The Long-Term Loss of Smell and Taste in COVID-19 Patients ­ A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Introduction: Olfactory symptoms have been reported as particular in COVID-19 patients. Objective: To synthesize and analyze the existing evidence on the monitoring loss of sense of smell and taste in COVID-19 patients, and for how long symptoms persist after the virus is no longer active in the organism. Methods: A search was implemented in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science databases. This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to PRISMA, and the risk of bias was assessed through the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The review protocol is registered in PROSPERO. Results: Our systematic review included data from 14 articles with a total of 2143 participants. The most reported sensory symptom of COVID-19 was anosmia, which was detected in 1499 patients, being the only symptom to appear in all studies. Ageusia was detected in 595 patients, dysgeusia in 514 patients, and hyposmia in 209 patients. The studies provided the number of 729 patients with sensory symptoms during the acute COVID-19 infection of 15 days, and 1020 patients with lasting sensory symptoms, presenting sensory dysfunctions after the average latent period of 15 days of the acute COVID-19 infection. Conclusion: Evidence points to the loss or dysfunction of taste and smell as one of the symptoms of COVID-19 persisting for an average time of 15 days, with 44% of COVID-19 patients with persistent symptoms for more than 15 days. Nevertheless, most studies do not perform a follow-up with those patients. Therefore, further research on sensory symptoms and their follow-up is required.

Two Cases of Globus Sensation Successfully Treated with Ryokeijutsukanto / 日本東洋医学雑誌

Hangekobokuto is often used for globus sensation. We herein describe two cases in which ryokeijutsukanto was effective for globus sensation, for which hangekobokuto was ineffective. Case 1 was a 28-year-old woman. She had been suffering from postprandial belching, fullness and stuffy throat for a year. She underwent examination, but could not find the cause of her symptoms and visited our department. She was prescribed hangekobokuto, but the feeling of stuffiness in her throat did not improve. Case 2 was a 50-year-old woman. She had been afflicted with a feeling of fullness in the ears, tinnitus, and pain in the back of the eyes for two weeks. She visited the otolaryngology department, but no abnormalities were found so she visited our department. She was prescribed kamishoyosan, and although her ear fullness and tinnitus improved by about 60%, she began to complain of dizziness and throat stuffiness. This did not improve even though she used hangekobokuto with kamishoyosan. In both cases, after changing treatment to ryokeijutsukanto, the symptoms were improved. For globus sensation, it is necessary to select Kampo medicines while paying attention to qi deficiency, qi depression, qi counter flow, static blood, liver depression, lack of fluid, fluid toxicity, and gastrointestinal disorders. We thought that ryokeijutsukanto could be a candidate.

Two Cases of Cesarean Sections Performed with Combined Spinal-Epidural Anesthesia with Perioperative Asthma Attacks / 日本東洋医学雑誌

Asthma attack difficulty breathing rapidly worsens the condition over time. Especially when the condition worsens before surgery, general anesthesia (GA) may be indicated depending on the type of surgery. In Japan, there is a tendency to avoid GA in cesarean section (C/S) due to the risk of difficult intubation, adverse effects on the fetus, and concerns about resuscitation of the newborn. This time, foreign body sensation in the throat (baikakuki) was found in a case of asthma-like attack accompanied by difficulty breathing caused by disturbance symptoms on the day of C/S and in a case of difficulty breathing due to preoperative antibiotic intravenous drip. After oral administration of hangekobokuto to the patients, dyspnea disappeared in either case, and I was able to avoid GA and perform C/S with combined spinal-epidural anesthesia. Considering asthma in Kampo medicine, it is thought that psychoactive predispositions such as anxiety and impatience are the triggers that cause qi counter flow and qi stagnation, which causes phlegm to condense, resulting in baikakuki and symptoms. Therefore, it was thought that hangekobokuto, which remove phlegm, was adapted.

