Research ideas and progress on screening and identification of pharmacodynamic substance of Chinese materia medica / 中草药

Study on the pharmacodynamic material basis of Chinese materia medica (CMM) is the key and difficult points of CMM research due to its complicated components and synergistic effect of multiple pathways and multiple targets in pharmacological action. Currently, research ideas and research methods of the pharmacodynamic material basis of CMM are being constantly innovated. In this review, research ideas and progress on screening and identification of pharmacodynamic substance of CMM were summarized. It suggested that the research model of interdisciplinarity, multi-dimensional screening and evaluation should be established, in order to provide references for further and comprehensively revealing the mechanism of action of CMM and the law of compatibility, and establishing quality evaluation system of CMM.

Isolation and identification of a cellulolytic bacterium from the Tibetan pig's intestine and investigation of its cellulase production

Background The Tibetan pig is a pig breed with excellent grazing characteristics indigenous to the Qinghai-Tibet plateau in China. Under conditions of barn feeding, 90% of its diet consists of forage grass, which helps meet its nutritional needs. The present study aimed to isolate and identify a cellulolytic bacterium from the Tibetan pig's intestine and investigate cellulase production by this bacterium. The study purpose is to provide a basic theory for the research and development of herbivore characteristics and to identify a source of probiotics from the Tibetan pig. Results A cellulolytic bacterium was isolated from a Tibetan pig's intestine and identified based on morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics as well as 16S rRNA analysis; it was designated Bacillus subtilis BY-2. Examination of its growth characteristics showed that its growth curve entered the logarithmic phase after 8-12 h and the stable growth phase being between 20 and 40 h. The best carbon source for fermentation was 1% corn flour, while 2% peptone and yeast powder compound were the best nitrogen sources. The initial pH during fermentation was 5.5, with 4% inoculum, resulting in a high and stable amount of enzyme in 24-48 h. Conclusions The isolated BY-2 strain rapidly grew and produced cellulase. We believe that BY-2 cellulase can help overcome the shortage of endogenous animal cellulase, improve the utilization rate of roughage, and provide strain sources for research on porcine probiotics.

Screening and identification of multiple components in Tanreqing injection using RP-HPLC combined with DAD and ESI-TOF/MS / 中国天然药物

A liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector (DAD) and electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF/MS) method was developed for the screening and identification of the multiple components in Tanreqing injection, a well-known Chinese medicine injection in China. By combining the DAD spectrum and the accurate mass measurement of ESI-TOF/MS, twelve components in Tanreqing injection were identified. This study contributes to clarifying the nature of Tanreqing injection, and provides an effective and reliable process for the comprehensive and systematic characterization of complex traditional Chinese medicine preparations.

External quality assessment in blood group serology in the World Health Organization South-East Asia Region.

Background: The quality of blood transfusion services (BTS) is essential for the treatment of patients who need blood or blood products. BTS involve several steps, including the acquisition of the donor’s blood, blood grouping, unexpected antibody screening, blood storage, transfusion, etc. There is a need to check the effectiveness of all elements in the BTS can be assessed and monitored by an external quality assessment. Aim: To assess and evaluate the performance of ABO and Rh(D) blood grouping and unexpected antibody screening of the selected World Health Organization (WHO) South-East Asia Region Member country laboratories. Methods: WHO Collaborating Centre on Strengthening Quality of Health Laboratories (Thailand) organized a regional external quality assessment scheme for blood group serology (REQAS-BGS) between 2002 and 2008 for laboratories in countries of the WHO South-East Asia Region. Test items for ABO and Rh(D) blood groupings and unexpected antibody screening and identification were distributed three cycles per year to BTS laboratories in Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Indonesia, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Thailand. By the end of the project, a total of 20 BTS laboratories had participated for differing lengths of time. Results: It was found that 87.5%, 93.3%, 81.3%, 92.3%, 100% and 87.5% of laboratories returned the test results in 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. Laboratories with excellent quality or a trend of quality improvement for ABO and Rh(D) blood grouping, unexpected antibody screening and identification during the six years were 60% (12/20), 50% (10/20), 52.9% (9/17) and 81.8% (9/11), respectively. At the initiation of the scheme, most laboratories were using substandard methods for ABO and Rh blood groupings, i.e. performing only direct blood grouping alone but subsequently adopted the standard methods, i.e. performing both direct and reverse blood groupings. Conclusion: REQAS-BGS in South-East Asia countries has been useful for assessing, monitoring and improving the quality of testing. Challenges such as high costs and regulatory requirements for international shipment of blood samples could be solved by amending the regulation(s) for shipment, or establishing a national EQAS.

