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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Social distancing has led to lifestyle changes among older adults during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to estimate the prevalence risk of sarcopenia (RS) and investigate its associated factors during the COVID-19 pandemic in older Brazilian adults. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional observational analysis of baseline data as part of the Remobilize Study. METHODS: Participants in the study were older adults (≥ 60 years), excluding those who were bedridden or institutionalized. The data collected consisted of answers about the RS (SARC-F), functional status, walking, sedentary behavior (SB), pain, comorbidity, and life space mobility. RESULTS: A total of 1,482 older adults (70 ± 8.14 years, 74% women) participated in the study, and an RS prevalence of 17.1% was found. (95% confidence interval [CI] 15.25-19.15%). The adjusted multivariate model showed a significant association between RS and functional limitation (odds ratio [OR]: 19.05; CI 13.00-28.32), comorbidity (OR: 5.11; CI 3.44-7.81), pain (OR: 4.56; CI 3.33-6.28), total walking (OR: 0.99; CI 0.99-1.00), SB of 8-10 hours (OR: 1.85; CI 1.15-2.93), and SB of > 10 hours (OR: 3.93; CI 2.48-6.22). RS was associated with mobility during the pandemic (OR: 0.97; CI 0.96-0.98). P < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: During the pandemic, the prevalence of RS in older Brazilians was estimated at 17.1%. Moderate to severe functional limitation, comorbidities, presence of pain, walking, longer SB period, and reduced life space mobility significantly contributed to RS in older adults during the pandemic.
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Objective:To analyze the correlation among nutritional status, sarcopenia and frailty in elderly inpatients with chronic cardiovascular disease.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in a total of 147 patients aged 65-88 years old who were hospitalized for chronic cardiovascular disease between September 2018 and February 2019. Nutritional status was assessed by mini nutritional assessment short form (MNA-SF), frailty by FRAIL scale and sarcopenia by criteria from Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 Consensus Update on Sarcopenia Diagnosis and Treatment. The prevalence and overlapping prevalence of nutritional status, frailty and sarcopenia were analyzed, as well as the influence of nutritional status on frailty and sarcopenia.Results:The mean age was 74.45 (range: 65-88). The prevalence was 25.9% (38/147) for risk of malnutrition, 1.4% (2/147) for malnutrition, 37.4% (55/147) for risk of sarcopenia, 6.8% (10/147) for sarcopenia, 55.8% (82/147) for pre-frailty and 10.2% (15/147) for frailty. When stratified by disease, the subgroup with chronic heart failure showed the highest prevalence of malnutrition risk, sarcopenia risk, sarcopenia and frailty (66.7%, 50%, 16.7% and 50.0%, respectively). The prevalence of sarcopenia risk and sarcopenia increased with age. Age was negatively correlated with calf circumference ( r = -0.219, P = 0.008), grip strength ( r = -0.307, P < 0.01) and walking speed ( r = -0.390, P < 0.01) and was positively correlated with the five times sit-to-stand test time ( r = 0.406, P < 0.01). The prevalence of frailty also increased with age and age was positively correlated with the FRAIL score ( r = 0.232, P = 0.005). As for stratification based on BMI, the majority (63.9%) patients were overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 24.0) and the prevalence of malnutrition risk in this subgroup was 20.2% (19/94). The prevalence of malnutrition risk in patients with normal BMI was 32.0% (16/50). The subgroup with BMI < 18.5 were either at malnutrition risk or with malnutrition. MNA-SF score was positively correlated with BMI ( r = 0.334, P < 0.01). The prevalence of sarcopenia risk and sarcopenia in patients with BMI ≥ 24.0 kg/m 2 was 23.4% (22/94) and 2.1% (2/94), that in normal BMI subgroup was 62.0% (31/50) and 14.0% (7/50), and that in BMI < 18.5 subgroup was 66.7% (2/3) and 33.3% (1/3). BMI was positively correlated with calf circumference ( r = 0.659, P < 0.01) and ASMI ( r = 0.367, P < 0.01). The overlapping prevalence of sarcopenia risk/sarcopenia and malnutrition risk/malnutrition was 13.6% (20/147), that of pre-frailty/frailty and malnutrition risk/malnutrition was 21.8% (32/147), and that of sarcopenia risk/sarcopenia and pre-frailty/frailty was 26.5% (39/147). The overlapping prevalence of sarcopenia risk/sarcopenia, malnutrition risk/malnutrition and pre-frailty/frailty was 10.9% (16/147). MNA-SF score was negatively correlated with FRAIL score ( r = -0.316, P < 0.01). The prevalence of pre-frailty/frailty in the malnutrition risk/malnutrition group was higher than that in the subgroup with normal nutritional status (80.0% vs. 60.7%, χ 2 = 4.808, P = 0.028). The prevalence of sarcopenia risk/sarcopenia in the malnutrition risk/malnutrition group tended to be higher than that in the subgroup with normal nutritional status (50.0% vs. 33.6%, χ 2 = 3.302, P = 0.069). Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of pre-frailty/frailty was 2.585 (95% CI: 1.087 to 6.147) times higher in the malnutrition risk/malnutrition group. Conclusions:The prevalence and overlapping prevalence of malnutrition risk, pre-frailty and sarcopenia risk was high in the elderly inpatients hospitalized for chronic cardiovascular disease. Patients with malnutrition risk/malnutrition had a higher incidence of pre-frailty/frailty and required close attention.