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Schisandra chinensis fructus is the dried ripe fruit of S. chinensis from magnoliaceae, produced mainly in the three provinces in the northeast of China. This research systematically summarized the active constituent and pharmacological activity of S. chinensis fructus in recent years, and predicted the Q-marker of S. chinensis fructus in terms of component specificity, constituent validity, component measurability and component absorbed into blood based on the concept of the Q-marker of traditional Chinese medicine. The result suggested the component of lignans in diphenyl cyclooctene as the Q-marker of S. chinensis fructus to conduct the qualitative and quantitative analysis, which provides the scientific basis for establishing and improving the quality evaluation standard of S. chinensis fructus.
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Objective: To obtain more information for further researches on mechanism of pinoresinol lariciresinol reductases (PLR) gene, which is the key enzyme gene involved with lignans synthesis in Schisandra chinensis, ScPLR gene and its promoter were cloned and analyzed, and the expression pattern of ScPLR gene at fruit development stages was also illustrated. Methods: On the basis of PLR gene sequence obtained by transcriptome sequencing, specific primers were designed, the open reading frame (ORF) of ScPLR gene was then cloned, and the bioinformation of ScPLR gene was analyzed through online software. Meanwhile, the promoter of ScPLR gene was amplified by TAIL-PCR method and analyzed. The expression patterns of ScPLR from fruits at different development stages were analyzed preliminarily. Results: The length of ScPLR gene ORF was 837 bp, which encoded 278 amino acids residues with molecular weight of 31419.85 and theoretical pI of 8.97; ScPLR consisted of a membrane structure, which was a hydrophobic stable protein without signal peptide, and mainly composed of α-helix and random curl; Subcellular localization prediction result showed that ScPLR protein is mainly located in cytoplasm; The results of phylogenetic analysis revealed that ScPLR is closest related to Ricinus communis PLR. The length of ScPLR gene promoter was 994 bp, which had regulatory elements including TATA-box, CAAT-box, also cis-regulatory elements related to light regulation, auxin response, anaerobic induction, defense and stress response, the presence of various cis-acting elements fully reflected the high efficiency and complexity of promoter regulation on gene expression at the transcriptional level. qRT-PCR results showed that ScPLR expression level displayed obvious up-regulation at fruit swelling stage, then down-regulation at fruit coloring period. Conclusion: The ScPLR gene and its promoter were cloned and analyzed, the trend of high expression level of ScPLR before fruit coloring period was consistent with the dynamic change of lignans accumulation in S. chinensis, which will lay foundation for the further research on function and expression regulation of ScPLR gene in lignans biosynthesis pathway.
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Objective: Schisandra sphenanthera and S. chinensis are the two important medicinal plants that have long been used under the names of “Nan-Wuweizi” and “Wuweizi”, respectively. The misuse of “Nan-Wuweizi” and “Wuweizi” in herbal medical products calls for an accurate method to distinguish these herbs. Chloroplast (cp) genomes have been widely used in species delimitation and phylogeny due to their uniparental inheritance and lower substitution rates than that of the nuclear genomes. To develop more efficient DNA markers for distinguishing S. sphenanthera, S. chinensis, and the related species, we sequenced the cp genome of S. sphenanthera and compared it to that of S. chinensis. Methods: The cp genome of S. sphenanthera was sequenced at the Illumina HiSeq platform, and the reference-guided mapping of contigs was obtained with a de novo assembly procedure. Then, comparative analyses of the cp genomes of S. sphenanthera and S. chinensis were carried out. Results: The cp genome of S. sphenanthera was 146 853 bp in length and consisted of a large single copy (LSC) region of 95 627 bp, a small single copy (SSC) region of 18 292 bp, and a pair of inverted repeats (IR) of 16 467 bp. GC content was 39.6%. A total of 126 functional genes were predicted, of which 113 genes were unique, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and four ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Five tRNA, four protein-coding genes, and all rRNA were duplicated in the IR regions. There were 18 intron-containing genes, including six tRNA genes and 12 protein-coding genes. In addition, 45 SSRs were detected. The whole cp genome of S. sphenanthera was 123 bp longer than that of S. chinensis. A total of 474 SNPs and 97 InDels were identified. Five genetic regions with high levels of variation (Pi > 0.015), trnS-trnG, ccsA-ndhD, psbI-trnS, trnT-psbD and ndhF-rpl32 were revealed. Conclusion: We reported the cp genome of S. sphenanthera and revealed the SNPs and InDels between the cp genomes of S. sphenanthera and S. chinensis. This study shed light on the species identification and further phylogenetic study within the genus of Schisandra.
