La hipótesis de la saliencia aberrante: unificando la neurobiología y la fenomenología de la esquizofrenia / A hipótese da saliência aberrante: unificando a neurobiologia e a fenomenologia da esquizofrenia / The aberrant salience hypothesis: Unifying the neurobiology and phenomenology of schizophrenia / L'hypothèse de la saillance aberrante: unifier la neurobiologie et la phénoménologie de la schizophrénie

Introducción: La popularización del reduccionismo neurobiológico en psicopatología conlleva la idea de que la esquizofrenia puede entenderse simplemente como el producto de alteraciones en el funcionamiento cerebral. Por otro lado, y criticando esta tradición, el enfoque fenomenológico propone que la esquizofrenia debería entenderse como un trastorno del yo. Si bien ambas tradiciones son relevantes en la actualidad, creemos que una comprensión completa del fenómeno psicótico envuelve una integración de ambas. Objetivo: Este artículo plantea que la hipótesis de la saliencia aberrante es un buen candidato para unificar la tradición fenomenológica y la neuropsiquiátrica en el estudio de la esquizofrenia. Procedimiento: Luego de examinar la hipótesis en cuestión en profundidad, exploramos la forma en que podría explicar algunos de los síntomas positivos de la esquizofrenia de forma consistente con sus descripciones fenomenológicas. Conclusiones: Finalmente, se ofrecen algunas consideraciones generales respecto de las consecuencias de nuestro análisis para el campo de la psicopatología.

Introdução: A popularização do reducionismo neurobiológico na psicopatologia traz a ideia de que a esquizofrenia pode ser entendida simplesmente como o produto de alterações na função cerebral. Por outro lado, e criticando essa tradição, a abordagem fenomenológica propõe que a esquizofrenia seja entendida como uma desordem do eu. Embora ambas as tradições sejam relevantes hoje, acreditamos que uma compreensão completa do fenômeno psicótico envolve uma integração de ambas. Objetivo: Este artigo argumenta que a hipótese da saliência aberrante é uma boa candidata para unificar as tradições fenomenológica e neuropsiquiátrica no estudo da esquizofrenia. Procedimento: Depois de examinar a hipótese em questão em profundidade, exploramos como ela pode explicar alguns dos sintomas positivos da esquizofrenia de maneira consistente com suas descrições fenomenológicas. Conclusões: Por fim, são oferecidas algumas considerações gerais sobre as consequências de nossa análise para o campo da psicopatologia.

Background: The popularization of neurobiological reductionism in psychopathology involves the idea that schizophrenia can be fully understood as the mere product of brain-functioning alterations. Criticizing this tradition, the phenomenological approach proposes that schizophrenia should be understood as a self-disturbance. Although both traditions are relevant, we believe that a comprehensive understanding of schizophrenia involves the integration of these two frameworks. Aim: This article proposes that the aberrant salience hypothesis is a good candidate for unifying the phenomenological tradition with the neuropsychiatric approach to psychosis. Methods: After examining the aberrant salience hypothesis in detail, we explore the way in which it can explain the positive symptoms of schizophrenia respecting being consistent with their phenomenological descriptions. Conclusion: we conclude with some considerations about the consequences of our analysis for the field of psychopathology.

Introduction: L'idéal du réductionnisme neurobiologique en psychopathologie implique l'idée que la schizophrénie peut être comprise simplement comme le produit d'altérations du fonctionnement cérébral. D'autre part, et critiquant cette tradition, l'approche phénoménologique propose que la schizophrénie soit comprise comme un trouble de soi. Bien que les deux traditions soient pertinentes aujourd'hui, nous pensons qu'une compréhension complète du phénomène psychotique implique une intégration des deux. Objectif: Cet article soutient que l'hypothèse de la saillance aberrante est un bon candidat pour unifier les traditions phénoménologique et neuropsychiatrique dans l'étude de la schizophrénie. Procédure: Après avoir examiné en profondeur l'hypothèse en question, nous explorons comment elle pourrait expliquer certains des symptômes positifs de la schizophrénie d›une manière cohérente avec leurs descriptions phénoménologiques. Conclusions: Enfin, quelques considérations générales sont proposées concernant les conséquences de notre analyse pour le domaine de la psychopathologie.

