Parasites of the Shiny Cowbird, Molothrus bonariensis, and the Austral Blackbird, Curaeus curaeus, (Passeriformes: Icteridae) in Chile / Parasitas do chupim Molothrus bonariensis e do pássaro-preto-austral Curaeus curaeus (Passeriformes: Icteridae) no Chile

Abstract Comparative studies of parasites in sympatric bird species have been generally scarce. Parasitic infection/transmission can be spread in a number of ways that suggests possible direct and indirect, horizontal transmission between avian hosts. In order to determine whether two sympatric icterids from Central and Southern Chile share their parasite fauna (ecto- and endoparasites), we examined parasites of 27 Shiny Cowbirds, Molothrus bonariensis, and 28 Austral Blackbirds, Curaeus curaeus, including individuals captured in the wild and carcasses. We found that Shiny Cowbirds were infected with the chewing lice Brueelia bonariensis, Philopterus sp. 1, the feather mites Amerodectes molothrus, Proctophyllodes spp. (species 1 and 2), and the helminths Mediorhynchus papillosus, Plagiorhynchus sp., Dispharynx nasuta and Tetrameres paucispina, while Austral Blackbirds had the chewing lice Myrsidea sp., Philopterus sp. 2, the feather mites Proctophyllodes sp. 3, Amerodectes sp., and three helminths: Anonchotaenia sp., Capillaria sp. and M. papillosus. The flea Dasypsyllus (Neornipsyllus) cteniopus was found only on the Austral Blackbird. The only parasite species shared by both icterids was the acanthocephalan M. papillosus, possibly due to their feeding on the same intermediate insect hosts. With the exception of B. bonariensis and Philopterus sp. 1 found on the Shiny Cowbird, all species reported in this study represent new parasite-host associations and new records of parasite diversity in Chile.

Resumo Estudos comparativos de parasitas em espécies de aves simpátricas são escassos. A infecção/transmissão de parasitas pode acontecer de diversas maneiras, incluindo possível transmissão direta, indireta ou horizontal entre as aves hospedeiras. Com o objetivo de determinar se dois icterídeos simpátricos do centro e sul do Chile compartilham a sua fauna parasitária (ecto- e endoparasitas), foram examinados os parasitas de 27 chupins Molothrus bonariensis e 28 pássaros-pretos-austral Curaeus curaeus, incluindo indivíduos capturados com rede de neblina e em carcaças. Nos chupins analisados, foram encontrados os piolhos de penas Brueelia bonariensis, Philopterus sp. 1, os ácaros Amerodectes molothrus, Proctophyllodes spp. (espécie 1 e 2), e os helmintos Mediorhynchus papillosus, Plagiorhynchus sp., Dispharynx nasuta e Tetrameres paucispina. Em contraste, os pássaros-pretos-austral estavam infectados com os piolhos Myrsidea sp., Philopterus sp. 2, os ácaros Proctophyllodes sp. 3, Amerodectes sp., e os helmintos Anonchotaenia sp., Capillaria sp. e M. papillosus. Adicionalmente, um espécime de pássaro-preto-austral estava parasitado pela pulga Dasypsyllus (Neornipsyllus) cteniopus. A única espécie de parasita que foi encontrada nas duas espécies de aves foi o acantocéfalo M. papillosus, possivelmente devido ao fato de que ambas as aves se alimentam dos insetos que são os hospedeiros intermediários deste parasita. Exceto os registros de B. bonariensis e Philopterus sp. 1 encontrados no chupim, todas as espécies reportadas neste estudo correspondem à novas associações de parasita/hospedeiro e novos registros para a diversidade parasitológica do Chile.

