Association of Malaria Parasitaemia with ABO/Rhesus Blood Group among Out-patients of Township Clinic Gwagwalada Abuja, Nigeria

Aim:This study was carried out to determine association of malaria parasitaemia with ABO/Rhesus blood group. Methodology:A total of 150 blood samples were randomly selected and examined for the presence of Plasmodium falciparumusing microscopy, blood group was determined using agglutination technique. Results:A total 92 (61.3%) were found to be infected with P. falciparum, the prevalence was highest among under five (0-10) than older groups, and higher among males 55 (63.2%) than female 37 (58.7%). Majority of the patients were rhesus positive 90(64.3%) while 2(20.0%) were rhesus negative. High percentage of blood group O, 70 (46.7%) was observed, followed by A 39(26.0%), B 34 (22.7%) and AB 7 (4.6%). All ABO blood groups showed varied presence of P. falciparum51(72.8%), 22(56.4%), 17(50.0%) and 2(28.5%) for O, A, B and AB, respectively.Parasite density was also higher in blood group O 70 (41.69%), followed by B 34 (30.67%), and A 39 (28.09%) then AB 7 (16.84%). Conclusion:It can be concluded that malaria parasitaemia is higher in males than female and in the younger ages than the older ones. Also Blood groups O are the most susceptible to malaria infection and AB are the least infected. However further investigation is needed to clearly establish the association ABO/Rhesus blood groups and P. falciparuminfection and the need for intensified control methodology of the disease and education of the populace on the effect of rhesus negative cannot be over emphasized

Non-invasive prenatal rhesus D genotyping using cell-free foetal DNA

Background & objectives: Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) of rhesus D (RHD) genotype using cell-free foetal DNA is extensively used in many developed countries. Studies on NIPD from India are scarce. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of non-invasive foetal RHD genotyping by targeting exon 10 of the RHD gene using cell-free DNA. Methods: DNA was extracted from the maternal plasma of alloimmunized and non-alloimmunized women between 7 and 34 wk of gestation. RHD sequence was determined by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results were compared with RhD phenotype obtained from cord blood samples of neonates. Results: A total of 135 samples from RhD-negative pregnant women were collected. The foetal RHD status was conclusive in all 135 (100%) cases. The highest number of cases reported for RHD genotyping were from Punjab (38.5%) followed by Haryana (24.4%), Himachal Pradesh (17.0%) and Chandigarh Union Territory (13.3%). The non-invasive test correctly predicted the foetal RhD phenotype in 133 of 135 cases, making the accuracy of the test as 98.51 per cent [95% confidence interval (CI): 97.90-99.50%]. The overall sensitivity and specificity of the test were 99.18 per cent (95% CI: 95.52-99.98%) and 92.31 per cent (95% CI: 63.97-99.81%), respectively, with negative and positive predictive values of 99.80 per cent (95% CI: 94.85-99.87%) and 96.31 per cent (95% CI: 62.87-98.84%), respectively. Interpretation & conclusions: Non-invasive foetal RHD determination by single-exon quantitative PCR exhibited high accuracy and could be used in routine clinical practice after confirmatory studies are done.

Association between socio-demographic factors and blood groups with risk of diabetes mellitus in Dangila hospital, Awi Zone, North West Ethiopia

INTRODUCTION:Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease which is categorized as hyperglycemia. This disease is a multi-factorial trait that appears by interactions of genetic, immunological, and environmental factors.MATERIALS AND METHODS:The study was conducted through case–control method of study in Dangila, Ethiopia. The total number of individuals included as study subjects was 403, of these 201 were diabetic patients (81 type I and 120 type II diabetic patients) and 202 were non-diabetics patients. From 403 participants, 225 were males and 178 were females. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0.RESULTS:A significant association was obtained between sex, age, marital status, blood group and Rh factors with diabetes mellitus but not with residence and family histories. Male from sex, above 40 years from age, married from marital status were more susceptible for diabetes, contrary females, 16-40 years and singles were lower risk of diabetic than other comparable categories. In case of blood group, type A was more susceptible and blood type O and AB were lower risk rate of diabetes mellitus. Additionally blood AB/Rh negative individuals were not affected by type I diabetes mellitus.CONCLUSION:The socio-demographic factor sex, age, and marital status showed a significant association but family history and residence did not show a significant association with DM. In blood groups, the other important point that observed was, no one founds who had AB blood groups that diagnose type one DM. The majority of the study participants had Rh-positive, though the significant difference between diabetic and non-diabetic was observed only in Rh negatives.

