Sexismo e representações do feminino nos romances literários: influências na idealização de relacionamentos amorosos / Sexismo y representaciones de lo femenino en las novelas literarias: influencias en la idealización de las relaciones amorosas / Sexism and representations of the female in literary novels: influences on the idealization of love relationships

Resumo: Esta pesquisa pretendeu discutir representações do feminino e o sexismo em romances literários e sua relação com uma possível idealização de relacionamentos amorosos. Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica discutindo sexismo, psicologia, feminismo e arte, e foram analisados um romance russo do século XIX, "Anna Kariênina" (Liev Tolstói, 1877/2017), e dois romances norte-americanos do século XXI: "Belo Desastre" (Jamie McGuire, 2011) e "É Assim que Acaba" (Colleen Hoover, 2016), a fim de comparar as representações do feminino. Concluiu-se que as características sexistas nos romances literários não necessariamente reforçam o sexismo na idealização de relacionamentos amorosos, porém há essa possibilidade quando a representação é romantizada pela obra. Ademais, destacaram-se vantagens na presença de criticidade no próprio romance, por possibilitar a conscientização acerca do assunto. Portanto, reafirma-se a importância de questionar os padrões de gênero, especialmente entre os meios midiáticos, haja vista os riscos em relações pautadas pelo sexismo.

Resumen: Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo discutir las representaciones de lo femenino y el sexismo en las novelas literarias y su relación con una posible idealización de las relaciones románticas. Se realizó una investigación bibliográfica discutiendo sexismo, psicología, feminismo y arte, y se analizaron una novela rusa del siglo XIX, "Anna Kariênina" (Liev Tolstói, 1877/2017), y dos novelas estadounidenses del siglo XXI, "Maravilloso desastre" (Jamie McGuire, 2011) y "Romper el círculo" (Colleen Hoover, 2016), con el fin de comparar las representaciones del femenino. Se concluyó que las características sexistas en las novelas no necesariamente refuerzan el sexismo en la idealización de relaciones románticas, pero esta posibilidad existe cuando la representación es romantizada por la novela. Además, se destacaron ventajas de la presencia de criticidad en la propria novela, ya que permite sensibilizar sobre el tema. Por ello, se reafirma la importancia de cuestionar los estándares de género, especialmente entre los medios de comunicación, dados los riesgos de las relaciones guiadas por el sexismo.

Abstract: This research aimed to discuss representations of the feminine and sexism in literary novels and their relationship with a possible idealization of romantic relationships. A bibliographical research was carried out to discuss sexism, psychology, feminism and art, and a 19th century Russian novel, "Anna Karenina" (Liev Tolstói, 1877/2017), and two 21st century North American novels, "Beautiful Disaster" (Jamie McGuire, 2011) and "It Ends With Us" (Colleen Hoover, 2016) were analyzed in order to compare female representations of the feminine. It was concluded that sexist characteristics in literary novels do not necessarily reinforce sexism in the idealization of romantic relationships, but this possibility exists when the representation is romanticized by the novel. Furthermore, advantages were highlighted in the presence of criticality in the novel itself, as it makes it possible to raise awareness about the subject. Therefore, the importance of questioning gender standards is reaffirmed, especially among the media, given the risks in relationships guided by sexism.

Coping with Transgressions by the Romantic Partner: An Inventory Validation and its Correlation with Forgiveness / Afrontamiento ante las Transgresiones de la Pareja: Validación de un Inventario y su Relación con el Perdón

Abstract Almost every person has to deal with transgressions committed by a romantic partner and faces their negative psychological outcomes, and coping strategies might be key to understanding post-transgression dynamics and forgiveness. We tested the construct validity of the Inventory of Strategies for Coping with a Partner's Transgression which include the emotion (E-FCS), problem (P-FCS), and meaning-focused coping strategies (M-FCS) scales. Results replicated the factor structure of each of the three scales through confirmatory factor analysis techniques, tested its reliability with the McDonald's omega coefficient, and then correlated the scales with forgiveness and resentment, strengthening its construct validity. In general, the validity and reliability of scales were confirmed. Emotion-focused strategies showed a negative correlation with forgiveness, while problem and meaning-focused strategies had a positive correlation. These findings were discussed in the context of theory and their practical implications.

