RESUMEN
Rhizophora apiculata pyroligneous acid which is a crude condensate produced from the distillation of smoke generated in the process of charcoal making has the potential to be used as antifungal agent especially to treat candidal infections. In this study, pyroligneous acid (PA), concentrated pyroligneous acid (CPA), Dichloromethane extracts of CPA namely DCM A and B were tested against four pathogenic strains of Candida albicans. The results exhibited significant inhibition zones within the range of 7.00 -8.00 mm for PA, 16.00- 17.00 mm for CPA, 16.00-18.00 mm for DCM A and 19.00-22.00 mm for DCM B. The results also revealed that extract DCM B of CPA was the most potential to be used as anticandidal agent with the minimum inhibitory concentration values between 3.13-6.25 mg/mL. Scanning electron micrographs of DCM B treated C. albicans cells confirmed the damaged cells caused by the extract.
RESUMEN
A research was conducted to study the anticandidal compound of tannin extracted from the barks of a mangrove tree, Rhizophora apiculata Blume. Tannin obtained from the barks of Rhizophora apiculata Blume was further separated into condensed and hydrolysable tannins. A strong anticandidal activity was detected in the hydrolysable tannin, which exhibited minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 6.25 mg/ml, and it was found to have yeastostatic activity at lower concentration (below MIC value) and yeastocidal activity at higher concentration (more than the MIC value). Furthermore, the isolation of the bioactive compound in hydrolysable tannin that responsible for the anticandidal activity was also determined using thin layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results obtained confirmed that gallic acid was the bioactive compound that plays role in inhibiting and killing the Candida albicans cells.
RESUMEN
The accumulative partitioning of Pb and Cu in the Rhizophora apiculata was studied randomly in the Setiu mangrove forest, Terengganu. Samples of leaves, barks and roots were collected randomly from the selected studied species. Sediments between the roots of the sampled mangrove plants were also collected. The results from analysis for Rhizophora apiculata shows that the concentration of Pb and Cu were accumulated higher in root tissue compared to bark and leaf tissue but lower than surrounding sediment level. The average concentration of Cu for Rhizophora apiculata in leaf, bark, root and sediment was 2.73 , 3.94 , 5.21 and 9.42 mg l-1, respectively. Meanwhile, the average concentration of Pb in leaf, bark, root and sediment was 1.43 , 1.38 , 2.05 and 11.66 mg l-1, respectively. Results of concentration factors (CF) show that the overall the concentration of Pb and Cu were accumulated much higher in roots system of Rhizophora apiculata.