Assessment of Blood Storage Effect Using CPDA-1 on Packed Cell Volume, Oxyhaemoglobin and Methaemoglobin in Different ABO/Rhesus Blood Types

Aims: The aim of this study is to determine the effect of blood storage using CPDA-1 on packed cell volume, methaemoglobin and oxyhaemoglobin in different ABO/Rhesus blood types donated by some residents of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Study Design: This is a comparative study aimed at evaluating the effect of storage on the levels of methaemoglobin, oxyhaemoglobin and packed cell volume using CPDA-1. A total of eight donors were recruited with each sample obtained from the eight (8) known blood groups A+,B+,O+,AB+, A-,B-,O-,AB- and analysis of samples were in triplicate. The donors were adult males with age ranging from 35-45 years and they were apparently healthy and free from transfusion transmissible infections. The different blood group samples were stored for 30 days and samples for analysis were collected at 5 days interval. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. All blood donors were residents of Port Harcourt. Blood donated was stored at Military Hospital Blood Bank, Port Harcourt, in a blood bag of 450 ml containing 63 ml of citrate phosphate dextrose adenine-1 (CPDA-1). The analysis was carried out at Rivers State University, Post Graduate Laboratory within March 1st to May 27th, 2019. Methodology: A total of eight (8) different ABO/Rhesus blood types (A+,B+,AB+,O+,A-,B-,AB- and O-) were collected and stored using a blood bank refrigerator at temperature of 4°C. Day 0 was taken to be control and 5 days intervals in-between to day 30 acted as the test. Packed cell volume was estimated using micro-haematocrit method while oxyhaemoglobin and methaemoglobin levels were estimated spectrophotometrically as described by Evelyn and Malloy. Results: The result showed a significant decrease in mean packed cell volume, oxyhaemoglobin and methaemoglobin levels compared to a higher mean of these parameters in the control; and these differences were statistically significant (p<0.05) across all blood groups under study. The decrease in values were as a result of haemolysis that occurs during storage. Conclusion: Storage of blood irrespective of the blood group type using CPDA-1 for 30 days indicates that there are “storage lesions”. This is attributed to red cell haemolysis and ageing of red blood cells. In general, all blood types showed no significant difference in their haematological (packed cell volume, methaemoglobin, oxyhaemoglobin) characteristic deterioration or storage lesion based on blood type differences. It is therefore necessary to state that storage lesion characteristics are the same irrespective of the blood type, and that fresh blood be transfused, and if blood is stored, prolonged storage beyond 10 days should be avoided.

Effect of sunlight exposure on cornea in infant rhesus monkeys with monocular hyperopic defocus induced by PRK / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#AIM: To observe whether exposure to natural light causes damage on corneal tissue in infant rhesus monkeys with monocular hyperopic defocus induced by PRK. <p>METHODS: Twelve infant rhesus monkeys(aged 2mo)were treated monocularly with PRK(-4.0D)and divided into two groups: AL group(<i>n</i>=6)and NL group(<i>n</i>=6). The monkeys in AL were reared under artificial lighting(indoor).The monkeys in NL were exposed to natural lighting(outdoor)for 4h per day(9:00-11:00 and 15:00-17:00), and to indoor lighting for the rest of the light phase. Corneal haziness after PRK was assessed biomicroscopically using the Fantes scale. At 50d post-PRK, tear fluids of both eyes from 8 monkeys in the two groups(4 animals each group)were collected and analyzed for 11 kinds of cytokines using protein microarray analysis. At 180d post-PRK. The corneas were obtained and evaluated by histopathological examination, immunohistochemistry with antibody to TGF-β1 and α-SMA, and TUNEL. The vitality of SOD and the level of MDA in corneas were detected with WST-1 and lipid peroxidation MDA assay kits, respectively.<p>RESULTS: The monkeys in AL group exhibited a lesser degree of haze than those in NL group at 40d following PRK(<i>P</i>=0.015). At 50d post-PRK, EGF and TGF-β1 levels in tears were different in PRK-treated eyes between the two groups(<i>P</i>=0.045, 0.038), and TGF-β1 were significantly different between both eyes in the same group(AL: <i>P</i>=0.003; NL: <i>P</i>=0.036). At 180d post-PRK, there were no differences in histological changes, the expression of TGF-β1 and α-SMA, and apoptosis cell staining of the corneal between the two groups. The vatility of SOD and the levels of MDA in corneal epithelium were not different between the two groups(<i>P</i>>0.05).<p>CONCLUSION: Exposure to natural light in our study could not induce light damage to the normal cornea of the infant rhesus monkeys, but it could aggravate the corneal tissue repair reaction transiently post-PRK.

