Sexismo e representações do feminino nos romances literários: influências na idealização de relacionamentos amorosos / Sexismo y representaciones de lo femenino en las novelas literarias: influencias en la idealización de las relaciones amorosas / Sexism and representations of the female in literary novels: influences on the idealization of love relationships

Resumo: Esta pesquisa pretendeu discutir representações do feminino e o sexismo em romances literários e sua relação com uma possível idealização de relacionamentos amorosos. Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica discutindo sexismo, psicologia, feminismo e arte, e foram analisados um romance russo do século XIX, "Anna Kariênina" (Liev Tolstói, 1877/2017), e dois romances norte-americanos do século XXI: "Belo Desastre" (Jamie McGuire, 2011) e "É Assim que Acaba" (Colleen Hoover, 2016), a fim de comparar as representações do feminino. Concluiu-se que as características sexistas nos romances literários não necessariamente reforçam o sexismo na idealização de relacionamentos amorosos, porém há essa possibilidade quando a representação é romantizada pela obra. Ademais, destacaram-se vantagens na presença de criticidade no próprio romance, por possibilitar a conscientização acerca do assunto. Portanto, reafirma-se a importância de questionar os padrões de gênero, especialmente entre os meios midiáticos, haja vista os riscos em relações pautadas pelo sexismo.

Resumen: Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo discutir las representaciones de lo femenino y el sexismo en las novelas literarias y su relación con una posible idealización de las relaciones románticas. Se realizó una investigación bibliográfica discutiendo sexismo, psicología, feminismo y arte, y se analizaron una novela rusa del siglo XIX, "Anna Kariênina" (Liev Tolstói, 1877/2017), y dos novelas estadounidenses del siglo XXI, "Maravilloso desastre" (Jamie McGuire, 2011) y "Romper el círculo" (Colleen Hoover, 2016), con el fin de comparar las representaciones del femenino. Se concluyó que las características sexistas en las novelas no necesariamente refuerzan el sexismo en la idealización de relaciones románticas, pero esta posibilidad existe cuando la representación es romantizada por la novela. Además, se destacaron ventajas de la presencia de criticidad en la propria novela, ya que permite sensibilizar sobre el tema. Por ello, se reafirma la importancia de cuestionar los estándares de género, especialmente entre los medios de comunicación, dados los riesgos de las relaciones guiadas por el sexismo.

Abstract: This research aimed to discuss representations of the feminine and sexism in literary novels and their relationship with a possible idealization of romantic relationships. A bibliographical research was carried out to discuss sexism, psychology, feminism and art, and a 19th century Russian novel, "Anna Karenina" (Liev Tolstói, 1877/2017), and two 21st century North American novels, "Beautiful Disaster" (Jamie McGuire, 2011) and "It Ends With Us" (Colleen Hoover, 2016) were analyzed in order to compare female representations of the feminine. It was concluded that sexist characteristics in literary novels do not necessarily reinforce sexism in the idealization of romantic relationships, but this possibility exists when the representation is romanticized by the novel. Furthermore, advantages were highlighted in the presence of criticality in the novel itself, as it makes it possible to raise awareness about the subject. Therefore, the importance of questioning gender standards is reaffirmed, especially among the media, given the risks in relationships guided by sexism.

Social media jealousy and life satisfaction in romantic relationships: mediation role of communication skills / Celos en redes sociales y satisfacción en relaciones románticas: papel mediador de las habilidades comunicativas

Abstract Objective. The main aim of this study is to examine the mediation role of communication skills in the relationship between social media jealousy and life satisfaction in individuals with romantic relationships. Method. The sample group of the study consisted of a total of 445 individuals who have a romantic relationship, 228 females and 217 males aged from 18 to 31 in the period of emerging adulthood. The mean age of participants in the study was 23.49 (SD = 3.29). In order to gather data Social Media Jealousy Scale, Life Satisfaction Scale and Communication Skills Scale. Results. According to the findings of the study, social media jealousy negatively predicted life satisfaction. The main focus and other important finding of the study was that communication skills mediated the relationship between social media jealousy and life satisfaction. This study emphasises the mediating role of communication skills between social media jealousy and life satisfaction in individuals with romantic relationships and suggests that developing and strengthening communication skills. This study points to an important area in terms of understanding and improving the effects of social media interactions on emotional experience and life satisfaction.

Resumen Objetivo. El objetivo principal de este estudio es examinar el papel mediador de las habilidades comunicativas en relación con los celos en las redes sociales y la satisfacción vital en individuos con relaciones románticas. Método. El grupo de muestra del estudio consistió en un total de 445 individuos que mantienen una relación romántica, 228 mujeres y 217 hombres con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 31. La edad media de los participantes en el estudio era de 23.49 años (DT = 3.29). Para la recolección de datos, se utilizaron la Escala de Celos en las Redes Sociales, la Escala de Satisfacción Vital y la Escala de Habilidades Comunicativas. Resultados. Según los resultados del estudio, los celos de las redes sociales predijeron negativamente la satisfacción vital. El principal hallazgo fue que las habilidades comunicativas mediaron la relación entre los celos en los medios sociales y la satisfacción vital. Este estudio subraya el papel mediador de las habilidades de comunicación entre los celos de los medios sociales y la satisfacción vital en individuos con relaciones románticas y recomienda el desarrollo y fortalecimiento de las habilidades de comunicación. Este estudio apunta a un área importante en términos de comprensión y mejora de los efectos de las interacciones de los medios sociales en la experiencia emocional y la satisfacción vital.