Logging impact on Amazonian white-sand forests: perspectives from a sustainable development reserve

Overexploitation is one of the main causes of biodiversity loss and local extinction. In the Brazilian Amazon, the intensive use of high-value timber species is leading to a decline in their populations. When in decline, these species can be replaced by less valuable and more common ones that are more feasible to exploit. We conducted interviews with residents of two communities in a sustainable development reserve in central Amazonia, and used free lists and the cognitive salience index (S) to assess the perceptions of residents regarding the occurrence and purpose of timber exploitation, and to identify possible endangered species in white-sand and terra-firme forests. In addition, to infer possible consequences of logging, we assessed the current population status of timber species cited by residents in forest-plot inventories carried out within the reserve. S-index values and interviewee reports suggested an intensive use of terra-firme timber species and an apparently recent increase in the exploitation of white-sand species, which did not use to be exploited because of their relatively low commercial value. The inventories showed that the white-sand timber species have high relative densities and low S values in contrast to the terra-firme species, which mostly have low relative densities and high S values. Our results highlight the need to identify and monitor relevant timber species in both terra-firme and white-sand forests, and to increase the involvement of the local community in the development of logging management practices. (AU)

Interhemispheric functional connectivity for Alzheimer's disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment based on the triple network model / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

The purpose of this study was to explore the differences in interhemispheric functional connectivity in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) based on a triple network model consisting of the default mode network (DMN), salience network (SN), and executive control network (ECN). The technique of voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) analysis was applied to explore the aberrant connectivity of all patients. The results showed that: (1) the statistically significant connections of interhemispheric brain regions included DMN-related brain regions (i.e. precuneus, calcarine, fusiform, cuneus, lingual gyrus, temporal inferior gyrus, and hippocampus), SN-related brain regions (i.e. frontoinsular cortex), and ECN-related brain regions (i.e. frontal middle gyrus and frontal inferior); (2) the precuneus and frontal middle gyrus in the AD group exhibited lower VMHC values than those in the aMCI and healthy control (HC) groups, but no significant difference was observed between the aMCI and HC groups; and (3) significant correlations were found between peak VMHC results from the precuneus and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Scale (MOCA) scores and their factor scores in the AD, aMCI, and AD plus aMCI groups, and between the results from the frontal middle gyrus and MOCA factor scores in the aMCI group. These findings indicated that impaired interhemispheric functional connectivity was observed in AD and could be a sensitive neuroimaging biomarker for AD. More specifically, the DMN was inhibited, while the SN and ECN were excited. VMHC results were correlated with MMSE and MOCA scores, highlighting that VMHC could be a sensitive neuroimaging biomarker for AD and the progression from aMCI to AD.

Multimodal Assessment of Neural Substrates in Computerized Cognitive Training: A Preliminary Study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Several studies have validated the clinical efficacy of computerized cognitive training applications. However, few studies have investigated the neural substrates of these training applications using simultaneous multimodal neuroimaging modalities. We aimed to determine the effectiveness of computerized cognitive training and corresponding neural substrates through a multimodal approach. METHODS: Ten patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), six patients with subjective memory impairment (SMI), and 10 normal controls received custom-developed computerized cognitive training in the memory clinic of a university hospital. All of the participants completed 24 sessions of computerized cognitive training, each lasting 40 minutes and performed twice weekly. They were assessed using neuropsychological tests (both computerized and conventional), electroencephalography, fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography (FDG-PET), volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) at pre- and posttraining. RESULTS: The patients with MCI exhibited significant improvements in the trail-making test–black & white-B, and memory domain of the computerized cognitive assessment. Subjects with normal cognition exhibited significant improvements in scores in the language and attention-/psychomotor-speed domains. There were no significant changes in subjects with SMI. In the pre- and posttraining evaluations of the MCI group, FDG-PET showed focal activation in the left anterior insula and anterior cingulate after training. Volumetric MRI showed a focal increase in the cortical thickness in the rostral anterior cingulate. DTI revealed increased fractional anisotropy in several regions, including the anterior cingulate. CONCLUSIONS: The anterior cingulate and anterior insula, which are parts of the salience network, may be substrates for the improvements in cognitive function induced by computerized cognitive training.

