A study on the lipid ratios and inflammatory markers in pre-diabetic and diabetic patients

Background: One of the leading causes of diabetic mortality is cardiovascular disease. Diabetes progression is preceded by pre-diabetic phase which is also at higher cardiovascular risk. Both hyperglycemia and atherosclerotic processes are inflammatory phenomenon. Keeping this in view, it was aimed to evaluate atherogenic indices and correlate them with inflammatory mediators.Methods: This study included 80 controls, 80 pre-diabetic and 80 diabetic patients. Anthropometric parameters (BMI, WHR) and blood parameters like fasting glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile (cholesterol, HDL, LDL TG, VLDL), adiponectin, IL-6, CRP, fibrinogen and uric acid were analysed.Results: Significantly high atherogenic indices were observed in pre-diabetic and diabetic subjects compared to healthy controls. The indices were also significantly correlated with BMI, fasting sugar, HbA1c, cholesterol, HDL, TG and LDL. The correlation with HDL was negative and with other parameters, the correlation was positive. In pre-diabetic patients, adiponectin showed significant negative correlation while fibrinogen and CRP showed significant positive correlation with cardiac risk indices. IL-6 was positively correlated only with AIP while correlation of uric acid with these indices was insignificant. In case of diabetic patients, the cardiac risk indices were significantly correlated with adiponectin, IL-6, CRP, fibrinogen and uric acid. The correlation with adiponectin was negative.Conclusions: The altered atherogenic indices and their significant association with inflammatory markers signify the direct association of inflammation with CVD risks. Thus, there is requirement of novel approaches that can retard inflammatory responses and arrest unwanted cardiac health outcomes.

Distribution and larval breeding habitats of Aedes mosquito species in residential areas of northwest Ethiopia / 한국역학회지

OBJECTIVES: The Aedes mosquito is a vector for transmitting many arboviruses. Knowledge of the breeding habitat of this vector is vital for implementing appropriate interventions. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the breeding habitats and presence of Aedes mosquito species in the study areas. METHODS: A house-to-house cross-sectional survey of Aedes mosquito breeding habitats was carried out in Metema and Humera, Ethiopia, in August 2017. All available water-holding containers present in and around houses were inspected for the presence of immature stages of Aedes mosquitoes, and they were collected and reared to the adult stage for species identification. In the larval survey, the house index, container index, and Breteau index were computed as risk indices. RESULTS: Of the 384 houses surveyed for the presence of Aedes mosquito larval breeding, 98 were found to be positive for larvae. During the survey, a total of 566 containers were inspected, of which 186 were found to be infested with Aedes mosquito larvae, with a container index of 32.9, a house index of 25.5, and a Breteau index of 48.4. The most common Aedes mosquito breeding habitats were discarded tires (57.5%), followed by mud pots (30.0%). Of the 1,077 larvae and pupae collected and reared, Aedes aegypti (49.3%), Ae. vittatus (6.5%), and Culex species (44.2%) were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Discarded tires were the most preferred breeding habitats for Aedes mosquitoes. Moreover, Ae. aegypti, the main vector of dengue and other arboviruses, was identified for the first time in this region, suggesting a high potential for arbovirus transmission in the study areas.

Distribution and larval breeding habitats of Aedes mosquito species in residential areas of northwest Ethiopia / 한국역학회지

OBJECTIVES: The Aedes mosquito is a vector for transmitting many arboviruses. Knowledge of the breeding habitat of this vector is vital for implementing appropriate interventions. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the breeding habitats and presence of Aedes mosquito species in the study areas.METHODS: A house-to-house cross-sectional survey of Aedes mosquito breeding habitats was carried out in Metema and Humera, Ethiopia, in August 2017. All available water-holding containers present in and around houses were inspected for the presence of immature stages of Aedes mosquitoes, and they were collected and reared to the adult stage for species identification. In the larval survey, the house index, container index, and Breteau index were computed as risk indices.RESULTS: Of the 384 houses surveyed for the presence of Aedes mosquito larval breeding, 98 were found to be positive for larvae. During the survey, a total of 566 containers were inspected, of which 186 were found to be infested with Aedes mosquito larvae, with a container index of 32.9, a house index of 25.5, and a Breteau index of 48.4. The most common Aedes mosquito breeding habitats were discarded tires (57.5%), followed by mud pots (30.0%). Of the 1,077 larvae and pupae collected and reared, Aedes aegypti (49.3%), Ae. vittatus (6.5%), and Culex species (44.2%) were identified.CONCLUSIONS: Discarded tires were the most preferred breeding habitats for Aedes mosquitoes. Moreover, Ae. aegypti, the main vector of dengue and other arboviruses, was identified for the first time in this region, suggesting a high potential for arbovirus transmission in the study areas.