Ter alguém com quem contar: A percepção de adolescentes acerca do amor e do suporte do(a) parceiro(a) amoroso(a) / Have somebody to count on: Adolescents' perception about love and support from a romantic partner

Embora interações com amigos e parceiros amorosos ganhem importância na adolescência, ainda há controvérsias acerca da profundidade e da qualidade da vinculação amorosa. Buscou-se avaliar a percepção de setenta adolescentes gaúchos (12 a 18 anos), de escolas públicas e privadas de Porto Alegre e Canoas/RS, acerca do amor e do suporte do(a) parceiro(a) amoroso(a), e verificar suas associações com características sociodemográficas. Aplicou-se individualmente, em sala de aula, um questionário de dados sociodemográficos, o Inventário de Qualidade dos Relacionamentos Interpessoais e a Escala Triangular do Amor ­ Versão Reduzida. Os dados obtidos foram digitados em planilha no SPSS e analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e correlacional (Correlação de Spearman e comparação entre grupos via teste de Mann-Whitney, considerando as variáveis gênero, faixa etária, renda familiar, religião, escolaridade e presença ou não de relação sexual). Os adolescentes perceberam seus relacionamentos como importantes, considerando-os boa fonte de suporte, apresentando altos índices de intimidade, paixão e comprometimento e baixo nível de conflito. Encontrou-se associação positiva entre comprometimento e profundidade e intimidade e suporte, assim como entre maior idade e maior comprometimento. Ter relacionamento sexual associou-se a maior percepção de conflito e paixão. Os relacionamentos amorosos mostraram ser fonte de suporte para o desenvolvimento saudável desses adolescentes.

Although interactions with friends and romantic relationships become important during adolescence, there is still controversy about the depth and quality of adolescents' attachment to their romantic partners. The present study aimed to evaluate the adolescents' perception of love and their romantic partner's support, as well as to verify its possible associations with sociodemographic characteristics. Seventy adolescents (12 to 18 years old) from South Brazil, enrolled in public and private schools of Porto Alegre and Canoas/RS, fulfilled individually, at school, a sociodemographic data questionnaire, the Quality of Relationships Inventory and the Triangular Love Scale ­ Reduced Version. The collected data were entered into a spreadsheet in SPSS. Descriptive and correlational statistics analysis were performed (Spearman correlation and comparison between groups via Mann-Whitney test, considering the variables gender, age group, family income, religion, education level, and the presence or absence of sexual intercourse). The adolescents perceived their romantic relationships as important, as a good source of support, showing high levels of intimacy, passion and commitment, and low levels of conflict. A positive association was found between commitment and depth, and intimacy and support, as well as higher age and more advanced levels of commitment. Having a sexual relationship was associated with a higher perception of conflict and passion. Romantic relationships proved to be a source of support for the healthy development of these adolescents.

Desarrollo de Escala sobre Celos Románticos en Redes Sociales (Facebook y Whatsapp) / Development of the Social Networking Sites (Facebook and Whatsapp) Romantic Jealousy Scale

Resumen El propósito de este trabajo fue desarrollar y validar psicométricamente una escala para medir celos románticos en Facebook y WhatsApp, asimismo se buscó evidencia de que los reactivos no tuvieran un funcionamiento diferencial por sexo mediante análisis de invarianza factorial. Se trabajó con dos grupos de participantes de la Ciudad de México, 300 para un análisis factorial exploratorio y 300 para un análisis factorial confirmatorio y prueba de invarianza. Se encontró una estructura con 24 reactivos, adecuada confiabilidad (α = .96) correcto ajuste [χ2 (246) = 433.99, p <.01; CF1 = .99; RMSEA = .05] e invarianza factorial por sexo, por lo que se concluye que la escala es confiable y válida y permite comparación por sexo sin sesgos de medición.

Abstract The purpose of this work was to develop and psychometrically validate a Scale to measure romantic jealousy on Facebook and WhatsApp, also evidence of non-differential function of the items by sex is presented in the form of a factorial invariance test. Two groups of Participants from Mexico City worked on, 300 for an exploratory factor analysis and 300 for confirmatory factor analysis and invariance testing. A structure was found with 24 items, adequate reliability (α .96) corrects fit [χ2 (246) = 433.99, p <.01; CF1 = .99; RMSEA = .05] and factorial invariance by sex, so it is concluded that the Scale is reliable, valid, and allows sex comparison by sex without bias due to measurement.