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Schisandra chinensis is a Magnoliaceae plant, widely distributed in the southeastern part of China and the three northeastern provinces. The main active ingredients of S. chinensis are lignans, volatile oil, polysaccharide, fatty acid, et al. S. chinensis is often used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes in clinical practice with remarkable curative effect. Accumulating studies showed that S. chinensis possess the pharmacological profiles of anti-insulin resistance, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptosis, anti-oxidative stress, inhibition of vascular disease, and protection of vascular endothelium, which can improve diabetes and its complications. This paper reviews the research status of active ingredients and pharmacological effects of S. chinensis in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and its complications in the past 40 years, which provides a theoretical reference for the rational clinical promotion and new drug development of S. chinensis as a therapeutic drug for diabetes.
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Objective To study the conditions for isolating and purifying lignans in schisandra chinensis (Turcz) Baill by AB-8 type of macroporous adsorption resin .Methods The content of Schizandrol ,Deoxyschizandrin ,r-Schisandrin was deter-mined by HPLC .The optimum separation and purification process of lignans from schisandra chinensis (Turcz) Baill with AB-8 macroporous adsorption resin were identified by static and dynamic adsorption ,desorption tests .The sample volume ,concen-tration ,eluting velocity ,and ethanol concentration were investigated .Results The optimum conditions for isolating and purif-ying lignans in schisandra chinensis (Turcz) Baill by AB-8 macroporous adsorption resin were as follows :dosage of sample liq-uid was 1BV ,concentration of sample solution was 9 .159-16 .523 mg/ml ,ratio of diameter to height of resin column 1:5 ,ad-soption flow rate was 2 .5 BV/h ,eluted by 5 BV 30％ ethanol ,followed by 10BV 95％ ethanol .The transfer rate of lignans was 77 .07％ with 22 .06％ of total lignan content .Conclusion AB-8 macroporous adsorptive resin can effectively isolate and purify lignans from schisandra chinensis (Turcz) Baill .This low cost process is easy to operate and with high industrial pro-duction value .
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Objective: To look for anti-liver injury potential biomarkers and explore the scientific connotation of vinegar-processed Schisandra chinensis enhancing hepatoprotective effect by investigating the endogenous metabolites difference in bile before and after S. chinensis was processed with vinegar. Methods: The metabolic skills were adopted based on UPLC-Q/TOF-MS, PCA, and OPLS-DA for screening and identification of biomarkers related to liver injury. Results: Bile metabolite profile in control group, model group, raw S. chinensis (RSC) group and vinegar-processed S. chinensis (VPSC) were separated obviously, eight potential biomarkers associated with liver injury were identified, including LysoPC (20:4), PG (18:0/18:1), 12-ketodeoxycholic acid, TG (64:2), etc. Conclusion: After giving raw and vinegar-processed S. chinensis, the levels of above markers can be adjusted to the normal state, and the regulating function of VPSC is stronger than that of the raw one. VPSC might have the anti-liver injury effect on all these metabolic pathways.
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AIM To study the chemical constituents from Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill..METHODS The ethyl acetate fraction of 95％ ethanol extract of S.chinensis was isolated and purified by silica column and recrystallization,then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data.RESULTS Ten compounds were isolated and identified as dodecane (1),palmitic acid (2),arachidic acid (3),β-sitosterol (4),betulinic acid (5),deoxyschisandrin (6),γ-schizandrin (7),schizandrin C (8),gomisin B (9),schisantherin A (10).CONCLUSION Compounds 1 and 5 are isolated from this plant for the first time.