Heat Sensation in the Chest and Strong Malaise Successfully Treated with Shishikankyoto / 日本東洋医学雑誌

Kampo medicine containing Gardeniae Fractus is often used for agony of the chest, but there are few case reports about shishikankyoto. Here, we report a case of a 73-year-old woman with heat sensation in the chest and severe malaise successfully treated with shishikankyoto. She suffered from lung cancer five years previously, and received chemoradiation treatment. One year later, radiation pneumonitis developed, which was resolved naturally. After another year, she began to develop a slight fever, burning sensation and general malaise, which disappeared and recurred in cycles of about six months. She received Kampo medicine treatment for one year at another hospital, but lacked in improvement and was introduced to our hospital. We thought her symptoms were caused by deficiency heat pattern in the chest and cold in the epigastric region. By giving shishikankyoto in reference to a sentence in the Shang Hang Lun, her symptoms improved in about two weeks. Although, shishikankyoto is a prescription medicine with few reports, it is effective in a short period of time and is useful for similar symptoms.

Effect of acupuncture sensation on body sway during one legged stance / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

[Objectives]The purpose of this study is to clarify the effect of acupuncture sensation on the body sway during a one-legged stance.[Methods] The study participants were 16 healthy adults (mean age 21.8±1.6 years). The study design was a crossover method, wherein the same individuals participated in the acupuncture stimulation condition and the control condition at intervals of more than one week. Evaluation was performed before and after each intervention by holding a one-legged stance for 40 seconds on a force plate. A total of six items of body sway were measured, including: circumferential area, rectangular area, effective value area, total trajectory length, unit trajectory length, and unit area trajectory length. In addition, Visual analog scale (VAS) was used to evaluate the ease with which the lower leg was subjected to force during measurement. In the acupuncture stimulation condition, single acupuncture was performed on the lower limb muscle group of the measuring leg, and the VAS of the acupuncture sensation was evaluated at the time of stimulation and at the end of measurement. Stainless steel disposable acupuncture needles (length: 50 mm, diameter: 0.20 mm.) were used for stimulation. The stimulation sites were the ST32, ST37, BL37, BL57, and GB37 of the test leg, and acupuncture needles were inserted to the desired depth and removed when sensation was felt. The control condition was the supine position for five minutes. Comparisons were made between the pre- and post-acupuncture stimulation conditions and the pre- and post-control conditions(body sway, lower leg VAS, acupuncture sensation VAS). [Results] There was no significant difference between the two conditions in terms of body sway. However, the VAS of lower limb effort was significantly lower, from 78.0±14.9 mm to 63.1±17.0 mm before and after the intervention (p<0.05). On the other hand, in the control condition, there was no significant difference from 79.5±12.3 mm to 75.2±12.7 mm before and after rest. The VAS of acupuncture sensation was 50.4±14.3 mm during stimulation and 9.8±9.0 mm at the end of measurement, which was significantly lower (p<0.05). [Conclusion] Acupuncture sensation did not affect the body sway before and after acupuncture stimulation. However, the subjective sensation of weakness appeared, suggesting that acupuncture stimulation may cause a transient sensation of weakness.

Advances in neural circuits of innate fear defense behavior / 浙江大学学报·医学版

Fear, a negative emotion triggered by dangerous stimuli, can lead to psychiatric disorders such as phobias, anxiety disorders, and depression. Investigating the neural circuitry underlying congenital fear can offer insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of related psychiatric conditions. Research on innate fear primarily centers on the response mechanisms to various sensory signals, including olfactory, visual and auditory stimuli. Different types of fear signal inputs are regulated by distinct neural circuits. The neural circuits of the main and accessory olfactory systems receive and process olfactory stimuli, mediating defensive responses like freezing. Escape behaviors elicited by visual stimuli are primarily regulated through the superior colliculus and hypothalamic projection circuits. Auditory stimuli-induced responses, including escape, are mainly mediated through auditory cortex projection circuits. In this article, we review the research progress on neural circuits of innate fear defensive behaviors in animals. We further discuss the different sensory systems, especially the projection circuits of olfactory, visual and auditory systems, to provide references for the mechanistic study of related mental disorders.