Coping with Transgressions by the Romantic Partner: An Inventory Validation and its Correlation with Forgiveness / Afrontamiento ante las Transgresiones de la Pareja: Validación de un Inventario y su Relación con el Perdón

Abstract Almost every person has to deal with transgressions committed by a romantic partner and faces their negative psychological outcomes, and coping strategies might be key to understanding post-transgression dynamics and forgiveness. We tested the construct validity of the Inventory of Strategies for Coping with a Partner's Transgression which include the emotion (E-FCS), problem (P-FCS), and meaning-focused coping strategies (M-FCS) scales. Results replicated the factor structure of each of the three scales through confirmatory factor analysis techniques, tested its reliability with the McDonald's omega coefficient, and then correlated the scales with forgiveness and resentment, strengthening its construct validity. In general, the validity and reliability of scales were confirmed. Emotion-focused strategies showed a negative correlation with forgiveness, while problem and meaning-focused strategies had a positive correlation. These findings were discussed in the context of theory and their practical implications.

Resumen Las personas tienden a lidiar con transgresiones cometidas por su pareja y enfrentar sus consecuencias psicológicas aversivas, por lo que las estrategias de afrontamiento pueden ser clave para la dinámica post-transgresión, y el perdón. Validamos tres escalas para medir estrategias de afrontamiento ante las transgresiones cometidas por la pareja: Estrategias enfocadas en la emoción (E-FCS), el problema (P-FCS) y el sentido (M-FCS). Los resultados muestran que las estructuras factoriales se replicaron en mediante análisis factoriales confirmatorios, se puso a prueba su confiabilidad mediante el coeficiente omega de McDonald, y finalmente se correlacionaron con el perdón y resentimiento, fortaleciendo su validez de constructo. En general los resultados muestran evidencia de validez de constructo y confiabilidad, en general los factores de la E-FCS se correlacionaron negativamente con al perdón, mientras que de P-FCS Y M-FSC lo hicieron positivamente. Se discuten los hallazgos a la luz de la teoría, y sus implicaciones prácticas.

Vinculação amorosa, conflitos interparentais e sintomatologia psicopatológica: contribuição para os conflitos no namoro em jovens adultos / Romantic attachment, interparental conflicts and psychopathologic symptoms: The contribution for dating conflicts in young adults

Resumo. Objetivo. Analisar em que medida a qualidade da vinculação amorosa, a presença de sintomatologia psicopatológica e os conflitos interparentais predizem os conflitos no namoro em jovens adultos. Método. A amostra foi constituída por 505 indivíduos, 366 (72.5%) do sexo feminino, com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 25 anos (M = 20.59; DP = 1.78). Resultados. Os resultados apontam que conflitos interparentais, a sintomatologia psicopatológica e a ambivalência na vinculação amorosa predizem negativamente estratégias de resolução não abusivas no namoro. As estratégias de resolução abusivas e os comportamentos violentos no namoro são preditos positivamente pela sintomatologia psicopatológica, conflitos interparentais e a ambivalência na vinculação amorosa. O sexo feminino associou-se às resoluções não abusivas, enquanto o sexo masculino se associou à resolução de conflitos abusivos e comportamentos violentos.

Abstract. Objective. This study aims to analyze to what extent the quality of the romantic attachment, the presence of psychopathological symptoms, and the inter-parental conflicts predict dating conflicts in young adults. Method. The sample comprised 505 individuals, 366 (72.5%) females, aged between 18 and 25 (M = 20.59; SD = 1.78). Results. The results indicate that interparental conflict, psychopathological symptomatology, and ambivalence in romantic attachment negatively predict non-abusive resolution strategies in dating. Abusive coping strategies and dating violence were positively predicted by psychopathological symptoms, inter-parental conflicts, and dating attachment ambivalence. These were also negatively predicted by interpersonal sensitivity and trust in the romantic attachment. Females were associated with non-abusive conflict resolution strategies, whereas males were associated with abusive conflict resolution strategies and violent behaviors.

Amor, sexualidade, fluidez e incerteza entre os jovens: Uma comparação entre homens e mulheres / Love, sexuality, fluidity and uncertainties among young people: A comparison between men and women / Amor, sexualidad, fluidez e incertidumbre entre jóvenes: una comparación entre hombres y mujeres

Resumo Este artigo avalia as relações afetivas/sexuais entre jovens, procurando identificar eventuais resquícios do chamado "amor romântico" a partir da comparação entre os gêneros. Entre outros, trabalhamos com valores, expectativas e comportamentos relacionados a temas diversos, tais como: amizade, casamento, família, desejo de ter filhos, reconhecimento profissional, perspectiva de permanência, estabilidade, machismo, individualismo, fluidez das relações, fidelidade. Para isso, utilizamos uma amostra de 1.282 respostas recebidas de alunos heterossexuais da Universidade de Brasília. Em geral, verificamos uma grande variação na opinião dos alunos. No entanto, ela não decorre da diferença entre gêneros: alunos e alunas apresentaram-se muito parecidos entre si.