Differential Change in the Prevalence of the Ascaris, Trichuris and Clonorchis infection Among Past East Asian Populations

As we learn more about parasites in ancient civilizations, data becomes available that can be used to see how infection may change over time. The aim of this study is to assess how common certain intestinal parasites were in China and Korea in the past 2000 years, and make comparisons with prevalence data from the 20th century. This allows us to go on to investigate how and why changes in parasite prevalence may have occurred at different times. Here we show that Chinese liver fluke (Clonorchis sinensis) dropped markedly in prevalence in both Korea and China earlier than did roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) and whipworm (Trichuris trichiura). We use historical evidence to determine why this was the case, exploring the role of developing sanitation infrastructure, changing use of human feces as crop fertilizer, development of chemical fertilizers, snail control programs, changing dietary preferences, and governmental public health campaigns during the 20th century.

Survey on the internal parasites infection and control technique in albinism Marmota himalayana / 中国比较医学杂志

Objective To investigate the internal parasites infection in albino Marmota himalayan,and to provide a basis for seting up the quality standard of Marmota himalayana.Methods 21 wild albinism and 30 wild nomal Marmota himalayana from the same origin were detected by method as intestinal parasites in stool examination and serological testing, toxoplasma gondii and echinococcosis parasite infections of each animal, then detected the internal parasites and eggs under platoscope and microscope.Results The natural infectious rate of the roundworm in wild albinism and nomal Marmota Himalayana were respectively 71.4% (15 /21) and 66.7% (20 /30), using the exact probability method of inspection, there was no significant difference in the roundworm infection rate between two groups marmota; antibody test results of Serum toxoplasma gondii and Echinoocosis were negative.Application of albendazole and Ivermectin injection drug expelling and purification, effect to be trusted.Conclusions Monitoring results and the cure method can be used as an albino Himalayan marmot displacement experiment of animal parasite quality monitoring index and purification method.

Eliminación de estadios juveniles de Ascaris lumbricoides (Linneo, 1758) por via oral: Reporte de un caso y algunas consideraciones epidemiológicas / Elimination of juvenile stages of Ascaris lumbricoides (Linnaeus, 1758) by mouth: Report of a case and some epidemiological considerations

Ascariosis is a parasitic disease caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, a large geohelmint endemic in our country. At present, ascariosis is a rare infection in Chile. We present a case of an adult, resident of the Villa Alemana municipality, Valparaiso Region, who spontaneously expelled two juvenile nematodes by mouth. We review the manifestations produced by the larval and adult stages of this parasite including their diagnosis, treatment, and epidemiological considerations.

La ascariosis es una parasitosis provocada por Ascaris lumbricoides, el geo-helminto de mayor tamaño que afecta al ser humano en nuestro país. En Chile, la ascariosis es una infección poco frecuente en la actualidad. Se presenta el caso de un adulto residente en la comuna de Villa Alemana, Región de Valparaíso, que eliminó en forma espontánea dos ejemplares del nemátodo en estado juvenil por vía oral. Se revisan las manifestaciones producidas por este parásito en la fase larvaria y adulta, el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y algunas consideraciones epidemiológicas.

Ascariosis vía biliar intrahepática: informe de caso / Intrahepatic biliary ascariosis: case report

La ascariosis es frecuente en la población infantil a nivel mundial, porque no requiere factores territoriales y/o ambientales especiales, la ascariosis hepática es la complicación menos frecuente de la infección parasitaria por este geohelminto intestinal. Sin embargo, el cuadro de ascariosis biliar complicada con abscesos hepáticos se observa en zonas endémicas en nuestra América Latina, donde debe ser un diagnóstico a considerar en pacientes con sintomatología biliar obstructiva, principalmente en niños, ya que por el tamaño pequeño de sus órganos tienen mayor probabilidad de desarrollar un síndrome obstructivo y, consecuentemente diversas complicaciones. La migración de los parásitos puede causar peritonitis después de penetrar la pared abdominal y obstrucción coledociana con los consiguientes cólicos biliares, colangitis o pancreatitis. Este nematodo tiene la habilidad de entrar en ductos, como la vía biliar intra y extrahepática, y al morir dentro de la misma provoca serias complicaciones como obstrucción, colangitis y abscesos secundarios. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso de una niña de 2 años y 10 meses de edad con antecedente de geofagia, desnutrición proteico-calórica crónica grado II y nivel socioeconómico bajo, que se presentó con historia de eliminación de gusanos redondos por la boca y el recto, distensión abdominal, dolor abdominal, vómitos y fiebre diaria no cuantificada, de dos semanas de evolución. Se realizó ultrasonido abdominal donde se encontró imágenes hipoecogénicas de estructura tubular, que a la presión del transductor se repliegan en forma de "C" o en herradura. La paciente desarrolló distensión abdominal, caracterizada por tensión y dolor abdominal intenso. Discusión: La ascariosis hepatobiliar, aunque rara, se reporta de forma común en países endémicos y tiene una alta morbi-mortalidad si no se diagnostica y se instaura el manejo adecuado tempranamente. Es imperativo que los médicos paceños conozcan esta parasitosis para que con un adecuado manejo contribuyan a disminuir la mortalidad, principalmente infantil, por esta causa. Es necesario implementar medidas de prevención y control eficaces para las geohelmintiasis en La Paz.