Resumen Las personas tienden a lidiar con transgresiones cometidas por su pareja y enfrentar sus consecuencias psicológicas aversivas, por lo que las estrategias de afrontamiento pueden ser clave para la dinámica post-transgresión, y el perdón. Validamos tres escalas para medir estrategias de afrontamiento ante las transgresiones cometidas por la pareja: Estrategias enfocadas en la emoción (E-FCS), el problema (P-FCS) y el sentido (M-FCS). Los resultados muestran que las estructuras factoriales se replicaron en mediante análisis factoriales confirmatorios, se puso a prueba su confiabilidad mediante el coeficiente omega de McDonald, y finalmente se correlacionaron con el perdón y resentimiento, fortaleciendo su validez de constructo. En general los resultados muestran evidencia de validez de constructo y confiabilidad, en general los factores de la E-FCS se correlacionaron negativamente con al perdón, mientras que de P-FCS Y M-FSC lo hicieron positivamente. Se discuten los hallazgos a la luz de la teoría, y sus implicaciones prácticas.

Ciúme romântico: Analisando o papel preditor dos Cinco Grandes Fatores e da Tríade Sombria da Personalidade / Romantic jealousy: Analysing the predictive role of Big Five and Dark Triad of Personality

O presente estudo objetivou explorar as relações entre os Cinco Grandes Fatores (CGF), a Tríade Sombria da Personalidade (TSP) e as diferentes dimensões que compõem o ciúme romântico. Participaram deste estudo 283 pessoas, com idades variando entre 18 a 58 anos (Midade = 25,04; DPidade = 7,64; 70,9% mulheres). Estes responderam instrumentos que avaliavam os CGF (Ten-Item Personality Inventory) e a TSP (Dirty Dozen) e as diversas dimensões do ciúme romântico (i.e., cognitivo, emocional e comportamental; Multidimensional Jealousy Scale), assim como questões sociodemográficas e interpessoais. No geral, verificou-se que a base de personalidade do ciúme romântico é formada pela confluência de altos escores em neuroticismo e narcisismo. Tais relações são consistentes, mesmo controlando o efeito de covariáveis (e.g., sexo, satisfação com o relacionamento). Os resultados podem ensejar futuras pesquisas que objetivem traçar um perfil psicológico de pessoas que podem apresentar níveis mais intensos e perigosos do ciúme romântico, possibilitando implementar estratégias interventivas para reduzir tais respostas desadaptativas.

This study aimed to explore the association between the Five-factor Model (FFM), the Dark Triad of Personality (DTP), and the different dimensions that make up romantic jealousy. Two-hundred and eighty-three people participated in this study, with ages varying from 18 to 58 years old (Mage = 25.04; SDage = 7.64; 70.9% women). Participants responded to instruments that evaluated the FFM (Ten-Item Personality Inventory), the DTP (Dirty Dozen) and the different dimensions of romantic jealousy (i.e., cognitive, emotional and behavioural; Multidimensional Jealousy Scale), as well as sociodemographic and interpersonal questions. Overall, we found that the personality basis of romantic jealousy is formed by the confluence of high scores on neuroticism and narcissism. Such relationships are consistent, even controlling for the effect of covariates (e.g., sex, satisfaction with the relationship). The results may stimulate future research that aims to describe the psychological profile of those who present more intense and dangerous variations of romantic jealousy, which may facilitate intervention strategies to reduce such maladaptive responses.