Abstract This article evaluates the affective/sexual relations among young people, seeking to identify possible remnants of the so-called "romantic love", from the comparison between genders. Among other things, we work with values, expectations and behaviors related to several topics, such as: friendship, marriage, family, the desire to have children, professional recognition, perspective of permanence, stability, machismo, individualism, fluidity of relationships, fidelity. And for this matter, we analyzed a sample of 1,282 responses received from heterosexual students from the University of Brasília. In general, we found a wide dispersion in students´s opinions. However, it does not result from the difference between genders: male and female students presented themselves very similar to each other.

Resumen Este artículo evalúa las relaciones afectivas / sexuales entre jóvenes, buscando identificar posibles remanentes del llamado "amor romántico", a partir de la comparación entre géneros. Entre otros, trabajamos con valores, expectativas y comportamientos relacionados con diferentes temas, tales como: amistad, matrimonio, familia, deseo de tener hijos, reconocimiento profesional, perspectiva de permanencia, estabilidad, machismo, individualismo, fluidez de relaciones, lealtad, etc. Para esto, utilizamos una muestra de 1.282 respuestas recibidas de estudiantes heterosexuales de la Universidad de Brasilia. En general, encontramos una gran dispersión en la opinión de los estudiantes. Sin embargo, no resulta de la diferencia entre géneros: los estudiantes masculinos y femeninos se presentaron muy similares entre sí.

Traditional gender roles translating into behaviors within adolescents' romantic relationships / Roles tradicionales de género traducidos en comportamientos en las relaciones románticas de los adolescentes / Papéis tradicionais de gênero que se traduzem em comportamentos nas relações românticas dos adolescentes

Abstract While several studies suggest that traditional gender ideologies are strongly embedded in Latino populations, little is known about the way they operate in adolescent's romantic relationships. This mixed-methods study was carried out with adolescents in Cuenca, Ecuador. In the quantitative component, we assessed adolescents' support for traditional gender ideologies in a sample of 562 adolescents (n = 309 girls). It was identified that the majority of adolescents were "uncritical" towards traditional ideologies involving masculinity (82%) and femininity (79%). In the qualitative component, the narratives of a sample of 20 adolescents reflected existing discourses on traditional gender roles and revealed how these ideologies are translated into specific behaviors. In this context, romantic relationships can become negative and dysfunctional spaces that affect adolescents' development.

Resumen Si bien varios estudios han sugerido que las ideologías de género tradicionales están fuertemente arraigadas en las poblaciones latinas, aún se sabe poco sobre la forma en que estas operan en las relaciones románticas de los adolescentes. Este estudio de método mixto se realizó con adolescentes de Cuenca en Ecuador. En el componente cuantitativo, evaluamos el apoyo a las ideologías tradicionales de género en una muestra de 562 adolescentes (n = 309 niñas). Se encontró que la mayoría de los adolescentes podrían ser clasificados como «acríticos¼ hacia las ideologías tradicionales de masculinidad (82%) y feminidad (79%). En el componente cualitativo, las narrativas de una muestra de 20 adolescentes reflejaron los discursos existentes sobre los roles tradicionales de género y revelaron cómo estos se traducen en comportamientos específicos. En este contexto, las relaciones románticas pueden convertirse en espacios negativos y disfuncionales que pueden afectar el desarrollo de los adolescentes.

Resumo Embora vários estudos tenham sugerido que as ideologias tradicionais de gênero são fortemente endossadas nas populações latinas, ainda pouco se sabe sobre a forma como operam nas relações românticas dos adolescentes. Este estudo de métodos mistos foi realizado com adolescentes de Cuenca, no Equador. No componente quantitativo, avaliamos o endosso de ideologias tradicionais de gênero em uma amostra de 562 adolescentes (n = 309 meninas). Verificouse que a maioria dos adolescentes pode ser classificada como "acrítica" em relação às ideologias tradicionais de masculinidade (82%) e feminilidade (79%). No componente qualitativo, as narrativas de uma amostra de 20 adolescentes refletiram os discursos existentes sobre os papéis tradicionais de gênero e revelaram como estes se traduzem em comportamentos específicos. Nesse contexto, os relacionamentos amorosos podem se tornar espaços negativos e disfuncionais que podem afetar o desenvolvimento dos adolescentes.

Ciúme romântico: Analisando o papel preditor dos Cinco Grandes Fatores e da Tríade Sombria da Personalidade / Romantic jealousy: Analysing the predictive role of Big Five and Dark Triad of Personality

O presente estudo objetivou explorar as relações entre os Cinco Grandes Fatores (CGF), a Tríade Sombria da Personalidade (TSP) e as diferentes dimensões que compõem o ciúme romântico. Participaram deste estudo 283 pessoas, com idades variando entre 18 a 58 anos (Midade = 25,04; DPidade = 7,64; 70,9% mulheres). Estes responderam instrumentos que avaliavam os CGF (Ten-Item Personality Inventory) e a TSP (Dirty Dozen) e as diversas dimensões do ciúme romântico (i.e., cognitivo, emocional e comportamental; Multidimensional Jealousy Scale), assim como questões sociodemográficas e interpessoais. No geral, verificou-se que a base de personalidade do ciúme romântico é formada pela confluência de altos escores em neuroticismo e narcisismo. Tais relações são consistentes, mesmo controlando o efeito de covariáveis (e.g., sexo, satisfação com o relacionamento). Os resultados podem ensejar futuras pesquisas que objetivem traçar um perfil psicológico de pessoas que podem apresentar níveis mais intensos e perigosos do ciúme romântico, possibilitando implementar estratégias interventivas para reduzir tais respostas desadaptativas.