The ascariosis is common among children worldwide, because it does not require special territorial and/or environmental factors, the liver ascariosis is the least frequent complication of parasitic infection by the intestinal geohelminto. However, table of biliary ascariosis complicated with liver abscesses is observed in areas endemic in our Latin America, where it must be a diagnosis to be considered in patients with biliary obstructive, mainly in children symptoms, since by the small size of their bodies they are more likely to develop an obstructive syndrome and, as a result various complications. The migration of parasites can cause peritonitis after penetrating the abdominal wall and blockage coledociana attendant Biliary colic, cholangitis or pancreatitis. This nematode has the ability to enterinto pipeline, as a biliary intra and extrahepática, and to die within the same causes serious complications such as obstruction and cholangitis secondary abscesses. Clinical case. The case of a girl of 2 years and 10 months of age with antecedent of geophagy, proteico-calórica chronic malnutrition grade II and socioeconomic level low, which was presented with history of elimination of round worms by the mouth and rectum, abdominal bloating, abdominal pain, vomiting and daily fever not quantified, two weeks of evolution. Abdominal ultrasound found images hipoecogénicas of tubular structure, that the pressure of the transducer is self-replicate "C”-shaped or Horseshoe took place. The patient developed abdominal distention, characterized by tension and intense abdominal pain. Discussion: Ascariosis Hepatobiliary, although rare, reports in common form in endemic countries and has a high morbidity and mortality if not diagnosed and establishing appropriate early management. It is imperative that boasts doctors are aware of this parasitosis that with proper management contribute to decrease mainly child mortality from this cause. It is necessary to implement prevention and control measures effective for the geohelmintiasis in La Paz.

Suspected snake bite turning out to be death due to choking round worn infestation): A case report.

A six years old female child was brought to the casualty department of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Hospital and associated Pt. J.N.M. Medical College, Raipur (C.G.) with the history of snake bite. On autopsy signs of asphyxia and one large round worm was found in lower respiratory tract. No animal bite mark could be found as alleged by relatives and police. Later on it was revealed by relatives of the deceased that the girl had passed four round worms in stool three year back. For which she was given some medications. The small intestine was studded with multiple round worms most of which were live. The intestine contained very little amount of digested food material. The social, ethical and medico legal issues involved in sudden suspicious deaths in the state of Chhattisgarh and too frequent histroy of snake bite in most of them is discussed in the paper.

Diagnosis and treatment of biliary tract roundworm disease with endoscopy / 中国康复理论与实践

@# ObjectiveTo evaluate the value of endoscopy in the diagnosis of biliary tract roundworm disease.Methods32 cases of biliary tract roundworm diseases were diagnosed and treated with fibre (electron) stomach duodenum endoscopy and fibre biliary tract endoscopy under the direct-view.Results32 cases were all clearly diagnosed and the worms were taken out with direct-view endoscopy or direct cholangiography with no complications.ConclusionEndoscopy is effective and accurate for the biliary tract roundworm disease and has the advantage of rapidly dispelling the sufferings of the patients.