Effect of meridian sinew releasing technique on moxibustion sensation of heat-sensitive moxibustion in patients with knee osteoarthritis / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of meridian sinew releasing technique on moxibustion sensation of heat-sensitive moxibustion in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA).@*METHODS@#A total of 60 patients with KOA were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 30 cases each group. In the observation group, on the basis of the meridian sinew releasing technique, moxibustion sensation exploration method was applied at Dubi (ST 35) area on the affected side. In the control group, moxibustion sensation exploration method was applied at Dubi (ST 35) area on the affected side. The meridian sinew releasing technique was performed for 20 min each time, the moxibustion sensation exploration method was performed for 60 min each time, once a day for 3 days. The excitation rate, latency, duration time and intensity value of moxibustion sensation of heat-sensitive moxibustion were recorded on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd days of exploration in the two groups.@*RESULTS@#The excitation rate on the 3rd day of exploration and total excitation rate in the observation group were higher than the control group (P<0.05). On the 1st, 2nd and 3rd days of exploration, the latency of moxibustion sensation of heat-sensitive moxibustion in the observation group was shorter than the control group (P<0.05), the duration time was longer than the control group (P<0.05), and the intensity value was higher than the control group (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Meridian sinew releasing technique could improve the excitation rate of moxibustion sensation of heat-sensitive moxibustion in patients with KOA, shorten the latency, prolong the duration time, and improve the intensity value.

Vibration sensation associated with motor function has specific frequency characteristics in community-dwelling older Japanese adults / 体力科学

Vibration sensation is related to motor function. However, it is unclear which vibration frequencies are associated with motor function. Therefore, in this cross-sectional study, we investigated whether a specific frequency of vibration sensation could explain motor functions. Thirty-two community-dwelling Japanese healthy older adults aged 70 years or older participated in the present study. Grip strength, one-leg standing time, and 10-m walking time were evaluated as indicators of motor function. Vibratory (40, 128, and 256 Hz) and tactile sensory tests were examined as sensory functions. Grip strength per body weight was significantly correlated with sex, body mass index, falls efficacy scale, vibration sensation with 40 and 128 Hz, and 10-m walking time (P < 0.05). Furthermore, one-leg standing time showed a correlation between vibration sensation (128 and 256 Hz) and fall history (P < 0.05). However, 10-m walking time was significantly correlated with only the grip strength to body weight ratio. Multiple regression analysis showed that vibration sensation with 128 Hz (β = 0.427) and sex (β = -0.335) (P < 0.05) were significant independent variables associated with grip strength to body weight ratio. Vibration sensation with 256 Hz (β = 0.465) and age (β = -0.343) (P < 0.05) were significant independent variable associated with one-leg standing time. No significant variables were identified for the 10-m walking time. Vibration sensation associated with motor function shows specific frequency characteristics in community-dwelling older Japanese adults.

Discussion on acupuncture analgesia from the perspective of acupuncture regulating mind / 中国针灸

To explore the regulating effect of acupuncture on pain based on the three dimensions of pain (pain sensation, pain emotion and pain cognition). The pain sensation is related to the body, the pain emotion is related to the seven emotions, the pain cognition is related to the mind of the five zang, and the three dimensions of pain interact with each other. Through the two ways of "regulating qi to treat mind" and "treating mind to regulate qi ", acupuncture comprehensively acts on pain sensation, pain emotion and pain cognition to achieve comprehensive regulation of pain.