Advance in Default Mode Network,Salience Network and Central Executive Network about Cognitive Function in Old Persons(review) / 中国康复理论与实践

@#A lot of researches indicate the relationship between cognitive impairment and functional connectivity of default mode network,salience network and central executive network.The changes of networks are various in different cognitive dys-function.It is important to apply resting state functional magnetic resonance in the old adults with cognitive dysfunction.

¿Which Automatic Associations Prevail? Congruency and Reverse Priming Effects on Implicit Gender Stereotyping / ¿Qué asociaciones automáticas prevalecen? Efectos de priming de congruencia e inverso en estereotipia de género implícita / Que associações automáticas prevalecem? Efeitos de priming de congruência e inverso em estereotipia de género implícita

Objectives. This study aimed to test whether gender stereotypes remain automatically activated following cues related to gender, despite years of promoting equality, and how it could correspond with explicit measures. Method. Seventy undergraduates performed a sequential priming task, in which the gender categories were presented subliminally. Culturally specific gender stereotypes were used as targets. In addition, other significant variables related to gender (self-assignment of stereotypes, identity and ideology) were assessed explicitly. Results. At first, the results showed a non-priming effect, indicating no implicit gender stereotyping. However, a more detailed observation of the data revealed that participants could be differentiated according to the effects that appeared: the congruency and the reverse priming effects. Conclusion. While gender stereotypes were automatically activated in Group 1 (positive socres), implicit stereotype inhibition seemed to take place in Group 2 (negative scores). Egalitarian goal activation is assumed to explain the reverse effect. The activation of different contents from the same primes emphatically suggests that more effort is needed to develop strong egalitarian commitments. Results also support the potential dynamic of gender stereotypes, even at an implicit level.

Objetivos. Evaluar si los estereotipos de género continúan activándose automáticamente tras presentar claves relacionadas con el género, y cómo esta activación se correspondería con medidas explícitas. Método. Setenta estudiantes universitarios realizaron una tarea de priming secuencial en la que se presentaron subliminalmente los primes mujer y hombre (categorías de género). Los targets fueron estereotipos de género culturalmente significativos. Además, otras variables relacionadas con el género (autoasignación de estereotipos, identidad e ideología) se evaluaron explícitamente. Resultados. En un principio, los resultados no mostraron ningún efecto de priming, señalando la ausencia de estereotipia de género implícita. Sin embargo, una inspección más detallada de los datos reveló que los participantes podían diferenciarse según los diferentes efectos que habían aparecido: congruencia e inverso. Conclusión. Mientras que en el Grupo 1 (puntajes positivos) los estereotipos de género se activaron automáticamente, en el Grupo 2 (puntajes negativos) se produjo una inhibición implícita de estereotipos. La activación de una meta igualitaria podría explicar el efecto inverso. La activación de contenidos diferentes derivada de los mismos primes enfatiza la necesidad de realizar más esfuerzos para desarrollar compromisos igualitarios firmes. Los resultados también apoyan la potencial dinámica de los estereotipos de género, incluso a nivel implícito.

Escopo. Avaliar se os estereótipos de género continuam se ativando automaticamente depois de presentar claves relacionadas com o género, e como esta ativação pode se corresponder com medidas explícitas. Metodologia. Setenta estudantes realizaram uma tarefa de priming sequencial na que se apresentaram subliminarmente os primes mulher e homem (categorias de género). Os objetivos foram estereótipos de gênero culturalmente significativos. Além, outras variáveis relacionadas com o género (auto-alocação de estereótipos, identidade e ideologia) foram avaliadas explicitamente. Resultados. Num principio, os resultados não mostraram efeito nenhum de priming, assinalando a ausência de estereotipia de gênero implícita. No entanto, uma inspeção mais detalhada dos dados revelou que os participantes podiam ser diferenciados segundo os efeitos diferentes que tinham aparecido: congruência e inverso. Conclusão. Enquanto que no grupo 1 (contagens positivas) os estereótipos de gênero foram ativados automaticamente, no Grupo 2 (contagens negativas) foi produzida uma inibição implícita de estereótipos. A ativação de uma meta igualitária pode explicar o efeito inverso. A ativação de conteúdos diferentes derivada dos mesmos primes enfatiza a necessidade de fazer mais esforços para desenvolver compromissos igualitários firmes. Os resultados também apoiam a potencial dinâmica dos estereótipos de gênero, mesmo no nível implícito.