Distribution of ABO and Rh types in Voluntary Blood Donors in a Tertiary Care Center in a Southern District of Rajasthan

Background: Despite the long list of several other blood groups discovered, the knowledge and distribution of ABO and Rh-D blood group are essential for blood transfusion purposes, population genetic study and healthcare planning. Aims: This study is aimed to determine the distribution pattern of the ABO and Rh blood groups among blood donors in Southern Rajasthan and compare it with other data from similar studies within and outside India. The importance of the study lies in maintaining the blood bank inventory so that no patient dies due to the deficient supply of blood. Methods: It is a retrospective study carried out at blood bank, Ananta Institute of Medical Sciences and Research centre, Rajsamand, Rajasthan over a period of 2 years from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2017. Blood group of the blood donors was determined by commercially available standard monoclonal antisera by test tube agglutination technique accompanied by reverse grouping. Results: Out of 1142 subjects, 1117 (97.81%) were male and 25 (2.19%) were female subjects. 279 (24.43%) donors were voluntary and 863 (75.56%) donors were replacement donors. On studying the ABO blood group system, the most frequent group was B (33.97%) followed by O (31.96%), A (22.06%), and AB (6.91%) in blood donors while in Rh system, 1084 (94.92%) donors were Rh positive and 58 (5.07%) were Rh negative. Conclusions: The knowledge of distribution of blood group is very important for blood banks and transfusion services which play an important role in the patient's health care. The study has a significant implication regarding the inventory management of blood bank and transfusion services and will also throw light on the reasons of deficiency of a particular group in a particular area so that deficient group donors may be encouraged to donate more frequently.

Investigation of default mode networks in rhesus macaque brain with 7.0T resting-state fMRI / 中国医学影像技术

Objective To investigate default mode networks (DMN) in healthy rhesus monkey brain.Methods Under anesthesia,two healthy rhesus macaques underwent resting state fMRI at a 7.0T MR scanner.The functional images were firstly normalized to the standard rhesus monkey template 112SM-RL-T1,and the GIFT software was aplied to conduct group-level independent component analysis on all preprocessed functional images.Results The functional connectivity maps of the resting-state networks of rhesus macaques were obtained using this method.DMN bilaterally included posterior cingulate cortex,anterior cingulate cortex,medial parietal cortex,retrosplenial cortex,arcuate sulcus,ventral intraparietal area,temporoparietal area,superior temporal sulcus dorsal bank and a portion of visual cortex.Conclusion With the help of cutting-edge 7.0T fMRI technology,It was demonstrated that DMN of rhesus macaque brain highly resembled the ones in human,which could support the notion that non-primates are useful models for neuropharmacological and neurocognitive studies.

High-field magnetic resonance imaging with multiple parameters to evaluate the thrombus-thrombolysis model in rhesus monkeys with acute cerebral infarction / 中国比较医学杂志

Objective To examine the nonhuman primate(NHP)model of acute cerebral infarction thrombus-thrombolysis using multi-parameter high-field magnetic resonance imaging(MRI). Methods Altogether, 8 adult male rhesus monkeys aged 8.2(± 1.2)years old and weighing 9.4(± 1.0)kg were randomized into an infarction group(n=4)and thrombolysis group(n =4). Middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)was induced with a clot in the M1 segment. Monkeys in the thrombolysis group were treated with the recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, rt-PA, while those in the infarction group were treated with 0.9% NaCl only. T2 weighted imaging(T2WI), T2-weighted-fluid-attenuated inversion recovery(T2-FLAIR), time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography(TOF-MRA), and diffusion-weighted imaging(DWI)were used to examine all monkeys at 4 and 24 h after onset of ischemia. Results The rhesus monkey thrombus-thrombolysis model was successfully established. MRA showed that the middle cerebral artery(MCA) was not recanalized in the infarction group, but was recanalized in the thrombolysis group. T2WI sequence showed an increase in infarction volume(12 027 ± 5507 mm3)in the infarction group compared with the thrombolysis group(4910 ± 2764 mm3). DWI sequence showed an increase in infarction volume(9498 ± 5226 mm3)in the infarction group and thrombolysis group(4854 ± 1792 mm3). Both T2WI and DWI sequences showed no significant difference in infarction volume at 4 h between the two groups, while infarction volume in the thrombolysis group at 24 h was significantly lower compared with the infarction group. The increase in infarction volume was significantly lower in the thrombolysis group compared with the infarction group. Conclusions MRI sequences can be used to successfully evaluate recanalization and infarct changes in the thrombus-thrombolysis model in rhesus monkeys.