Prediction of relationship quality by social isolation and its matching in college couples / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the relationship between social isolation ( SI) and relationship quality(RQ) of college couples at individual and matching level. Methods The SI and average RQ of 187 college couples were surveyed,and a quadratic polynomial regression with response surface analysis was used to conduct the cross-sectional study. Results The scores of SI were ( 1.81± 0.89) in males and ( 1.71 ± 0.80) in females,while the score of average RQ was ( 5.34 ± 0.89).SI had a negative linear correlation (male:r＝－0.21,P＜0.01; female:r＝－0.17,P＜0.05) and a U-shaped correlation (male:β＝0.163,P＜0.01;female:β＝0.186,P＜0.01) with RQ.When SI of the two partners was similar,their matching predicted RQ negatively (β＝－0.62,P＜0.01) and had a U-shaped correlation (β＝0.25,P＜0.01) with RQ,but when they were not,their matching only had a U-shaped correlation (β＝0.45,P＜0.01) with RQ.Conclusion Individ-uals in a relationship or couples may have higher RQ when SI is high.When the couple’s SI is quite differ-ent,the bigger the difference,the higher RQ might be.

Mediating effect of marital attitude on relationship between self-esteen and romantic satisfaction in college students / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To investigate the mediating effect of marital attitude on the relation between self-esteem and romantic relationship satisfaction in college students.Methods:Totally 342 college students in love were assessed with the Self-esteem Scale (SES),Marital Attitude Scale (MAS) and Quality of Relationship Index (QRI).The Bootstrap method was used to explore the mediating roles of marital attitude between self-esteem and romantic relationship satisfaction.Results:There were significantly positive correlations among the scores of SES,MAS and QRI (r =022-0.95,Ps ＜ 0.01).Self-esteem could directly predict college students'romantic relationship satisfaction (β =0.45,95 ％ CI:0.27-0.63),and had significant positive predictability to college students romantic relationship satisfaction when the marital attitude was controlled (β =0.17,95％ CI:0.08-0.29).Conclusion:It suggests that marital attitude may have a partial mediating effect between self-esteem and romantic relationship satisfaction in college students.

Aspectos não explícitos das representações sociais da beleza física em relacionamentos amorosos / Non-explicit aspects of social representations of physical beauty in romantic relationships

A beleza física é considerada um atributo importante nas relações interpessoais e atração interpessoal. Em se tratando de relacionamentos amorosos, pode apresentar conflitosentre as normas socialmente partilhadas e opiniões não expressas. O presente estudo objetivou investigar a existência de uma zona muda das representações sociais da beleza física em contexto de estabelecimento de relacionamentos amorosos. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo e comparativo, de recorte transversal e amostragem intencional. Participaram 120 pessoas,distribuídos de modo equivalente entre homens e mulheres, 60 deles fazendo parte do grupo que atua como modelo fotográfico, e outros 60 com indivíduos que cursam o ensino superior na área de Ciências Exatas ou Tecnológicas. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se um questionário online autoadministrado, com respostas abertas e fechadas. Foi composto da seguinte forma: a)descrição de um personagem fictício, contendo informações sobre sua personalidade, aspectos físicos e como se relaciona em relacionamentos amorosos; b) definição do sexo do personagem; c) teste de evocação; d) técnica de substituição e) questões sócio-demográficas. Realizou-seanálise estatística descritiva e relacional, com auxílio do SPSS 17.0. Utilizou-se o software Evocation 2005 para realizar a análise do teste de evocação e de substituição. A zona muda da representação social da beleza indicou que os participantes tanto a consideram abertamente como um atributo central no estabelecimento de relações amorosas, quanto percebem que outras pessoas consideram da mesma forma...

Physical beauty is considered an important attribute in interpersonal relationships and interpersonal attraction. When it comes to love relationships, may present conflicts between socially shared norms and unexpressed opinions. The present study aimed to investigate theexistence of a zone of change social representations of physical beauty in the context of establishing loving relationships. We perform a comparative and descriptive study, bsed on crosssectional data obtained by purposive sampling. Out of 120 participants, 60 are men and 60 arewomen. Moreover, 60 are professional photo models and 60 attend to higher education on Exact or Technological Sciences. We utilized a self administered with open and close questions. Was composed as follows : a) description of a fictional character , containing information about your personality , physical aspects and how it relates to romantic relationships ; b ) definition of the sex of the character ; c ) evocation test; d ) replacement technique and ) socio- demographicquestions. We use a several methods to analysis the data: the descriptive and relational statistics analysis in made thorough the software SPSS 17.0, and the evocation and frequency analysisthrough Evocation. The mute zone of beauty social representation indicated that the participants professedly consider it of fundamental importance for the establishment of romanticrelationships. They also realize that other people consider the physical beauty the same way...