An experimental study of physical intelligence teaching on sensory integration function of 4-5-year-old children / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To examine the impact of physical intelligence teaching on the function of children s sensory integration, so as to provide reference for promoting the development of sensory integration system.@*Methods@#From February to May 2023, the intervention was implemented for 12 weeks among 136 children aged 4-5 (68 in the intervention group and 68 in the control group). The intervention group received situational and game based physical intelligence teaching, the control group received sports game teaching according to the original curriculum objectives of the kindergarten. Intervention was administered 3 times a week for 40 minutes each time. The sensory integration ability of the intervention group and the control group were evaluated before and after the intervention with Chi square test and t test.@*Results@#The vestibular sensation, proprioception and tactile sensation of between boys and girls in the intervention group were significantly improved compared with before intervention (boys：44.14±11.52 vs. 53.34± 9.49 ，44.57±12.76 vs. 50.54±11.86，49.31±12.18 vs. 55.00±10.24,girls：46.00±11.01 vs. 54.58±10.06，48.79±13.17 vs. 53.64±11.97，52.67±11.67 vs. 56.91±10.42, t =-3.24，-2.49，-2.09，-5.24，-12.94，-2.56， P <0.05). There was no significant difference in vestibular sensation between boys and girls in the control group (boys：45.91±11.66 vs. 46.31± 11.20，girls：48.27±13.56 vs. 48.45 ±13.54, t =-0.87，-0.07， P >0.05), but there was a significant improvement in proprioception and tactile sensation in both boys and girls (boys：46.63±11.76 vs. 48.06±11.69，51.63±11.98 vs. 52.40±12.18，girls：50.45±12.16 vs. 51.67± 12.03 ，53.36±12.48 vs. 54.39±12.57， t =-3.36，-2.08，-4.66，-2.86， P <0.05). After the intervention, compared with the control group, the vestibular sensation of both boys and girls significantly improved ( t=2.83, 2.08, P <0.05), with exception of proprioception and tactile sensation ( t =0.88,0.67,0.97,0.88, P >0.05). In the experimental group, the number of normal boys increased from 12 to 24, while the number of dysfunctional boys decreased from 23 to 11, with a statistically significant difference ( χ 2=11.53, P <0.01). There was no statistically significant difference in sensory integration in boys of the control group before and after the experiment ( χ 2= 1.10 , P >0.05). After intervention,the number of normal girls in the experimental group increased from 15 to 27, while the number of dysfunctional girls decreased from 18 to 6, with a statistically significant difference ( χ 2=10.39, P < 0.05 ). There was no statistically significant difference in sensory integration in girls from the control group before and after the experiment ( χ 2=2.08, P > 0.05 ).@*Conclusion@#Physical intelligence teaching can effectively improve children s sensory integration ability, especially for vestibular function.

Simultaneous innervated and vascularized iliac bone flap for reconstructing mandible and nerve defects / 口腔疾病防治

@#The functional reconstruction of large maxillofacial defects is a major issue in oral and maxillofacial surgery, and autologous bone transplantation is the main method. However, bone is readily absorbed following an autologous bone transplant. Even with vascular anastomosis, spontaneous osteoporosis of transplanted bone is still serious, which affects dental implantation and functional recovery. Therefore, osteoporosis of the grafted bone has become one of the main complications of jaw reconstruction, and there is no preventive measure. The problem that autologous bone with sufficient blood supply cannot avoid osteoporosis suggests that systemic factors such as nerves, which have been neglected in traditional methods, may regulate the internal environment of the transplanted bone. Based on previous studies on the regulation of mesenchymal stem cells by the neural microenvironment, we initiated a new surgical procedure for innervated and vascularized iliac bone flaps based on animal model and cadaver studies. In the innervated and vascularized iliac bone flap, vascular microanastomosis was performed in conjunction with microneuronal anastomosis between the simultaneously harvested ilioinguinal nerve (which innervates the iliac bone and is usually sacrificed and neglected in the conventional vascularized iliac bone flap) and the inferior alveolar nerve proximally and with the mental nerve distally. By conducting clinical retrospective studies and prospective randomized controlled trials, we proved that the novel method of simultaneous innervated iliac bone transplantation can not only prevent bone resorption but also restore the sensation of adjacent soft tissues such as the lip. This may solve the key problems of sensory loss and osteoporosis after mandibular reconstruction, ensure the success of dental implant dentures, and put forward the new concept of "blood supply + innervation" bi-system bone transplantation.