Neural correlates of hallucinations in bipolar disorder

Objective: Approximately one-half of all patients affected by bipolar disorder present with psychotic features on at least one occasion. Several studies have found that alterations in the activity of mesolimbic and prefrontal regions are related to aberrant salience in psychotic patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the structural correlates of a history of hallucinations in a sample of euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder (BD-I). Methods: The sample consisted of 21 euthymic patients with BD-I and no comorbid axis I DSM-IV-TR disorders. Voxel based morphometry (VBM) was used to compare patients with and without a lifetime history of hallucinations. Preprocessing was performed using the Diffeomorphic Anatomical Registration through Exponentiated Lie Algebra (DARTEL) algorithm for VBM in SPM8. Images were processed using optimized VBM. Results: The main finding of the present study was a reduction in gray matter volume in the right posterior insular cortex of patients with BD-I and a lifetime history of hallucinations, as compared to subjects with the same diagnosis but no history of hallucinations. Conclusions: This finding supports the presence of abnormalities in the salience network in BD patients with a lifetime history of hallucinations. These alterations may be associated with an aberrant assignment of salience to the elements of one’s own experience, which could result in psychotic symptoms.

Does premotor connectivity on resting fMRI reflect stereotyped behavior in ASD children / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To probe the relationship between the connectivity of premotor area detected by resting state functional MRI and stereotyped behavior of ASD.Methods 39 children patients with ASD and 42 healthy controls with matched age,sex and IQ were recruited.All the 81 subjects performed scaling with behavior scale index and underwent resting-state fMRI scans.After the fMRI data precession,the premotors in left and right sides were selected as ROI seeds to perform functional connectivity.Results Compared with healthy controls,children patients showed significant increased connectivity between the left premotor area and posterior cingulate cortex,as well as decreased functional connectivity between the left premotor area and the left insula.In addition, a negative linear correlation was showed between the connectivity of the left premotor and the insula and the behavioral scores.Con-clusion Imbalanced premotor functional connectivity may be one possible mechanism of stereotyped behavior of ASD,representing an attention deficit and/or impaired sensory perception to the external salient stimuli.

Aberrant resting-state functional connectivity of default mode and salience network in patients with schizo-phrenia / 中国神经精神疾病杂志

Objective To explore the feature of functional connectivity of default mode network (DMN) and salience network (SN) in unmedicated schizophrenia patients during a resting state by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fM-RI). Methods The SPM8 and DPARSFA softwares combined with independent component analysis (ICA) were used to in-vestigate functional connectivity (FC) of the DMN and SN in 27 unmedicated patients with schizophrenia and 27 age-and gender-matched healthy controls. Results Concerning the DMN, patients with schizophrenia showed decreased FC in right inferior frontal gyrus , right precuneus(unadjusted P<0.05)and increased FC in right middle cingulate gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus(unadjusted P<0.05). With regard to the SN, patients showed reduced connectivity in left inferior frontal gyrus, right inferior frontal gyrus, left anterior cingulate, left postcentral gyrus(unadjusted P<0.05)and increased connectivity in left superior temporal gyrus(unadjusted P<0.05). Correlation analyses showed that the increased FC of left superior temporal gyrus significantly correlated with PANSS-positive symptoms(r=0.568,P=0.002)and decreased FC of right precuneus significantly negatively correlated with delusion symptom(r=-0.458,P=0.016). Conclusion This study provides evidence for resting state functional abnormalities of DMN and SN in unmedicated schizophrenia patients. These aberrant function connectivities in some brain regions of the two networks could be a source of abnormal introspectively-oriented mental actives.