O amor na internet: um encontro amoroso de um adolescente / Love on the internet: a teenager’s date

Neste artigo discutem-se as possibilidades que as redes sociais introduzem na vida amorosa de adolescentes. As novas tecnologias de comunicação influenciam a subjetividade, assim como mudam hábitos de vida e os modos de as pessoas se relacionarem, incluindo-se as relações amorosas. A adolescência é um momento decisivo na vida em que o sujeito procura estratégias para assegurar uma marca de identificação, sendo os amigos sua principal fonte para tal. A busca pelo parceiro amoroso é também fundamental, e as novas ofertas de instrumentos para tal devem impactar ações, pensamentos e imaginários. A partir do relato de caso publicado, trabalharam-se neste texto as conexões entre internet, adolescência e construção de relações amorosas. Observou-se que a iniciação afetivo-sexual pode ser facilitada pela internet, pois com ela os adolescentes podem dar maior vazão às fantasias e se sentir mais livres, destituídos das barreiras que dificultam as relações. Entretanto, também estão presentes desafios inerentes aos relacionamentos amorosos, sejam presenciais ou virtuais

This article discusses the possibilities that social media brings to the love life of adolescents. New communication technologies have a major influence on subjectivity and change life habits and the way that people interact with each other, including romantic relationships. Adolescence is a decisive moment in the life of an individual, during which he or she looks for strategies to find an identification mark; in such phase, friends may be considered the main source of identification. The search for a love partner is also essential, and new instruments that contribute to this process impact actions, thoughts and imageries. Based on the case report presented in this text, the latter approaches the connections between internet, adolescence and construction of love relationships. Sexual-affective initiation may be facilitated by the internet, as it works as an outlet for an adolescent to make room for their fantasies and feel freer, overcoming barriers that make relationships difficult. However, challenges inherent to relationships – virtual or face-to-face – remain.

Relation of love resource and equivalence of love resource to romantic relationship quality / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objectives:To explore the effects of love resources and the lovers'resources equivalence on their romantic relationship quality.Methods:A sample of 203 pairs of lovers from 5 provinces and municipalities were selected(aged from 15 to 29).They were assessed with the Evaluation Form of Love Resources for Individual(EFL-RI)and the Scale of Relationship Perception Index for Unmarried People(RPUS)for the evaluation of the relation-ship between the love resource equivalence and the romantic relationship quality.The EFLRI was used to quantify the 12 individual love resources (the appearance of individual,stature,sexual health,health,personality,mental health,sense of responsibility,capacity,professional/occupation,education background,earning and family back-ground).The results included self-evaluation and peer-evaluation.Results:Self-assessment of responsibility between lovers and D-value of mental health were negatively correlated with the reported RPUS scores of both sides (r =-0.20 --0.33,Ps <0.05).The D-values of earning and family background were positively correlated with the re-ported RPUS scores of both sides (r =0.14 -0.25,Ps <0.05).Lovers'peer-evaluation of sexual health scores and the D-values of responsibility were negatively correlated with the reported RPUS scores of both sides (r =-0.25 --0.38,Ps <0.01.The D-values of professional/occupation and family background were positively correlated with the reported RPUS scores of males (r =0.20,0.18,Ps <0.05).Love resources(responsibility,sexual health,educa-tion background of males;appearance,personality,capacity of females )had positive predictability to males'repor-ted RPUS scores (β=0.14 -0.34),love resources(responsibility,appearance,personality,capacity,health of males and health,education background of females )had positive predictability to females'reported RPUS scores (β=0.14 -0.27).Conclusion:It suggests that the equivalence of responsibility resource has a positive influence for the quality of love relationship.The equivalence of family background resource has a negative effect for the quality of love relationship.