Atypical developmental of the sensorimotor network optimal frequency in children with autism spectrum disorder / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#On the basis of the dominant frequency index of functional connectivity, the "brain age" analysis method was used to explore abnormal development patterns of sensorimotor networks in boys with autism spectrum disorder(ASD).@*Methods@#The resting state functional magnetic resonance data (7-12 years old) for 105 boys with ASD and 102 matched boys with normal development from the ABIDE public database were screened. Functional connection networks in different frequency bands of sensorimotor related brain regions were constructed for each individual, and the frequency of the strongest connection were constructed as the optimal frequency of the connection. Brain age analysis was used to explore the difference between brain age and chronological age in boys with ASD.@*Results@#The brain sensorimotor network of boys with ASD showed an abnormal development pattern of overdevelopment followed by underdevelopment, and the transition between the two patterns occurred at approximately 7.8 years of age. Older boys with ASD (older than 10 years) whose underdevelopment trend was suppressed had lower ASD severity( r=-0.43, P < 0.05 ).@*Conclusion@#The brain sensorimotor network in boys with ASD has an abnormal development process, and the brain chronological age difference in the sensorimotor network has potential as a neuroimaging marker to measure the development of ASD.

Autism spectrum disorder s sensory characteristics and its correlation with core phenotype / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the differences of sensory manifestations between ASD children and typical development children, and to clarify the characteristics of sensory abnormalities in ASD and their relationship with various clinical symptoms, so as to provide scientific basis for early identification and specific intervention.@*Methods@#A total of 265 ASD children who received rehabilitation training in autism rehabilitation institutions in Heilongjiang Province were collected as the case group, and 223 typical development children in ordinary kindergartens and schools in Harbin were taken as the control group. Short Sensory Profile (SSP) was used to evaluate the difference of children s sensory perception level between the two groups, and Social Response Scale (SRS) and Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) were used to evaluate the severity of symptoms including social disorder of autistic children. The correlation between SSP scores in ASD group and clinical scales was analyzed.@*Results@#The comparison of SSP scores between the two groups found that the median scores of all sensory dimensions in ASD group (tactile=33, taste/smell=18, motion sensitivity=13, Low response/sensation seeking=28, auditory filtering=19, low strength=22, visual/auditory=20) were lower than those of the healthy control group( Z =-2.73,-4.36,-3.17,-5.09,-11.00,-10.45,-3.43, P <0.05). The abnormal rate of multisensory score in children in ASD group was 55.1%, and that in control group was 21.2%, with significant difference( χ 2=57.15, P <0.05). Correlation analysis showed that SSP score in ASD group was negatively correlated with all dimensions of SRS, nonverbal communication, and social function of ADI-R scale, ADOS communication and social interaction, and total scores of ABC and CARS( P < 0.05 ).@*Conclusion@#Children with ASD have atypical sensory experiences, especially in auditory filtering dimension, and the level of atypical sensation is related to the severity of clinical symptoms of autism. In the future clinical diagnosis, treatment and research, it is necessary to strengthen the ability to recognize the sensory symptoms of children with ASD, so as to realize the early diagnosis and intervention.

Functional connectivity among insula, sensory and social brain regions in boys with autism spectrum disorder / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To identify the functional connectivity characteristics of insula, sensory and social related brain regions in boys with autism spectrum disorder(ASD), to explore the central nervous basis of sensory abnormality affecting core symptoms in boys with ASD.@*Methods@#Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs fMRI) data were collected from 34 boys with ASD and 29 typical development boys (TD group). Based on functional connectivity analysis, the sensory related brain regions, insula, and social related brain regions were taken as regions of interest to calculate the functional connectivity (FC) level between the regions of interest, the differences between the two groups were compared and the results were corrected by FDR. The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and Autism Spectrum Quotient-Children s Version (AQ-Child) were used to assess the core phenotypes of boys with ASD.@*Results@#Compared with the TD group, the levels of FC between tactile brain regions and insula, olfactory brain regions and insula, auditory brain regions and insula in boys with ASD group were significantly increased. The level of FC between the insula and bilateral amygdala，insula and the medial prefrontal cortex(mPFC) were significantly increased( P <0.05).Pearson correlation analysis showed that the level of FC between auditory brain region(BA42)and left insula in ASD group was negatively correlated with the scores of communication subscale of ADOS( r =-0.44)，social interaction subscale of ADOS( r =-0.43), communication & social interaction subscale of ADOS( r =-0.49),attention to details subscale of AQ-Child( r =-0.41). The level of FC between the right insula and right amygdala was positively correlated with the attention switch subscale of AQ-Child( r =0.38), the level of FC between right insula and mPFC was positively correlated with the scores of repetitive behavior subscale of ADOS( r =0.48), the attention switch subscale of AQ-Child( r =0.49), total scale subscale of AQ-Child( r =0.41), total scale of CARS( r =0.41)( P < 0.05 ).@*Conclusion@#The levels of FC between insula and sensory related, social related brain regions are abnormal in children with ASD, which have significant correlations with clinical symptoms. In depth studies can be conducted to explore underlying neutral mechanisms.