Biopsy of liver and kidney tissues in rhesus monkeys under B-mode ultrasound guidance / 中国比较医学杂志

Objective To establish a safe and effective method of rhesus monkey biopsy to take liver and kidney samples under B-mode ultrasound guidance. Methods A total of 4 adult monkeys(weight:8-12 kg; sex: male; age:11 -12 years old)were anaesthetized with 5 -10 mg/kg of ketamine hydrochloride for each through intramuscular injection. After successful anesthesia, abdominal shaving and iodophor disinfection, they were monitored from intercostal area of right upper quadrant or lateral waist subcostal abdomen portions to find liver or kidney organ by MyLab 30CV B-mode ultrasonography with 3.5 Hz transducer which was fixed with a guiding frame. Large vessels such as the portal vein and inferior vena cava were carefully avoided. The range of the biopsy gun was set to 15 mm. When the puncture target and the puncture needle were positioned in the guide line, the puncture target was perpendicular to the puncture needle, and then the trigger button of the puncture needle was pressed to obtain the liver or kidney tissue samples respectively. After puncture,the needle was pulled out quickly. The obtained liver and kidney tissues were used to extract RNA. Results About 13 mg of liver or kidney tissue was obtained by each puncture with volume convertion. This method was fast,reliable and safe,and the total RNA had high purity and integrity. There was no postoperative bleeding and infection. Conclusions This is a very important method for obtaining liver and kidney tissue samples of rhesus monkeys with the guidance of ultrasound. With this method, the research cost can be reduced, the life quality and animal welfare of laboratory non-human primates can be improved,and the accuracy of experimental result can be ensured.

Observation of several physiological indexes of rhesus monkeys by implantable telemetry technology / 中国比较医学杂志

Objective To observe the changes of circadian characteristics and stress-response-related physiological parameters including respiration, blood pressure, electrocardiography and body temperature of conscious rhesus monkeys by implantable telemetry technique. Methods Surgery was performed on 8 rhesus monkeys (half male and half female, 3-5 years old) for implantation of a telemetry transmitter. After 3 weeks of recovery, the physiological parameters of respiration, blood pressure, electrocardiography and body temperature of the conscious rhesus monkeys without binding were automatically recorded by a DSI telemetry system and the data were analyzed by the Ponemah software. Results Some electrocardiographic indexes showed significant differences at daytime and nighttime (P＜ 0. 05 or P＜ 0. 01) including mean heart rate (HR) ( 155. 0-122. 4 times/min), respiratory rate interval (RR-I) (410. 8-535. 7 ms), T-wave amplitude (T-A) (0. 181-0. 157 mV), PR interval (PR-I) (80. 4-87. 4 ms), QT interval (QT-I) (224. 8-263. 9 ms), and corrected QTcb interval (QTcb) (352. 3-366. 7 ms). The indexes of blood pressure and respiration at daytime were significantly higher than those at nighttime (P＜ 0. 01), including the mean systolic pressure (SYS) at daytime and nighttime (144. 6-131. 6 mmHg), diastolic pressure (DIA) (99. 8- 89. 9 mmHg), mean arterial pressure (MAP) (121. 5-110. 2 mmHg), tidal volume (TV) (64. 5-36. 6 mL), minute ventilation (MV) (1931. 9-920. 1 mL/min), and respiratory rate (RR) (32. 3-25. 4 times/min). Cleaning and feeding activities of the laboratory staff at 9: 00 a.m. and 2: 00 p.m. had a certain effect on the stress-responses in the monkeys. Conclusions The parameters of respiration, blood pressure, electrocardiography and body temperature of the conscious rhesus macaques observed by implanted telemetry system show obvious circadian changes, which can truly reflect the changes of physiological indexes at daytime and nighttime, and avoid the stress in hungry monkeys caused by the feeding and cleaning activities of laboratory staff. This technique can improve the efficiency of drug safety pharmacology studies, reduce the number of animals used and meet the requirements of 3R principles.

Distribution of interleukin 17 receptor mRNA in rhesus macaques / 中国免疫学杂志

Objective:To delineate the distribution and abundance of interleukin 17 receptor mRNA in normal tissues of rhesus macaques.Methods:Tissue samples were collected from different systems including lymphoid system,digestive system and genital system and the mRNA levels of IL-17RA and IL-17RC were examined by real time RT-PCR.Meanwhile the levels of IL-17RA and IL-17RC mRNA in the PBMCs of rhesus macaques,African green monkeys and cynomolgus monkeys were examined.Results:IL-17RA mRNA was expressed in all the tested tissues and the levels were significantly different among these systems (P＜0.05).IL-17RC mRNA level in the large intestine was higher than that in the small intestine.IL-17RA mRNA level in rhesus macaque PBMCs was 3 and 5 times higher than that of cynomolgus monkeys and African green monkeys respectively,while IL-17RC mRNA in the PBMCs was below the limit of detection.Conclusion:IL-17RA is widely distributed in rhesus macaques;the expression level is different among different tissues and species.