Screening for oxacillin resistant salmonella species isolated from palms of some primary school pupils within Kaduna south lga, Nigeria

Salmonella species is the causative agent of typhoid fever which is a disease characterized by high mortality and morbidity worldwide. This study was carried out to screen oxacillin resistantSalmonella species isolated from palms of some primary school pupils and food vendors within Kaduna South LGA, Nigeria. Three hundred (300) swab samples were collected from pupils and food vendors of the three selected primary schools as the sampling location. Salmonella enterica was isolated and identified using standard bacteriological methods. Isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin 28 (70.0%), Augmentin® 25 (65.0%) amoxicillin 25 (62.5%) and vancomycin 22 (55.0%) but showed resistance to oxacillin 9 (22.5%), ampicillin 12 (30.0%), chloramphenicol 15 (37.5%) and tetracycline 16 (40.0%). Antibiotics that exhibited intermediate susceptibility were methicillin 8 (20.0%) and gentamicin 11 (27.5%). Ciprofloxacin was the most effective antimicrobial agent against Salmonella enterica. The presence of oxacillin-resistant Salmonella enterica was detected via Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and agarose gel electrophoresis. The study recommends that regular monitoring of antibiotic susceptibility pattern and good hygiene practices such as hand washing with soap and water and the use of alcoholic based hand sanitizers should be encouraged.

Pattern of Anti-Microbial Sensitivity and Resistance against Salmonella Species in a Tertiary Hospital in Dhaka.

Background: Drug resistant Salmonella spp. continues to remain a health problem as last two decades have witnessed the emergence and spread of multidrug resistance against conventional anti-typhoid drugs. Multidrug resistant (MDR) typhoid is now a serious problem in many developing countries including Bangladesh. Objectives: To find out antimicrobial sensitivity and resistance patterns of different types of Salmonella spp. in patients with enteric fever and to find out the epidemiological strains (e.g. resistant strain, epidemic strain, MDR strain) in patients with enteric fever. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was done during October 2009–November 2010 and January–December 2012 at United Hospital Limited, Dhaka. Laboratory reports of blood culture were collected from those patients who were investigated as suspected cases of enteric fever. Both the indoor and outdoor patients were enrolled in the study. Salmonella species resistant to one or more of the first line drugs were divided into resistant strain, epidemic strain and multi-drug resistant strain. Results: During the period October 2009–November 2010, total 210 subjects were enrolled. Among the participants, 122 were male and 88 were female. S. typhi were found in 133 samples whereas 76 were S. paratyphi A and only 1 S. paratyphi B. Sensitivity was found 77% for ampicillin, 91.4% for cotrimoxazole, 78.6% for chloramphenicol, 87.6% for ciprofloxacin, 96.6% for cefixime, 98% for ceftriaxone and only 22.1% for azithromycin (77.9% resistant). Total 91 (43.3%) cases were found having resistant strain, 6 (2.8%) epidemic strain and 8 (3.8%) MDR strain Salmonella spp. The sensitivity of azithromycin was analyzed among different categories of strains and revealed that 52.7% showed resistance in resistant strain, 100% in epidemic strain and 87.5% in MDR strain. During the period between January–December 2012, total 139 subjects were enrolled. Among the participants 68 were male and 71 were female with a ratio of 1:1.04. S. typhi were found in 84 cases whereas 55 were S. paratyphi A and no S. paratyphi B. Sensitivity was found 62.7% for ampicillin, 82% for cotrimoxazole, 83% for chloramphenicol, 45.2% for azithromycin, 95% for ciprofloxacin, 99.3% for cefixime and 100% for ceftriaxone. Total 55 (39.6%) cases were found having resistant strain, 3 (2.1%) epidemic strain and 17 (12.2%) MDR strain Salmonella spp. Against azithromycin 67.3% showed resistance in resistant strain, 33.3% in epidemic strain and 29.4% in MDR strain. Conclusion: The policy of empirical treatment of enteric fever needs to be rationalized and newer generation antibiotics should be restricted only for multi-resistant cases of enteric fever.

Development of a multiplex PCR to identify Salmonella, Leptospira and Brucella species in tissue samples / 대한수의학회지

We have developed and optimized a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) for simultaneous detection of Brucella, Salmonella and Leptospira with high sensitivity and specificity. Three pairs of oligonucleotide primers were designed to specifically amplify the targeted genes of Salmonella, Leptospira and Brucella species with sizes of 521, 408 and 223 bp, respectively. The mPCR did not produce any nonspecific amplification products when tested against 15 related species of bacteria. The sensitivity of the mPCR was 100 fg for Brucella and 1 pg for both Salmonella and Leptospira species. In the field application, kidney, liver and spleen were collected from wild rats and stray cats and examined by mPCR. The high specificity and sensitivity of this mPCR assay provide a valuable tool for diagnosis and for the simultaneous and rapid detection of three zoonotic bacteria that cause disease in both humans and animals. Therefore, this assay could be a useful alternative to the conventional method of culture and single PCR for the detection of each pathogen.

Determinación de Salmonella spp. y endoparásitos en zanates, quiscalus mexicanus, del parque de Cañas, Guanacaste / Determination of species of salmonella and endoparasites in grackles, quiscalus mexicanus, in the park of Cañas, Guancaste, Costa Rica

Se determinó la prevalencia de Salmonella spp. en 60 muestras de heces de zanates, quiscalus mexicanus, provenientes de Cañas, Guanacaste, debido a que se ha observado la presencia de estos animales en establecimientos dedicados a la producción exhaustiva de proteína animal, aves, cerdos, etc. Tres muestras fueron positivas, 5 por ciento, y se aislaron los serotipos Montevideo, Saint Paul y Carrau. Además, se comparó la efectividad del medio Rappaport-Vasiliadis Peptona de Soya perteneciente a una casa comercial, con el caldo Rappaport-Vasiliadis preparado en el laboratorio a partir de los ingredientes. Se obtuvo una diferencia significativa entre ambos caldos de enriquecimiento, p = 0.04.4. Se capturaron 28 individuos en la primera parte y en la segunda parte de esta investigación se capturaron 32. Las aves fueron eutanasiadas y se les realizó necropsia, exámenes de sangre y de contenido intestinal para determinar la presencia de endoparásitos. Se encontraron varios especímenes de céstodos y acantocéfalos en el intestino de las aves. En los exámenes de contenido intestinal se encontraron además huevos de nemátodos y ooquistes de coccidios del género Isospora. Las microfilarias fueron los únicos hemoparásitos encontrados en los frotis sanguíneos.

Prevalence of Salmonella spp. was determined in 60 fecal samples obtained from great tailed grackles (Quiscalus mexicanus) from Cañas, Guanacaste, since their presence has been observed in sites which produce animal protein (poultry, pork, etc.) Serovars Montevideo, Saint Paul and Carrau were isolated from 3 samples (5%). Effectiveness of commercially available Rappaport-Vasiliadis Soy peptone was compared with that of Rappaport-Vasiliadis broth prepared from the ingredients. A significant difference was obtained (p=0.04) between both enrichment broths. 28 grackles were captured for the first part and for the second part of this study, 32 great tailed grackles were captured and examined for endoparasites. Cestodes and acanthocephalan parasites were found during post mortem examination of the large intestine. Microscopic examination of intestinal samples revealed the presence of coccidian parasites of the genera Isospora, and two types of nematode eggs. Blood samples showed the presence of filarial infections.