This study aimed to explore the association between the Five-factor Model (FFM), the Dark Triad of Personality (DTP), and the different dimensions that make up romantic jealousy. Two-hundred and eighty-three people participated in this study, with ages varying from 18 to 58 years old (Mage = 25.04; SDage = 7.64; 70.9% women). Participants responded to instruments that evaluated the FFM (Ten-Item Personality Inventory), the DTP (Dirty Dozen) and the different dimensions of romantic jealousy (i.e., cognitive, emotional and behavioural; Multidimensional Jealousy Scale), as well as sociodemographic and interpersonal questions. Overall, we found that the personality basis of romantic jealousy is formed by the confluence of high scores on neuroticism and narcissism. Such relationships are consistent, even controlling for the effect of covariates (e.g., sex, satisfaction with the relationship). The results may stimulate future research that aims to describe the psychological profile of those who present more intense and dangerous variations of romantic jealousy, which may facilitate intervention strategies to reduce such maladaptive responses.

Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Confianza Diádica en personas gays y lesbianas en pareja / Psychometric Properties of the Dyadic Trust Scale in Gay and Lesbian People with a Partner

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Confianza Diádica (ECD, Larzelere & Huston, 1980) en personas gays y lesbianas de Chile. Para ello, se evaluó una muestra de 360 personas chilenas gay o lesbianas involucradas en una relación de pareja. Los datos obtenidos proporcionan evidencia de que el instrumento se ajusta de manera aceptable a una estructura unidimensional y que es invariante entre personas gay y lesbianas. Adicionalmente, se identificó que posee una consistencia interna adecuada, así como una asociación inversa entre los niveles de confianza diádica y la ansiedad y evitación del apego. En conclusión, la ECD posee propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para la evaluación de la confianza diádica en personas gays y lesbianas en el contexto chileno.

Abstract The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Chilean version of the Dyadic Trust Scale (DTS, Larzelere & Huston, 1980). For this purpose, a sample of 360 Chilean gay or lesbian people involved in a couple relationship was evaluated. The data obtained provide evidence that the instrument conforms acceptably to a unidimensional structure and scores are invariant between gay and lesbian persons. Additionally, it has adequate internal consistency, as well as an inverse association between levels of dyadic trust and attachment anxiety and avoidance. In conclusion, the ECD has adequate psychometric properties for the assessment of dyadic trust in gay and lesbian persons in the Chilean context.

El Amor romántico y sus mitos en Colombia: una revisión sistemática / The Romantic Love and Related Myths in Colombia: A Systematic Review

Resumen Introducción: En Colombia, la violencia de pareja es una importante causa de agresión contra las mujeres. Sus principales detonantes son el machismo, los celos y la infidelidad. Algunas investigaciones señalan que los "mitos románticos" podrían contribuir a esta violencia, al reafirmar roles de género desiguales y patriarcales. Método: El trabajo es una revisión sistemática cualitativa, orientada a sintetizar los estudios empíricos sobre el amor romántico en Colombia. Siguiendo el protocolo Prisma, la muestra estuvo conformada por los artículos de mayor impacto, publicados en bases de datos especializadas de ciencias sociales, con énfasis en la psicología, se seleccionaron 26 estudios. Resultados: Los resultados señalan que los mitos románticos se encuentran relacionados con la violencia de pareja. En particular, los celos y la infidelidad constituyen los detonantes prioritarios de la agresión. Conclusión: Se concluye que el marco de creencias sociales sobre el amor en la cultura colombiana es fuertemente patriarcal, marco que se sustenta en un relacionamiento desigual, dominador y controlador entre los sexos, conducente a la violencia en la pareja.

Abstract Introduction: In Colombia, domestic violence is an important cause of aggression against women with machoism, jealously, and infidelity being the key triggers. Some research indicates that romantic love and related myths may be contributing factors towards the emergence or persistence of domestic violence, as they reaffirm unequal and patriarchal gender roles. Method: This work is a systematic review aimed to synthase the empirical studies about romantic love in Colombia. Following the Prisma protocol, the sample was made up of high-impact articles published in specialized databases about social science with a focus on psychology and 26 were selected. Results: The results pointed that in the Colombian context, the romantic myths are found related to domestic violence, and jealousy and infidelity appearing as signs of aggression. Conclusion: It is concluded that the background of the social beliefs about romantic love in the Colombian culture is highly patriarchal, holding is an unequal, dominating and controlling relationship between the sexes that conduces the gender violence in relationships

