RESUMEN
Introducción: con el desarrollo de la sociedad y los cambios en el estilo de vida, las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la primera causa de muerte en el mundo y en Cuba. Son prevenibles si se actúa sobre sus factores de riesgo cardiovasculares, que se estratifican estimando el riesgo cardiovascular global. Se engloba los principales factores en tablas, que determinan la probabilidad de presentar una enfermedades cardiovasculares en 5 o 10 años. La edad vascular se calcula a partir del riesgo cardiovascular global. Es una herramienta útil para motivar a los pacientes a eliminar los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares. Por lo anterior, los autores se propusieron revisar referentes teóricos del riesgo cardiovascular global y la edad vascular. Materiales y métodos: se desarrolló una búsqueda en la Biblioteca Virtual de Infomed. Fueron revisados 231 trabajos científicos sin limitación de año y país, seleccionándose 49. Desarrollo: se caracterizaron 14 tablas que calculan el riesgo cardiovascular global, a partir del estudio de Framingham. En Cuba, fueron utilizadas las clásicas de Framingham, Organización Mundial de la Salud, Sociedad Internacional de Hipertensión y Gaziano sin laboratorio. La edad vascular de un individuo, es igual a la edad que tendría una persona con igual riesgo cardiovascular global, pero con todos los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares en niveles normales. Esto tiene una gran carga emocional que conlleva a que el paciente tome medidas preventivas. Conclusiones: las tablas que estratifican el riesgo cardiovascular global, deben ser ajustadas a la realidad epidemiológica de cada país. De las tablas utilizadas en Cuba, la de Gaziano sin laboratorio es la más factible de aplicar. La edad vascular es una forma fácil de comunicar el riesgo de sufrir unas enfermedades cardiovasculares.
Background: with the society development and changes in life style, cardiovascular diseases are the first cause of death in the world and in Cuba. They could be preventable if acting on their cardiovascular risk factors that are stratified estimating the global cardiovascular risk. The main factors are summed up in tables, determining the possibility of presenting a cardiovascular disease in 5 or 10 years. Cardiovascular age is calculated on the basis of the global cardiovascular risk. It is a useful tool for motivating patients to eliminate the cardiovascular risk factors. For all the before said, the authors planed to review theoretical referents of the global cardiovascular risk and the vascular age. Materials and Methods: it was carried out a search in the Virtual Library of Infomed. 231 works were reviewed without year or country limitation, selecting 49 of them. Development: there they were characterized 14 tables calculating the global cardiovascular risk factor, beginning from Framinghan study. In Cuba, it were used the classic ones of Framinghan, World Health Organization, International Society of Hypertension and Gaziano without laboratory teats. An individual’s vascular age is the same as it would be the age of a person with one and the same global vascular risk, but with all the cardiovascular risk factors at normal levels. This has a great emotional load leading the patient to take preventive measures. Conclusions: the tables stratifying the global cardiovascular risk should be adjusted to the epidemiologic reality of each country. Of all the tables used in Cuba, Gaziano´s without laboratory test is the most workable one. Vascular age is an easy form of communicating the risk of suffering cardiovascular diseases.
RESUMEN
Objetivo: determinar cuál de las tablas de riesgo cardiovascular y factores de riesgo, está más relacionada con la resistencia a la insulina en los adultos sobrepesos y obesos. Métodos: se estudiaron 350 pacientes sobrepesos u obesos de edades comprendidas entre los 19 y 70 años. Se les aplicó un cuestionario, que incluyó: edad, sexo, color de piel, hábitos tóxicos, práctica de actividad física y medicamentos utilizados. Las particularidades del examen físico realizado fueron: peso, talla, índice de masa corporal, tensión arterial, circunferencias de cintura y cadera e índice cintura-cadera. Los exámenes bioquímicos realizados fueron: glucosa, insulina, colesterol, triglicéridos y HDL-c en ayunas. La resistencia a la insulina fue evaluada mediante el índice de cálculo modelo homeostático de Mathews. Se utilizaron las tablas de Framingham, de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y las de Gaziano para medir el riesgo cardiovascular. Resultados: al comparar la frecuencia de riesgo cardiovascular según las tablas utilizadas, se observó que el riesgo moderado y alto, según Gaziano, fue superior al encontrado por Framingham y la Organización Mundial de la Salud (20,6 por ciento [72/350] vs. 2,9 por ciento [10/350] y 3,7 por ciento [13/350]). La frecuencia de resistencia a la insulina se distribuyó de manera similar para todas las tablas de riesgo cardiovascular. Cuando se analizó la relación entre la resistencia a la insulina y cada factor de riesgo cardiovascular, predominaron los triglicéridos elevados (68,7 por ciento), seguido por el colesterol ³ 5,2 mmol/L (60,2 por ciento), el índice de masa corporal ³ 30 (59,0 por ciento) y la hipertensión (59,5 por ciento). La sensibilidad de identificar resistencia a la insulina para cada tabla de riesgo cardiovascular, se comportó de manera uniforme en todas, sin embargo, las tablas según Gaziano, presentaron mayor especificidad (43,0 por ciento). Con relación a la sensibilidad y especificidad de la resistencia a la insulina para cada factor de riesgo cardiovascular, el índice de masa corporal ³ 30 mostró una alta especificidad (74,5 por ciento). Conclusiones: se aconseja utilizar las tablas de Gaziano debido a que detectaron un mayor número de individuos con riesgo cardiovascular, además de mostrar mayor especificidad en identificar sujetos con resistencia a la insulina. La obesidad y la hipertrigliceridemia fueron los factores de riesgo cardiovascular que más se asociaron con la resistencia a la insulina, y deben ser tomados en cuenta para el inicio de intervenciones terapéuticas, con el fin de evitar la aparición de enfermedad cardiovascular(AU)