Neural processing of salience and behavioral relevance in visual attentional networks:a spatiotemporal analysis of event-related potentials / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate the neural processing of stimulus salience and behavioral relevance with spatiotemporal patterns of event-related potentials (ERP).Methods The ERP was recorded from 20 subjects while they performed Eriksen task.Each stimulus picture contained 3 symbols:a central target (grey symbol ＜/ ＞ or X) represented pressing the corresponding button or withdrawing response respectively.And the flanking distractors were classified by both behavioral relevance ( ＜/ ＞-facilitory,X-inhibitory,H-irrelevant) and color salience (red,grey).Results Significant interaction effect was found for the reaction time(F(1.85,3521)=13.015,P＜0.001).Significant difference was found between the salient ((411.91 ±40.39) ms) and the non-salient ((420.42±38.58) ms) under the facilitory condition(t (19) =-4.858,P＜0.001).The significant ERP effects were revealed by statistical parametric mapping of F-value.The saliency effects appeared in the right occipital-temporal regions (100-125 ms),the bilateral dorsal attentional network (DAN) (150-300 ms) and the right-lateralized ventral attentional network (VAN) (300-450 ms).The effects of the behavioral relevance occurred in the occipital regions (150-200 ms),the VAN (200-300 ms) and the DAN (300-600 ms).The interaction effects of behavioral relevance between the target and the distractor occurred in the DAN (200-350 ms).Conclusion The information of the distractor salience and behavioral relevance access VAN and DAN in different stages respectively.The ERP effect in the DAN may be the neural correlation of contingent attentional capture.

Adaptação e validação do inventário de saliência (salience inventory) para adultos brasileiros / Adaptation and validation of the salience inventory to brazilian adults / Adaptación y Validez del Inventario de Predominancia de los Roles (Salience Inventory) para Adultos Brasileños

Saliência é a importância que uma pessoa atribui a um papel em relação a outros papéis que desempenha no seu contexto social. O presente estudo teve por objetivo adaptar e validar a versão original do Salience Inventory denominada Inventário de Saliência (IS) na adaptação brasileira. O instrumento contém 170 itens que avaliam a saliência a partir de três dimensões: Participação, Comprometimento e Expectativa de Valor, para cinco papéis, relativos às atividades de Estudo, Trabalho, Serviço Comunitário, Casa e Família, e Tempo Livre. Participaram do estudo 388 mulheres e 111 homens, entre 21 e 65 anos, com nível superior de escolaridade. O IS apresentou validade de construto e fornece base normativa para a população adulta com nível de educação superior, com a qual se poderá realizar comparações. Os resultados são comparados com os do estudo de validação original em termos de médias e ordem de saliência. Finalmente, discutem-se as limitações deste estudo e possibilidades para pesquisas futuras.

Role salience refers to the importance of a role in relation to other roles performed by a person in his/her social context. The purpose of this study was to adapt and validate the Brazilian version of the Salience Inventory, called Inventário de Saliência. The SI is composed of 170 items, which evaluate salience through three dimensions: Participation, Commitment and Value expectation in relation to five roles: Study, Work, Community services, Home and Family, and Free Time. The sample was composed of 388 women and 111 men, 21 to 65 years of age, with higher education. The results offer evidence supporting the SI construct validity and provide a normative base for an adult sample with higher educational level. Future studies should compare the results of this sample with diverse samples. The results are compared with the original study in terms of means and salience rates. Finally, study limitations and suggestions for further studies are discussed.

Predominancia de papel es la importancia que una persona atribuye a un papel con relación a otros papeles que ejerce en su contexto social. Este artículo trata de la adaptación y validez para la version brasileña del Salience Inventory, denominado de Inventario de Saliência (IS) en Brasil. Posee 170 itens que evalúan la predominancia en sus tres dimensiones: Participación, Compromiso y Expectativa de valor, para cinco papeles, relativos a las actividades de Estudio, Trabajo, Servicio comunitario, Casa y familia y Tiempo Libre. Participaron 388 mujeres y 111 hombres, de 21 a 65 años, con estudios de nível superior. El IS presentó validez de constructo y oferece base normativa para la población adulta con educación superior, con lo cual se podrán realizar comparaciones. Los resultados fueron comparados con los del estudio de validez original, considerando sus promedios y orden de predominancia. Se discuten las limitaciones y las posibilidades de futuros estudios.