Emotional interdependence: the key to studying extrinsic emotion regulation

The literature on extrinsic emotion regulation or the intention to modify other people's emotions has grown in recent years, accompanied by proposals in which its definition is made more precise, the way to understand it in relation to other related processes is delimited, and the consequences of its use in the quality of close relationships are evidenced. Conceptual reviews on this topic recognize the importance of examining the affect and dyadic dynamics that arise between those who regulate each other extrinsically. This dynamic refers to emotional interdependence, the potential of the members of a dyad to shape each other's emotions reciprocally, particularly in those who share a close bond, such as that of a romantic couple. There is little theoretical development regarding the relevance of this characteristic in relation to EER. This article has two objectives: (1) to make a narrative synthesis of the characteristics that define EER and (2) to expand and complexify the existing model by including the emotional interdependence as a vital component in the understanding of the functioning of EER. Lastly, the role of emotional interdependence in the emergence, maintenance, and satisfaction concerning couple relationships is made explicit through phenomena such as shared reality. (AU)

Violencia en las relaciones románticas y tipología familiar en jóvenes universitarios / Violence in romantic relationships and family typology in young university students

Resumen La violencia en el noviazgo durante la juventud se transcribe en un problema social de gran importancia en razón al impacto y consecuencias que conlleva para la vida, incluyendo el hecho de ser un fuerte predictor de la violencia en la adultez. El propósito del presente estudio fue identificar la relación entre las conductas violentas en el noviazgo, la tipología familiar y algunos factores sociodemográficos, en una muestra de jóvenes universitarios de la Sabana de Bogotá. Para tal fin se realizó un estudio cuantitativo de corte transversal, con un diseño de tipo descriptivo correlacional a una muestra de 515 estudiantes universitarios de cinco instituciones de educación superior de la región sabana de Bogotá, con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 25 años. Dentro de los hallazgos, para la muestra en estudio, se encontraron relaciones entre dichos factores de violencia y algunas tipologías familiares y los factores sexo y nivel socioeconómico. En conclusión, variables como la edad, el nivel socioeconómico y la tipología familiar se relacionan con la presentación de algunos tipos de violencia presentada durante el noviazgo.

Abstract Dating violence during youth transforms into a social problem of great importance because of its impact and consequences for life, including the fact that it is a strong predictor of violence in adulthood. The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between dating violence, family typology and some sociodemographic factors in a sample of young university students from the Bogota savanna. To this end, a cross-sectional quantitative study was carried out with a descriptive correlational design on a sample of 515 university students from five higher education institutions in the Bogotá savanna region, aged between 18 and 25 years. Among the findings, for the sample under study, relationships were found between these factors of violence and some family typologies and the sex and socioeconomic level factors. In conclusion, variables such as age, socioeconomic level and family typology are related to the appearance of some types of dating violence.

Desarrollo afectivo-sexual en las personas con trastornos del espectro autista / Affective-sexual development in people with autistic spectrum disorders

Los trastornos del espectro autista (TEA) son trastornos del neurodesarrollo que afectan la comunicación social y que presentan patrones de conducta repetitiva, estereotipada o/y inflexible. Un tercio de los casos diagnosticados de TEA tienen discapacidad intelectual y 2/3 una capacidad intelectual dentro de la norma. Los síntomas nucleares de autismo y otros asociados pueden afectar el desarrollo afectivo-sexual. En este artículo se expone qué dificultades en el desarrollo afectivo-sexual pueden presentar las personas con TEA y cuáles son las más frecuentemente descritas. Se propone de una manera breve, guías dirigidas a la evaluación y a la ayuda para un desarrollo afectivo-sexual satisfactorio en las personas con autismo-TEA.

Autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders that affect social communication and present repetitive, stereotyped and inflexible behaviour. A third of the people with a diagnosis of ASD also have intellectual disability associated and two thirds present an intellectual capacity within the average range. The nuclear autistic and others associated symptoms can affect the affective and sexual development. This article exposes which are the problems people with ASD present in the affective and sexual development, the most frequently described and brief guides for evaluation and support for an adequate affective-sexual development in people with ASD.

Estilos de apego parental y dependencia emocional en las relaciones románticas de una muestra de jóvenes universitarios en Colombia / Parental attachment styles and emotional dependence in the romantic relationships of a sample of university students in Colombia

Resumen El presente estudio tuvo como propósito identificar la relación entre los estilos de apego parental y la dependencia emocional en las relaciones románticas de un grupo de jóvenes universitarios en Colombia. Es un estudio cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo correlacional. La muestra a conveniencia fue de 500 estudiantes universitarios pertenecientes a 15 ciudades de Colombia, de la cual 34,2 % fueron hombres y 65,8 % mujeres entre los 18 y los 25 años. El cuestionario de recolección de datos estuvo conformado por 81 preguntas a partir de los siguientes instrumentos: datos sociodemográficos, Inventario de Apego con Padres y Pares modificado (IPPA modificado) y, Cuestionario de Dependencia Emocional (CDE). Se encuentra una correlación positiva entre los estilos de apego parental y la dependencia emocional en las relaciones románticas de los jóvenes que componen la muestra, así como una correlación positiva entre el nivel socioeconómico y la variable sexo en las manifestaciones de dependencia emocional dentro de la relación romántica.