Objective: to determine the cardiovascular risk and risk factor table that is most associated with the insulin resistance in overweight and obese patients. Methods: three hundred fifty overweight and obese patients, aged 19 to 70 years, were studied. They were questioned about age, sex, race, toxic habits, physical exercising and pharmaceutical consumption. The details of the physical exam included weight, size, body mass index, blood pressure, waist and hip circumference, waist-hip index. The biochemical exams were glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL-C on fasting. Mathews' homeostatic model estimation index served to evaluate the insulin resistance. The WHO table, the Framingham table and Gaziano table sere used to measure the cardiovascular risk. Results: the comparison of the cardiovascular risk frequency according to the tables showed that the moderate and the high risks in Gaziano table were higher than those of the Framingham and of the World Health Organization (20.6 percent [72/350] vs. 2.9 percent [10/350] and 3.7 percent [13/350]). The insulin resistance frequency was similar in all the cardiovascular risk tables. In the analysis of the relations between the insulin resistance and each cardiovascular risk factor, increased triglyceride indexes prevailed (68.7 percent) followed by cholesterol index of ³ 5.2 mmol/L (60.2 percent), body mass index of ³ 30 (59.0 percent) and hypertension (59,5 percent). The sensitivity of detection of insulin resistance observed in each cardiovascular risk table was similar; however, Gaziano tables showed higher specificity (43 percent). As to the sensitivity and specificity of the insulin resistance for each cardiovascular risk factor, the body mass index of ³ 30 yielded the highest specificity (74.5 percent). Conclusions: it is advisable to use Gaziano tables because they detected a higher number of individuals with cardiovascular risks, in addition to their higher specificity to detect subjects with insulin resistance. Obesity and hypertriglyceridemia were the cardiovascular risk factors most associated to the insulin resistance, so they should be taken into account to start therapeutic intervention in order to prevent the onset of some cardiovascular diseases(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Adolescente , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Resistencia a la Insulina/fisiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , Obesidad , HipertrigliceridemiaRESUMEN
Objective To evaluate the feasibility of European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) risk tables in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer in Chinese patients.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the data from 185 patients with non-muscle invaaive urothelial bladder cancer from January 2003 to February 2009. Among the 185 patients, 128 patients were stage Ta compared with 57 patients who were stage T1. There were 87, 53 and 45 patients with grade G1, G2 and G3 respectively. Transurethral resection of the bladder tumor was performed on all the patients and all the patients received routine post-operative intravesical instillation. A telephone interview follow-up was conducted on all the patients, and the average follow-up period was 36 months. EORTC risk tables were used to calculate risk scores for recurrence and progression for each patient. The recurrence and progression rates of different risk groups were recorded and compared with the estimated rates by EORTC risk table. Statistical analysis was used for comparison. ResultsTotal 1-year recurrence rate and progression rate for these patients were 25.9% and 3.8% respectively. According to calculated values of the patients, the 1-year recurrence rates of Group 0, Group 1-4, Group 5-9, Group 10-17 were 10.4%(5/48), 21. 5%(14/65), 35. 2% (19/54), 55.6%(10/18), respectively. The 1-year progression rates of Group 0, Group 2-6, Group 7-13, Group 14-23 were 0% (0/43), 1.5% (1/67), 6. 7% (4/60), 13. 3% (2/15). There was no significant difference between the real rates and estimated rates of the EORTC risk tables (P＞0. 05). However,the 1-year recurrence and progression rates between the low risk group, the medium risk group and the high risk group showed significant differences respectively (P ＜ 0. 05 ). Conclusions The EORTC risk tables are feasible to evaluate the recurrence and progression risk of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer in the present cohort. Nevertheless, the long term value and feasibility need more research to confirm.
RESUMEN
Objective To Validate the prognostic significance of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) risk tables in Chinese patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Methods According to the scoring standard of the EORTC system, 225 NMIBC patients were reviewed and divided into 3 groups: low, intermediate and high risk groups for recurrence and progression respectively. The probabilities of recurrence and progression at 1 year and 5 year for each group were calculated using life-table analysis and then compared with the EORTC risk tables. Log-Rank test and multivariable analysis were used to analyze the possible differences between risk groups and to find independent prognostic factors. Results For low (n= 32, 25), intermediate (n=109, 128) and high (n=84, 72) risk groups, the probabilities of recurrence and progression at 1 year were 15. 1%, 31.2%, 55.5% and 0. 3%, 2. 0%, 15.5% respectively. The probabilities at 5 year were 28. 2%, 55.2%, 75.0% and 1.4%, 12.9%, 54. 7%. All the results were similar to that of EORTC tables except the probability of progression at 5 year for the high progression risk group.The differences between different risk groups were significant (P＜0.01). In a multivariable analysis for recurrence and progression, the EORTC scores had independent significance (P＜0.01). Conclusions EORTC risk tables could stratify NMIBC patients effectively according to the risk of recurrence and progression. It could be a useful tool for Chinese urologists.