Management of laryngopharyngeal reflux in Brazil: a national surveys / Manejo do refluxo laringofaríngeo no Brasil: pesquisa nacional

Abstract Introduction: Studies assessing the management of laryngopharyngeal reflux by otolaryngologists have reported an important heterogeneity regarding the definition, diagnosis, and treatment, which leads to discrepancies in the management of the patient. Information about the current knowledge and practices of Brazilian otolaryngologists in laryngopharyngeal reflux is lacking. Objective: To investigate the trends in management of laryngopharyngeal reflux disease among Brazilian otolaryngologists. Methods: A survey was sent by email to the members of the Brazilian Association of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery. This survey has initially been conducted by the laryngopharyngeal reflux study group of young otolaryngologists of the International Federation of Otolaryngological Societies. Results: According to the survey responders, the prevalence of laryngopharyngeal reflux was estimated to be 26.8% of patients consulting in otolaryngology and the most common symptoms were globus sensation, throat clearing, cough and stomach acid reflux. Nasal obstruction, Eustachian tube dysfunction, acute and chronic otitis media, vocal fold nodules and hemorrhage were considered not associated with laryngopharyngeal reflux by the majority of responders. About 2/3 of Brazilian otolaryngologists based the diagnosis of laryngopharyngeal reflux on the assessment of both symptoms and findings and a positive response to empiric therapeutic trials. Proton pump inhibitor utilized once or twice daily, was the most commonly used therapeutic scheme. Only 21.4% of Brazilian otolaryngologists have heard about nonacid and mixed laryngopharyngeal reflux and the awareness about the usefulness of multichannel intraluminal impedance pH monitoring (MII-pH) was minimal; 30.5% of responders did not consider themselves as well-informed about laryngopharyngeal reflux. Conclusion: Although the laryngopharyngeal reflux-related symptoms, main diagnostic and treatment approaches referred by Brazilian otolaryngologists are consistent with the literature, the survey identified some limitations, such as the insufficient awareness of the role of laryngopharyngeal reflux in many otolaryngological conditions and of the possibility of non-acid or mixed reflux in refractory cases. Future studies are needed to establish international recommendations for the management of laryngopharyngeal reflux disease.