Abstract The purpose of the research was to identify the relationship between parental attachment styles and emotional dependence in the romantic relationships of a group of university students in Colombia. This is a quantitative study of descriptive correlational type. The sample selected, a convenience one, was 500 university students, of which 34.2 % were men and 65.8 % women between 18 and 25 years. The data collection questionnaire consisted of 81 questions. The questions were based on the following instruments: sociodemographic data, Parental Attachment Inventory (IPPA); Emotional Dependency Questionnaire (CDE). We found that there is a positive relationship between parental lifestyles and emotional dependence in romantic relationships, young people, the components, the sample, as well as the positive relationship between socioeconomic status and gender in the manifestations of emotional dependence within the romantic relationship.

Evaluación de la asociación entre el estilo de apego parental y los celos románticos en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios colombianos / Evaluation of the association between the style of parental attachment and the romantic jealouses in a colombian college student sample

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la relación entre el estilo de apego parental y los celos románticos en un grupo de jóvenes universitarios colombianos entre los 18 y 25 años. Participaron de manera voluntaria 614 jóvenes, 421 mujeres (69%) y 193 hombres (31%), con una relación de pareja vigente de más de seis meses de duración. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Inventario de Apego con Padres y Pares (IPPA, Armsden y Greenberg, 1987, adaptada por Rocha, Benítez, De-Irala, sin publicar), con el cual se evaluó el apego parental con respecto a su cuidador primario, y la Escala Interpersonal de Celos (Mathes y Severa, 1981, adaptada por Martínez-León, Mathes, Avendaño, Peña y Sierra, 2018) con la cual se midieron los celos románticos en la relación de pareja de los participantes. Los resultados mostraron que en la variable estrato socioeconómico nivel medio (estratos 3 y 4) existe una relación significativa (p = .023) la cual indica que, en esta muestra específica, el estilo de apego parental está asociado con el nivel de los celos románticos en la relación de pareja.

Abstract The objective of the present study is to analyze the relationship between parental attachment style and romantic jealousy in a group of Colombian students between 18 and 25 years old. Volunteers participated 614 young people, 421 (69%) women and 193 (31%) men, with a current relationship of more than six months. The instruments used were the Inventory of Attachment with Parents and Peers (IPPA, Armsden y Greenberg, 1987, adapted by Rocha, Benítez, De-Irala, unpublished), with which assessed parental attachment with respect to their primary caregiver, and the Interpersonal Scale of Jealousy (Mathes & Severa, 1981, adapted by Martínez-León, Mathes, Avendaño, Peña and Sierra, 2018), with which was measured romantic jealousy in the couple's relationship of the participants. The results showed that in the variable socioeconomic mid-level (strata 3 and 4) there is a significant relationship (p = .023) which indicates that, in this specific sample, the Parental attachment style is associated with the level of romantic jealousy in the couple's relationship.

Abuso online en el noviazgo y su relación con el abuso del móvil, la aceptación de la violencia y los mitos sobre el amor / Cyber dating abuse and its association with mobile abuse, acceptance of violence and myths of love

Resumen El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la prevalencia y las diferencias en la frecuencia y cronicidad del abuso online en el noviazgo de acuerdo con distintas variables sociodemográficas. Además, se analiza su relación con los mitos del amor romántico, el abuso del móvil y la aceptación de la violencia. Usando una muestra de 1657 estudiantes universitarios, los resultados revelaron que el 43.3% de los encuestados fueron perpetradores y el 42% víctimas de al menos un comportamiento de abuso online en el noviazgo durante los últimos doce meses. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en el abuso online de acuerdo con el sexo, la edad, la orientación sexual, ingresos medios anuales familiares y el nivel educativo de los padres. Final mente, los resultados revelaron una relación significativa entre el abuso online en el noviazgo con el abuso del móvil, los mitos del amor romántico, y la aceptación de la violencia.

Abstract The present study aimed to analyze the prevalence, and the differences in the fre quency and chronicity of cyber dating abuse according to different sociodemographic variables. Additionally, the relationship of cyber dating abuse with the myths of romantic love, mobile abuse and acceptance of violence was analyzed. Using a sample of 1,657 university students, the results revealed that 43.3% of the respondents were perpetrators and 42% were victims of at least one behavior of dating online abuse during the last 12 months. Significant differences were found in cyber dating abuse according to sex, age, sexual orientation, family income and parent's educational level. Finally, the results revealed a significant relationship between cy ber dating abuse, mobile abuse, the myths of romantic love, and the acceptance of violence.