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Objective: The lignan components in Schizandrae Fructus residue extracts were analized and evaluated. The protective effect of Schizandrae Fructus residue extracts on acute-hepatic damnification rat and the influence of that on intestinal flora were researched in the process of Shengmai Injection production, in order to provide the scientific basis for the development and utilization of Schizandrae Fructus extract. Methods: Schizandrae Fructus residue extract was extracted by the 60% ethanol. The model of acute-hepatic damnification rats induced by CCl4 was prepared, the protective effects of Schizandrae Fructus residue extracts on hepatic-damnification rats were evaluated through the data of ALT, AST, ALB, and TP; The function of the extracts were evaluated by histopathological observation of the liver and colon of rats; Effect of extracts on hepatic-damnification rat's intestinal flora was evaluated by the number and the number variation of the intestinal flora. Results: The results showed that the mass fractions of schisandrin A, schizandrin B, schizandrin C, gomisin A, gomisin B, and schisantherin A were 1.44, 3.42, 1.68, 4.22, 2.92, and 0.58 mg/g, respectively. Pharmacodynamic evaluation showed that Schizandrae Fructus extracts can significantly reduce the content of AST and ALT (P < 0.01) and increase the content of ALB and TP in a certain extent in the serum of acute-hepatic damnification rats (P < 0.05); Mucous damage score of liver and colon is significantly decreased; Compared to liver injury group, Schizandrae Fructus extracts of high dose group and low dose group can significantly promote the proliferation of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium (P < 0.05) but reduce the number of Enterococcus and Enterobacteria in the intestinal tract of rats (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Schizandrae Fructus residue extracts have the protective effects on the acute-hepatic damnification rats induced by CCl4, the effect of regulating intestinal flora and the proliferation of probiotics, the effect of protecting the constitution integrity of colon tissue, which provide a main basis for its further development and utilization.
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Objective: To study the chemical constituents of n-butanol fraction from the stems of Schisandra chinensis. Methods: The constituents were separated and purified by chromatographic technology, which structures were elucidated by physicochemical constants and spectral data analyses. Results: Fourteen chemical constituents were isolated from the n-butanol extract in the stems of S. chinensis, and the structures were identified as quercertin (1), quercertin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), quercetin-3-O-β-D-xylopyranoside (3), rutin (4), apigenin (5), apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), genistein-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (8), chlorogenic acid (9), ferulaic acid (10), caffeic acid (11), oleanolic acid (12), (+)-catechin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (13), and daucosterol (14). Conclusion: The compounds 3, 7, 8, and 13 are obtained from this plant for the first time.
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Objective: The colonization of endophytic antagonistic bacteria in different parts of Schisandra chinensis was tested in the meantime. Methods: Using antibiotic notation method, mutant strains of JYg07 resistant to streptomycin and rifampin at the same time were obtained. To test the colonization the labeled strains of JYg07 with different vaccination methods of root irrigation, spray, injection, and stabbing leaves. Results: Through the natural orifice and the wound, the strain JYg07 could enter the plant of S. chinensis and long live in soil. Bacterial liquid concentration influenced the time of colonization peak. Using four vaccination methods, the labeled strains of JYg07 could colonize and engraft rapidly in S. chinensis, and the colonization ability in the roots was higher than that in the stems and leaves. High concentration of nutrient solution method and root irrigation method could make JYg07 in the best colonization state in S. chinensis. Conclusion: Strain JYg07 could colonize and engraft rapidly in S. chinensis, which could be developedt and utilized as new resources of biocontrol bacteria.
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Objective: To establish an RP-HPLC method for determining the contents of deoxyschizandrin, schisandrin b, schisandrin c, and ursolic acid in Baogan Pill, and to provide the quality guarantee for Baogan Pill. Methods: Agilent Zorbax SB-C18 (150 mm × 46 mm, 5 μm) column was used. Acetonitrile and 0.1% phosphoric acid water solution was used as mobile phase, the volume flow was at 1.0 mL/min; Ultraviolent wavelength was 210 nm; Column temperature was at 30℃, and injection volume was 10 μL. Results: The lowest detection limits in deoxyschizandrin, schisandrin b, schisandrin c, and ursolic acid respectively were 0.016, 0.019, 0.020, and 0.025 mg/L, the linear ranges respectively were 3.906-250.000, 5.323-340.000, 3.225-205.000, and 5.323-340.000 mg/L. The average recoveries of deoxyschizandrin, schisandrin b, schisandrin c, and ursolic acid in Baogan Pill respectively were 100.79%, 101.09%, 101.26%, and 101.16%; The precision RSD values were 1.76%, 1.69%, 1.80%, and 1.86%, respectively; The repeatability RSD values were 1.77%, 1.66% 1.49% and 1.56%, respectively; The stability RSD values were 1.61%, 1.39%, 1.60%, and 1.56%, respectively. The average amounts of deoxyschizandrin, schisandrin b, schisandrin c, and ursolic acid in the selected samples per pill were 0.444, 1.066, 0.3125, 1.068μg, respectively. Conclusion: The method is believable for determining the contents of deoxyschizandrin, schisandrin b, schisandrin c, and ursolic acid with good simplicity, sensibility, repeatability, and recovery rate.
