Nivel de riesgo e incidencia de caries en niños atendidos en clínica estomatológica de pregrado / Risk level and caries incidence in children attended at a predoctoral stomatology clinic

Antecedentes: La caries tiene etiología multifactorial, se presenta por desbalance entre factores patológicos y protectores, es un problema de salud pública que en México afecta a 95% de los niños. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de caries, establecer el nivel de riesgo y evaluar su relación con la incidencia de caries a los tres y seis meses. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y longitudinal en clínica estomatológica de una universidad ubicada al sur de la Ciudad de México. Previo consentimiento informado, se realizó revisión bucal por dos cirujanos dentistas calibrados para el diagnóstico de caries/ICDAS (kappa 95.37%), llevada a cabo en sillón dental con luz artificial bajo principios para el control de infecciones. Se estableció nivel de riesgo mediante el Sistema Internacional para la Gestión de Caries/ICCMS empleando como indicadores: consumo de alimentos cariogénicos (Lipari/Andrade), pH (tiras Hidryon), prueba de saliva estimulada, experiencia de caries (CPOD/ceod), higiene bucal (O'Leary) y cultivo de Streptococcus mutans. Se realizó análisis estadístico para determinar medidas de tendencia central, dispersión y asociación entre variables mediante exacta de Fisher, STATA.SE/10. Resultados: La población en estudio fue de 42 niños con rango de edad de tres a 15 años, mediana de 7.04 (RIC = 5-9). La prevalencia de caries fue 95.23%, con estadios severos en 83.3%, el nivel de riesgo fue alto en 73.7% y se asoció con severidad de caries (p = 0.000), consumo de carbohidratos (p = 0.000), experiencia de caries (ceod) (p = 0.000) y S. mutans (p = 0.000). La incidencia de caries a los tres meses fue de 71.0% y a los seis meses de 11.1%. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de caries fue alta (95.23%) así como el riesgo de caries (73.7%), con elevada incidencia a tres meses (71%), aun cuando los pacientes estaban en tratamiento odontológico. La atención restaurativa prevalece a pesar de hacer diagnóstico de lesiones reversibles y determinación del nivel de riesgo (AU)

Background: Caries has multifactorial etiology, presented by the imbalance between pathological/protective factors, is a public health problem, affecting 95% of children in México. Objective: To determine the prevalence of caries, to establish the level of risk and to evaluate its relation with incidence of caries at three and six months. Material and methods: Observational, descriptive and longitudinal study in the stomatologic clinic of the UAM-Xochimilco. Before informed consent, oral revision was performed by two dental surgeons calibrated for the diagnosis of caries/ICDAS (kappa 95.37%), carried out in dental chair with artificial light under principles for the control of infections. Risk level was established through the International System for Caries Management/ICCMS; using as indicators: consumption of cariogenic foods (Lipari/Andrade), pH (Hidryon strips), stimulated saliva test, caries experience (CPOD/ceod), oral hygiene (O'Leary) and culture of Streptococcus mutans. Statistical analysis was performed to determine measures of central tendency, dispersion and association between variables with Fisher's exact, STATA.SE/10. Results: The study population consisted of 42 children with ages ranging from 3 to 15 years, median of 7.04 (Q1 = 5-Q3 = 9). The prevalence of caries was 95.23%, with severe stages in 83.3%, the risk level was high in 73.7% and was associated with caries severity (p = 0.000), carbohydrate consumption (p = 0.000), caries experience (ceod) (p = 0.000) and S. mutans (p = 0.000). The incidence of caries at three months was 71.0% and at six months 11.1%. Conclusions: The prevalence of caries was high (95.23%), as well as the risk for caries (73.7%), and high incidence at three months (71%), despite the fact that the patients were in dental treatment. Restorative care prevails despite the diagnosis of reversible lesions and determination of the level of risk (AU)

Assessment Of Ergonomic Risk Level And Working Performance Of Pre-Cast Construction Workers In Sabah