Rabindranath Tagore’s Shyamoli : A Unity of Romantic Imagination

Rabindranath Tagore was a great humanitarian and a romantic poet as well. Tagore holds a highest position in the realm ofBengali poetry. He has written many romantic poems in his carrier. Among them ‘Shyamoli’ is the most important. In thiscollection of poems, ‘Shyamoli’, Tagore has drawn a marvellous picture of romanticism as well as of romantic emotion. In thepoetry like ‘Manasi’, ‘Prabhat Sangit’ the idealism about love has been reflected in an unique way. In ‘Shyamoli’ the grown up hindof Rabindranath Tagore has recognized an identified love in a more matured way. In it love and tragedy have been lingted up in amost beautiful way. In the realm og Tegorian poetry ‘Shyamoli’ has turned into a monument of love.

Dès les relations avec les parents à la relation conjugale: la continuité et la discontinuité des modèles d'attachement / Do relacionamento com os pais para o relacionamento romântico: continuidade e descontinuidade dos modelos de apego / From the relationship with parents to the romantic relationship: continuity and discontinuity of attachment models / De la relación con los padres para la relación romántica: continuidad y discontinuidad de los modelos de apego

Résumé Le but de cette étude a été de vérifier la relation entre les représentations d'attachement vis-à-vis des parents et aux partenaires lors des situations de stress relationnel. Un entretien semi-structuré focalisé sur les représentations d'attachement a repéré les représentations d'attachement des figures d'attachement de soixante adultes. Les résultats ont indiqué une certaine similitude entre les représentations d'attachement par rapport aux parents et les représentations d'attachement associées aux partenaires des individus qui ont vécu des situations de stress relationnel. Cette similitude a été plus systématique vis-à-vis de la mère et au premier partenaire amoureux. Il semble que, lorsque l'insécurité d'attachement par rapport aux parents et partenaires prévaut, les représentations d'attachement des relations vécues avec les parents peuvent être éveillées à l'occasion de stress relationnel.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a relação entre representações de apego aos pais e parceiros amorosos quando situações relacionais estressantes emergem. Uma entrevista semi-estruturada focada em representações de apego foi utilizada com sessenta adultos. Os resultados indicaram uma certa semelhança entre as representações de apego em relação aos pais e aos parceiros amorosos que viviam stress relacional. Esta semelhança foi mais sistematica em relação a mãe e o primeiro parceiro amoroso. Parece que, quando a insegurança do apego aos pais e parceiros prevalece, as representações de apego internalizadas desde as relações vividas com os pais podem ser reativadas por ocasião da experiência de stress relacional.

The purpose of this study was to verify the relationship between attachment representations associated to parents and romantic partners when experiencing relational stress. A semi-structured interview focused on attachment representations was used for this purpose and was applied to sixty adults. The results indicated similarities between attachment representations regarding to parents and to individuals experiencing stress within their romantic relationship. These similarities were more systematic among representations associated with mothers and with the first significant partners. It seems that, when insecurity of attachment was internalized from parental relationship, this pattern could be reactivated on romantic relationships.

El propósito de este estudio fue verificar la relación entre las representaciones de apego a los padres y los parejas amorosas cuando sugen situaciones emocionales estresantes. Una entrevista semiestructurada se centró en las representaciones de apego en relación a las figuras de apego de sessenta adultos. Los resultados indican una cierta similitud entre las representaciones de apego a los padres y parejas de las personas que vivieron estrés relacional. Esta semejanza fue más sistemáticamente entre la madre y la primera pareja romántica. Parece que, cuando prevalece la inseguridad del apego a los padres y parejas, las representaciones de apego internalizadas desde la relación con los padres puede volver a se despertar en una relación amorosa especialmente cuando la pareja vive situaciones de estrés relacional.

Social skills, empathy, love, and satisfaction in the family life cycle / Habilidades sociais, empatia, amor e satisfação no ciclo vital familiar

This study verified the predictive relationships between social skills, beliefs about love and marital satisfaction in the family life cycle. The participants of this study were 446 married adults, of both sexes, living in the metropolitan area of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The explanatory variables that contributed most to the marital satisfaction of men were passion, proactive self-control, decision/commitment, and for women they were commitment, affective sensitivity, decision/commitment, and passion. It was concluded that the dimensions related to love constructs were more explanatory of marital satisfaction, except at the stage of couples with small children whose social skills were more prominent. These results may contribute to preparatory programs and therapies related to marital life.

Este estudo verificou as relações preditivas entre habilidades sociais, empatia, amor e satisfação conjugal no ciclo vital familiar. Os participantes deste estudo foram 446 adultos casados, de ambos os sexos, residentes na região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro/RJ. As variáveis explicativas que mais contribuíram para a Satisfação Conjugal de homens foram a Paixão, o Autocontrole Proativo e a Decisão/Compromisso; e, para as mulheres, o Compromisso, a Sensibilidade Afetiva, a Decisão/Compromisso e a Paixão. Concluiu-se que as dimensões do construto do amor foram mais explicativas da Satisfação Conjugal no ciclo familiar geral, exceto na etapa de casais com filhos pequenos, em que habilidades sociais foram mais proeminentes. Esses resultados podem contribuir para programas preparatórios e terapias relativas à vida conjugal.