Causas y caracterización de las etapas del duelo romántico / Causes and Portrayal of Romantic Grief Stages

Aun cuando la experiencia romántica trae al individuo sensaciones agradables, perder al ser amado acarrea sentimientos de dolor, desesperación y enojo ante la decepción de afrontar una realidad en la cual las expectativas que habían sido colocadas en la ex pareja no resultaron posibles (Argyle & Furnham, 1983). Durante el duelo romántico, el individuo puede vivir bajo el tormento de la esperanza del retorno y por ende, la constante reactivación de emociones dolorosas (Zaragoza-Toscano, 2007). Para evaluar el curso que sigue el proceso de duelo en quienes han terminado una relación romántica, se aplicó a 833 participantes la Evaluación Tridimensional de Duelo Amoroso (Sánchez-Aragón & Retana-Franco, 2012). Se identificaron cuatro etapas: Negociación, Hostilidad, Desesperanza y Pseudo-Aceptación, las cuales se ven apoyadas por planteamientos teóricos anteriores. Se encontraron además diferencias en cuanto a su experiencia a partir de la causa del rompimiento, que señalan que quienes terminaron el vínculo a causa de infidelidad presentaron mayor hostilidad y desesperanza en comparación con otras razones como los desacuerdos o la falta de tiempo.

Although is known that romantic experience gives pleasant sensations to an individual, to live a romantic lost brings pain feelings, desperation and anger because deception in front of reality which prior expectations in the ex partner weren't possible to reach (Argyle & Furnham, 1983). During the romantic grief individual lives under the torment of hope and the possibility of living painful emotions constantly (Zaragoza Toscano, 2007). To evaluate the course of the grief process in those persons whose already finished their romantic relationship, we applied to 833 participants the Tridimensional Evaluation of Romantic Grief (Sánchez Aragón & Retana Franco, 2012). We identified four stages: Negotiation, Hostility, Hopelessness and Pseudo-Acceptance, which were supported by literature. We found some differences in the experience of the stages obtained due to the romantic grief reason. Specific findings show that infidelity provokes more hostility and hopelessness in comparison with other reasons as disagreements and lack of time.

Configurações e consequências de investimento afetivo em relacionamentos românticos / Configuration and affective consequences of investing in romantic relationships

O presente estudo busca compreender como diferentes configurações de investimento afetivo nos relacionamentos românticos associam-se com aspectos de qualidade conjugal eoutros construtos psicossocias, tais como crenças e habilidades sociais. Participaram, no total, 650 pessoas, sendo 310 (47,3%) do sexo masculino. A média de idade dos participantes foi de23,6 anos (DP = 6,9 anos). Entre os participantes do estudo, 283 (43,5%) declararam estarem envolvidos num relacionamento romântico no momento da pesquisa e 367 (56,5%) não estarmais envolvido com o parceiro(a) de relacionamento. Os resultados do estudo demonstram que níveis mais elevados de investimento afetivo associam-se a qualidade no relacionamento, a intimidade, a paixão, ao compromisso e a crenças de amor racionais e amistosas. Estes dados lançam luz sobre aspectos importantes do relacionamento romântico.

The present study aims to understand how different configurations of affectiveinvestment in romantic relationships are associated with aspects of marital quality and other psychosocial constructs, such as beliefs and social skills. Participated in the study 650 people, 310 (47.3%) were male participants. The average age of participants was 23.6 years (SD = 6.9 years). Among the participants, 283 (43.5%) reported being involved in a romantic relationship at the time of the survey and 367 (56.5%) reported being no longer involved in romantic relationship. The study results show that higher levels of affective investment are associated with maritalquality, intimacy, passion, commitment and beliefs of rational and friendly love. These data shed light on important aspects of romantic relationship.