@#A cross-sectional study was conducted on 116 male pre-cast construction workers in Sipitang, Sabah to evaluate the association between Ergonomic Risk Level exposure and their working performances for 6 months (June to November 2014). Initially, a structured interview using a modified-Standardized Nordic Questionnaire was conducted on each study subject to determine the prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). The results showed that 93 out of 116 subjects (80.17%) complained of experiencing ache, pain or body discomfort during and after work with high percentage of MSDs prevalence affecting the wrist (78.5%), shoulder (73.1%), and lower leg (71.0%) regions of the body. Pictures and videos of workers performing their routine tasks were analyzed using Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) tool to generate individual Ergonomic Risk Level classification. The results showed that all subjects were exposed to Medium (56.90%), High (29.31%) and Very High (13.79%) level of Ergonomic Risk. Pearson Correlation and One-way ANOVA test was conducted to determine the association between Ergonomic Risk Level and the subjects’ individual working performances. The results indicated that there was a significant negative association between Ergonomic Risk Level and the workers' performances in terms of tendency to work overtime (p<.001, r=-.55) and the frequency of taking unpaid leaves (p=.038, r=.56). In conclusion, continuous exposure to significant Ergonomic Risk Level among the pre-cast construction workers has triggered the development of MSDs which eventually affected their working performances.

Effectuality of Cleaning Workers' Training and Cleaning Enterprises' Chemical Health Hazard Risk Profiling

BACKGROUND: Goal-oriented communication of risk of hazards is necessary in order to reduce risk of workers' exposure to chemicals. Adequate training of workers and enterprise priority setting are essential elements. Cleaning enterprises have many challenges and the existing paradigms influence the risk levels of these enterprises. METHODS: Information on organization and enterprises' prioritization in training programs was gathered from cleaning enterprises. A measure of enterprises' conceptual level of importance of chemical health hazards and a model for working out the risk index (RI) indicating enterprises' conceptual risk level was established and used to categorize the enterprises. RESULTS: In 72.3% of cases, training takes place concurrently with task performances and in 67.4% experienced workers conduct the trainings. There is disparity between employers' opinion on competence level of the workers and reality. Lower conceptual level of importance was observed for cleaning enterprises of different sizes compared with regional safety delegates and occupational hygienists. Risk index values show no difference in risk level between small and large enterprises. CONCLUSION: Training of cleaning workers lacks the prerequisite for suitability and effectiveness to counter risks of chemical health hazards. There is dereliction of duty by management in the sector resulting in a lack of competence among the cleaning workers. Instituting acceptable easily attainable safety competence level for cleaners will conduce to risk reduction, and enforcement of attainment of the competence level would be a positive step.

Review of Qualitative Approaches for the Construction Industry: Designing a Risk Management Toolbox

OBJECTIVES: This paper presents the framework and protocol design for a construction industry risk management toolbox. The construction industry needs a comprehensive, systematic approach to assess and control occupational risks. These risks span several professional health and safety disciplines, emphasized by multiple international occupational research agenda projects including: falls, electrocution, noise, silica, welding fumes, and musculoskeletal disorders. Yet, the International Social Security Association says, "whereas progress has been made in safety and health, the construction industry is still a high risk sector." METHODS: Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) employ about 80% of the world's construction workers. In recent years a strategy for qualitative occupational risk management, known as Control Banding (CB) has gained international attention as a simplified approach for reducing work-related risks. CB groups hazards into stratified risk 'bands', identifying commensurate controls to reduce the level of risk and promote worker health and safety. We review these qualitative solutions-based approaches and identify strengths and weaknesses toward designing a simplified CB 'toolbox' approach for use by SMEs in construction trades. RESULTS: This toolbox design proposal includes international input on multidisciplinary approaches for performing a qualitative risk assessment determining a risk 'band' for a given project. Risk bands are used to identify the appropriate level of training to oversee construction work, leading to commensurate and appropriate control methods to perform the work safely. CONCLUSION: The Construction Toolbox presents a review-generated format to harness multiple solutions-based national programs and publications for controlling construction-related risks with simplified approaches across the occupational safety, health and hygiene professions.