Saliência do papel de trabalhador, valores de trabalho e desenvolvimento de carreira / Work role salience, work values and career development / Relevancia del papel de trabajador, valores de trabajo y desarrollo de carrera

Investigou-se o impacto da saliência do papel de trabalhador nos valores de trabalho e na preocupação e envolvimento com as tarefas de desenvolvimento de carreira, em indivíduos estáveis na carreira e em transição. Participaram no estudo 499 trabalhadores, com nível de educação superior, homens e mulheres, com idades entre 21 e 65 anos respondendo ao Inventário de Saliência, à Escala de Valores relativos ao Trabalho e a uma versão reduzida do Inventário de Preocupações de Carreira para Adultos. Foram observadas associações entre as variáveis que comprovam a relevância da saliência do papel de trabalhador para o desenvolvimento de carreira em adultos. Discutem-se as mudanças nas etapas evolutivas e suas implicações para a avaliação do desenvolvimento de carreira na contemporaneidade.

This study investigated the impact of career role salience on career values and on career task concerns and involvement, with both stable wokers and in career transition workers. Four hundred ninety-nine male and female high education workers, aged 21 to 65 years old, answered the Salience Inventory, Work Values Scale and the ACCI - short version. Associations were found between the variables that showed the importance of work role salience for adult career development. Changes in career evolution processes and their implications for career development assessment in contemporaneity are discussed.

Se investigó el impacto de la relevancia del papel de trabajador en los valores de la carrera y en la preocupación y comprometimiento con las tareas de desarrollo de carrera, en individuos estables en la carrera y en transición. Participaron en el estudio 499 trabajadores con nivel de la carrera de educación superior, hombres y mujeres, con edades entre 21 y 65 años respondiendo al Inventario de Relevancia, a la Escala de Valores relativos al Trabajo y a una versión reducida del Inventario de Preocupaciones de Carrera para Adultos. Se observaron asociaciones entre las variables que comprueban la relevancia del papel de trabajador en el desarrollo de la carrera en adultos. Se discuten los cambios en las etapas evolutivas y sus implicaciones para la evaluación del desarrollo de la carrera en la contemporaneidad.

Carreira e saliência dos papéis: integrando o desenvolvimento pessoal e profissional / Career and role salience: integrating personal and career development / Carrera y prominencia de los papeles: integrando el desarrollo personal y profesional

O desenvolvimento humano dá-se em uma teia intrincada de relacionamentos, concretizados em papéis sociais. O conceito saliência de papel é definido como a importância relativa de um papel em relação a outros papéis que o indivíduo desempenha. Embora o conceito de saliência de papel esteja presente na literatura internacional em aconselhamento de carreira desde a década de 70, está ausente da literatura produzida no Brasil. Este estudo constitui-se em uma revisão da literatura internacional e objetiva compilar os principais achados da pesquisa na área, identificar instrumentos de medida da saliência e contextualizar a importância deste conceito para a pesquisa e intervenção em orientação de carreira na nova economia global.

Human development occurs within an intricate net of relationships which are materialized as social roles. Role salience is defined as the importance given to one social role in particular in comparison which other roles played by an individual. Even though role salience has been presented by international literature since the 70’s, Brazilian literature fails to mention it. This study presents an international literature review and aims to summarize the most relevant findings of researches about role salience, identify salience measurement instruments and emphasize the relevance of this construct for career guidance research and intervention in the new global economy.

El desarrollo humano se produce en una red intrincada de relaciones, materializadas en papeles sociales. El concepto prominencia de papel es definido como la importancia relativa de un papel en relación con otros papeles que el individuo desempeña. Aunque el concepto de prominencia de papel esté presente en la literatura internacional en orientación de carrera desde la década de los 70, está ausente de la literatura producida en el Brasil. Este estudio constituye una revisión de la literatura internacional y trata de compilar los principales hallazgos de la investigación en el área, identificar instrumentos de medida de la prominencia y contextualizar la importancia de este concepto para la investigación e intervención en orientación de carrera en la nueva economía global.