Type Distribution of Unexpected Red Cell Antibodies in Patients with Malignancy / 대한수혈학회지

BACKGROUND: Performance of antibody screening and identification tests before blood transfusion is important because the unexpected presence of red cell antibodies may cause hemolytic transfusion reactions. Many patients with malignancy undergo transfusion in order to overcome pancytopenia due to disease itself or chemotherapy. We investigated the type distribution of unexpected red cell antibodies in cancer patients and compared our results with those of other institutions. METHODS: From January 2008 to June 2011, 30,989 serum samples were screened using a LISS/Coombs card and ID-DiaCell I, II (DiaMed AG, Morat, Switzerland). Data-Cyte Plus Reagent Red Blood Cells (Medion Diagnostics, Dudingen, Switzerland) were used in performance of antibody identification tests. RESULTS: Out of 30,989 serum samples, 180 cases (0.58%) showed screening-positive results, and unexpected antibodies were identified in 72 cases. The type of unexpected antibody observed most often in cancer patients was a member of the Rh antibody group, anti-E in 17 cases (29.8%), followed by anti-Lea in five cases (8.8%) and anti-e in three cases (5.3%). While Rh group antibodies were observed in the colon cancer group, non-Rh group antibodies were observed in the rectal cancer group. And, in the genitourinary cancer group, Lewis group antibodies were more frequently detected than others. CONCLUSION: Findings from our study demonstrated a type distribution of unexpected red cell antibodies that was similar to those reported in previous studies. Compared with non-cancerous patients, no difference in type distribution of unexpected red cell antibodies was observed in cancer patients. Some antibodies were frequently observed in certain cancer groups. Further comprehensive research on unexpected antibodies based on location or histologic type of cancer is needed.

The Frequency of Unexpected Antibodies by Using Two Micro-column Agglutination Systems: DiaMed-ID and Ortho BioVue Systems / 대한수혈학회지

BACKGROUND: Unexpected antibody screening and identification tests are very important for safe blood transfusion. The micro-column agglutination test (MCAT) is widely used due to its simplicity and efficiency for detecting alloantibodies. We analyzed the frequency of unexpected antibodies at three university hospital blood banks, which use two different MCAT systems. METHODS: From February 2002 to December 2009, a total of 295,876 unexpected antibody screening tests were performed at three university hospital blood banks. Two hospital blood banks (Anam and Ansan Hospitals) used the DiaMed-ID system (DiaMed Ag, Switzerland) and the other (Guro Hospital) used the Ortho BioVue system (Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, USA) for antibody screening and identification tests. RESULTS: The rates of detecting unexpected antibodies on screening test based on the 'tests performed' and the 'persons tested' were 1.16% per test and 0.96% per person in Korea University Guro Hospital, 0.65% and 0.41% in Korea University Anam Hospital and 0.76% and 0.57% in Korea University Ansan hospital, respectively. There were significant differences in the frequencies based on the two different systems (P<0.001). Among the warm antibodies, Rh antibodies were more frequently detected by the DiaMed-ID system, and Lewis antibodies were most frequently detected by the Ortho BioVue System. CONCLUSION: We should carefully interpretate the frequency of unexpected antibodies in the Korean population because the frequencies of unexpected antibodies are different according to different employed micro-column agglutination systems.