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Objective To investigate the metabolic rates of three lignans (deoxyschizandrin, schizandrol B and schisantherin) of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill in rat liver microsomes, and to identify their metabolites. Methods Using the in vitro rat liver microsomal model, the contents of the 3 lignans were determined by HPLC-MS and the matobilic rates were calculated. The analytical conditions were as follows: column, Agilent Zorbax SB-C18(3. 0 mm × 100 mm, 3. 5 fm) i mobile phase, acetonitrile/water (60: 40 V/V), with isocratic elutioni injection volume, 5 μL; flowing rate, 0. 8 mL/mini temperature of column, 30°C; running time, 30 min; selective ion monitoring (SIM) in positive ion mode was used in mass spectrometry, with the drying gas temperature being 350°C, capillary voltage being 4 000 V, drying gas flowing rate being 9. 0 L/min, and fragmentor voltage being 90 eV. Their metabolites were identified by HPLC-TOF/MS, whose mass parameters were the same as those of HPLC-MS. Results Deoxyschizandrin, schizandrol B and schisantherin were separated with good linearity (r>0. 999 0) between 0. 010 22-2. 044, 0. 044 24-2. 212 and 0. 042 32-2. 116 μg/mL, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precisions were less than 5 %, the matrix effect was higher than 75 %, and the extraction recovery rate was higehr than 80%. The metabolic half-life values of the 3 lignans were as follows: deoxyschizandrin 0. 721 0 min,schizandrol B 43. 58 min, and schisantherin 86. 63 min. HPLC-TOF/MS identified 7 metabolites in deoxyschizandrin, 6 in schizandrol B and 4 in schisantherin. Conclusion The lignans in Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill are easy to be metabolized in rat liver microsomes, which will affect the bioavailability and pharmaceutical efficacy of lignans in Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.
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Objective: To isolate the endophytic bacteria from the plants in Schisandra chinensis. collected from different regions, and to study the flora density, antagonistic bacteria screening, and antibacterial activity. Methods: The endophytic bacteria were isolated by plate isolation method, and to purify their typical strains. Their antagonistic activity in vitro and antibacterial activity were tested by plate confrontation method and growth rate method, respectively. Results: The difference in the flora density of endophytic bacteria in the wild cultivars of S. chinensis was significantly higher than that in the cultured cultivars. Among the parts of S. chinensis, the density of endophytic bacteria was the highest in the roots, followed by the stems, and the lowest in the leaves. Endophytic bacteria (302 strains) were obtained from the isolated bacteria by purification, and the ratio of antagonistic bacteria was 24.19%. Twelve strains were selected with antagonistic action against the pathogens of Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium Solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cirerea, and Alternaria panax, and the fermention of them had inhibitory effect on inhibiting mycelial growth of the tested pathogens. The inhibitory rate of JYg-2 to A. panax was the highest with 80.02%. Conclusion: Plenty of endophytic bacteria are found in healthy plant of S. chinensis and some of them have stable antagonistic activity. Endophytic bacteria of S. chinensis have the great potential on developing biocontrol bacteria.
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Objective: To establish the UPLC fingerprint of Schisandra chinensis. Methods: The chromatographic fingerprint was obtained with Acquity UPLC HSS T3 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) and gradient eluted with acetonitrile and water; The flow rate was 0.5 mL/min, and the column temperature was maintained at 30°C. The detection wavelength was set at 216 nm, and the injection volume was 2 μL. Results: The common mode of UPLC fingerprint of S. chinensis was set up for the first time. There were 21 common peaks in the fingerprints. Schisandrin, schisandrol B, angeloylgomisin H, schisantherin A, schisantherin B, deoxyschizandrin, γ-schisandrin, gomisin N, and schisandrin C were identified by comparing the retention time and their ultraviolet spectra. The similarities of 19 batches of S. chinensis were above 0.970. Conclusion: The method is fast and efficiency. It can be used for the quality evaluation of S. chinensis.
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AIM:To study the extraction of Schisandra Chinensis (Turcz) using supercritical carbon dioxide as extracting ageat. METHODS: The study was carried out through orthogonal test design,the content of schizandrin from Schisandra Chinensis (Turcz) was selected by 3 influencing factors, extract temperature, extract pressure and separation temperature. RESULTS:The optimal condition for the extraction as A3B2C1 Schisandra Chinensis (Turcz) was extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide, extract pressure was 25MPa, extract temperature was 50?C, separation was 7 MPa, separate temperature was 60?C, extract time was 2.5h and runing amount of CO2 was 15kg?h -1. CONCLUSION:It is feasible that supercritical carbon dioxide is used in the preparation of Schisandra Chinensis (Turcz).