Infidelid@de. com: infidelidade em relacionamentos amorosos mediados e não mediados pela Internet / Infidelity. com: infidelity in romantic relationships mediated and unmediated by Internet / Infidelid@d.com: infidelidad en las relaciones amorosas mediadas y no mediadas por Internet

A Internet oferece diversas oportunidades para que as pessoas se conectem e se relacionem, propiciando que pessoas se aproximem, favorecendo o estabelecimento de novos relacionamentos, mas também da infidelidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar as concepções de infidelidade de usuários de Internet que estavam em relacionamentos amorosos mediados pela Internet e em relacionamentos amorosos não mediados por ela. Participaram deste estudo quantitativo, com delineamento comparativo, 86 usuários de Internet de 18 a 55 anos, de 13 Estados brasileiros. As concepções dos aspectos que definem o que é considerado infidelidade para os participantes em relacionamentos mediados e não mediados pela Internet foram bastante parecidas, contudo os resultados apontaram que as pessoas que se relacionam amorosamente pela Internet revelam que a infidelidade se faz mais presente nesse contexto, especialmente pela falta de definição mais precisa de um contrato de exclusividade conjugal...

The Internet offers many opportunities for people to connect and socialize. In this sense, it provides these people a way of contacting each others, which favors the establishment of new relationships, but also of infidelity. This study aims to investigate the conceptions of infidelity among Internet users who were in romantic relationships mediated by the Internet and romantic relationships that are not mediated by the Internet. The study has a quantitative approach, with comparative design, with the participation of 86 Internet users, with ages from 18 to 55 from 13 Brazilian states. The conceptions of the aspects that define what is considered infidelity for participants in relationships mediated and unmediated by the Internet were quite similar, however the results indicated that people who have romantic relationships on the Internet reveal that infidelity is more present in this context, especially because of the lack of more precise definition of an exclusive marital contract...

La Internet ofrece muchas oportunidades para que las personas se conecten y se conozcan, permitiendo que se aproximen, favoreciendo el establecimiento de nuevas relaciones, pero también de la infidelidad. El objetivo de esta investigación fue conocer la percepción de la infidelidad entre los usuarios de Internet que tenían relaciones amorosas mediadas por la Internet y relaciones amorosas no mediadas por la Internet. Participaron de este estudio cuantitativo, con diseño comparativo, 86 usuarios de Internet de 18 a 55 años de 13 provincias brasileñas. La concepción de los aspectos que definen lo que se considera infidelidad para los participantes de relaciones mediadas y no mediadas por la Internet fueron bastante similares, sin embargo, los resultados indicaron que las personas que se relacionan amorosamente a través de Internet revelan que la infidelidad está más presente en este contexto, especialmente por la falta de una definición más precisa de un contrato de exclusividad conyugal...

Satisfacción en las relaciones de pareja en la adultez emergente: el rol del apego, la intimidad y la depresión / Satisfaction in intimate relationships in emerging adulthood: the role of attachment, intimacy and depression

Esta investigación se propone caracterizar las relaciones de pareja en el período de la adultez emergente, y establecer la relación entre la satisfacción con la relación de pareja y los estilos de apego, la presencia de síntomas depresivos y el miedo a la intimidad. Participaron 120 jóvenes entre 18 y 26 años, quienes contestaron un cuestionario autoadministrado. Los resultados indican que la satisfacción con la relación disminuye por el grado de ansiedad y el miedo a la intimidad. Existen similitudes entre las relaciones amorosas en la adultez emergente y las relaciones adultas en base a su compromiso y duración.

This research aims to characterize the relationships in the period of emerging adulthood, and establish the relationship between satisfaction with the relationship and attachment, the presence of depressive symptoms and fear of intimacy. Participants 120 young people, between 18 and 26 who answered a self-administered questionnaire. The results indicate that satisfaction with the relationship falls by the degree of anxiety and fear of intimacy. There are similarities between romantic relationships in emerging adulthood and adult relationships based on their commitment and duration.