The Frequency and Distribution of Unexpected Antibodies in Transfusion Candidates with the Use of the Ortho BioVue System: Recent Four Year Experience / 대한수혈학회지

BACKGROUND: Unexpected antibodies are important factors for hemolytic transfusion reactions. In the past, the tube method was used for detecting unexpected antibodies. The column agglutination method has recently been widely used because of its simplicity and it has a higher rate of detecting warm antibodies. In this study, we describe the frequency and distribution of unexpected antibodies in transfusion candidates during the recent 4 years and the transfusion characteristics in the identified cases. METHODS: Antibody screening tests were carried out on 44,008 sera using the column agglutination method from January, 2005 to December, 2008. The antibodies were screened and identified by the Ortho BioVue System (Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Raritan, NJ, USA). RESULTS: Of the 44,008 cases that underwent unexpected antibodies screening, 589 cases (1.3%) showed positive results. Unexpected antibodies were identified in 383 cases. The antibodies that were most frequently detected were anti-Lewis antibodies in 130 cases (34.0%). Among the warm antibodies, anti-Rh and anti-Kidd antibodies were detected in 67 cases (17.5%) and 2 cases (0.5%), respectively. Unidentified antibodies were detected in 133 cases (38.9%). Among the patients with unexpected antibodies, 137 cases (35.8%) had a history of previous transfusion and 244 cases (63.7%) had a history of previous transfusion or gestation. CONCLUSION: Anti-Lewis cold antibodies were the most frequently detected antibodies. Warm antibodies were also frequently detected, and these are clinically significant.

The Frequency of Unexpected Antibodies in Transfusion Candidates in Recent 6 Years / 대한수혈학회지

BACKGROUND: Antibody screening and identification tests are indispensable test to protect hemolytic transfusion reaction. Due to increase of transfusion and development of new techniques for detection of antibodies, the incidence of unexpected antibodies may tend to increase compared with the past. METHODS: We evaluated the frequency and distribution of unexpected antibodies by two methods from 53,167 sera. The tube(saline, albumin, and antiglobulin phase) methods were subjected to the sera from Jan 1998 to April 2000, and gel agglutination methods with DiaMed-ID system (DiaMed, Murten, Switzerland) were subjected to the sera from May 2000 to Feb 2004. RESULTS: Out of all 53,167 serum samples, positive results were obtained from 177 sera(0.33%). Antibody that was detected most frequently was anti-E(46 sera, 25.9%), followed by anti-Le a (43 sera, 22.6%), anti-Le b and anti-c. In the tube method, 55 cases(83.3%) were detected at antiglobulin phase. Among the patients with unexpected antibodies, 85 cases(54.5%) had the history of previous transfusion. CONCLUSION: Unexpected antibodies that were detected in this study were mostly significant antibodies in clinical. There was no difference of the frequency according to the method. Unexpected antibodies were associated with multiple transfusion. Therefore antibody screening and identification tests are critical step in pre-transfusion tests.

Screening and Identification of the Primary Bacterium from the Chilled Beef on Sale / 微生物学通报

It is used the method of pure culture,Selected 32 strains,which were obvious difference in the shape,color and so on common characteristic,From the chilled beef with no packing and cling film on sale in this research;and it was included 12 strains from the chilled beef sample packed with cling film;20 strains from the chilled beef sample with no packing.Simultaneously selected 4 strains which were predominant in each bacterium from the two samples to conduct the further research,8 strains serial numbers are:S01～S08,S01～S04 from the chilled beef sample with no packing;S05～S08 from the chilled beef sample packed with cling film.Through ARDRA(Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis) as well as 16S rDNA to clarify the bacterium's classified status.The physiological and chemical tests were done to determine the various bacteria respective genus.The experiment indicated:S01 is Pseudomonas putida;S02 is Shewanella cincia stain;S03 and S05 are the same Shewanella putrefaciens;S04 is Stenotrophomonas mal-tophilia;S06 is Psychrobacter;S07 is Staphylococcus sciuri;S08 is Microbacterium-laevaniformans.It was proved that two samples altogether have the same predominant bacterium.It can provide certain theory basis for the chilled meat processing craft as the preliminary investigation in the cultured microorganism situation in two samples.