Resumo Introdução: Estudos que avaliaram o manejo do refluxo laringofaríngeo por otorrinolaringologistas mostraram uma importante heterogeneidade em relação à definição, diagnóstico e tratamento, o que leva a discrepâncias no tratamento do paciente. Faltam informações sobre o conhecimento e as práticas atuais dos otorrinolaringologistas brasileiros sobre o refluxo laringofaríngeo. Objetivo: Investigar as tendências no manejo da doença do refluxo laringofaríngeo entre os otorrinolaringologistas brasileiros. Método: O questionário foi enviado por e-mail aos membros da Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia-Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço. Esta pesquisa foi inicialmente conduzida pelo LPR Study Group of Young Otolaryngologists da International Federation of Otolaryngological Societies. Resultados: De acordo com os respondentes da pesquisa, a prevalência de refluxo laringofaríngeo foi estimada em 26,8% dos pacientes consultados e os sintomas mais comuns foram sensação de globus, pigarro, tosse e refluxo de ácido estomacal. Obstrução nasal, disfunção da trompa de Eustáquio, otite média aguda e crônica, nódulos nas pregas vocais e hemorragia foram considerados como não associados ao refluxo laringofaríngeo pela maioria dos respondentes. Cerca de 2/3 dos otorrinolaringologistas brasileiros basearam o diagnóstico de refluxo laringofaríngeo na avaliação dos sintomas e achados e na resposta positiva a testes terapêuticos empíricos. Inibidores de bomba de prótons uma ou duas vezes ao dia foi o esquema terapêutico mais usado. Somente 21,4% dos otorrinolaringologistas brasileiros já ouviram falar sobre refluxo laringofaríngeo não ácido e misto e o conhecimento sobre a utilidade do monitoramento de pH por impedância intraluminal multicanal foi mínimo; 30,5% dos respondentes não se consideraram tão bem informados sobre o refluxo laringofaríngeo. Conclusão: Embora os sintomas relacionados ao refluxo laringofaríngeo e as principais abordagens diagnósticas e terapêuticas referidas pelos otorrinolaringologistas brasileiros sejam consistentes com a literatura, a pesquisa identificou algumas limitações, como o conhecimento insuficiente do papel do refluxo laringofaríngeo em diversas condições otorrinolaringológicas e da possibilidade de refluxo não ácido ou misto em casos refratários. Estudos futuros são necessários para estabelecer recomendações internacionais para o manejo de doença do refluxo laringofaríngeo.

Congenital corneal anesthesia: A case series

Congenital corneal anesthesia (CCA) is an extremely rare condition where the cornea is affected in isolation or as a part of congenital syndrome, or can be associated with systemic anomalies. This case series of 12 eyes provides an overview of various clinical presentations and their final treatment outcomes. The average age of presentation was 3.2 years with a female preponderance (75%). Fifty percent of the patients had bilateral involvement and 50% had corneal ulcers at presentation. Two eyes required therapeutic keratoplasty for corneal perforation. All patients had isolated CCA except for one who had an associated hereditary and sensory autonomic neuropathy.

Efficacy of topical tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) paste for the management of oral submucous fibrosis – A clinical study

Context: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic insidious oral potentially malignant disorder characterized by increased collagen deposition and reduced collagen degradation causing burning sensation and difficulty in mouth opening. Aim: To assess the efficacy of topical Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) paste for the management of OSMF. Settings and Design: Institution?based clinical trial. Materials and Methods: The study included a total of 60 OSMF patients categorized into three Groups A, B and C (20 in each) depending on the severity according to Lai DR et al. classification. The patients were advised for topical Tulsi paste application and were evaluated for the reduction in the burning sensation and improvement in mouth opening every month for 3 subsequent months using the numeric pain rating scale (NRS) and a Vernier calliper, respectively. Statistical Analysis: The baseline and 3?month recordings were subjected to inter? and intra?group statistical analysis using Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variance (ANOVA), Mann–Whitney U, one?way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple post?hoc and Wilcoxon matched?pairs tests. Results: There was a reduction in the burning sensation and improvement in the mouth opening in all three groups. The reduction in the burning sensation was statistically significant among all the groups (P < 0.05) and the NRS scores after 3 months among the three groups were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in the improvement of mouth opening between Group A and B; A and C; but not between B and C. Conclusion: Tulsi paste showed a significant reduction in the burning sensation and improvement of the mouth opening thereby proving to be a safe and promising medicament for OSMF

Substance use and oral health sensations among substance users residing in rehabilitation centres in an Indian City

Background: The term substance is usually used to address psychoactive/psychotropic drugs which include both licit and illicit drugs. These substances have varied consequences, including long?term and short?term effects, which include sensations post?consumption. Aim: To determine patterns of substance use and short?term oral health effects among substance users. Materials and Methods: A self?administered questionnaire?based study was conducted on the inmates of drug deaddiction and rehabilitation centres in Bhubaneswar city. Results: All the subjects were males and majority (60.6%) were polydrug users. Alcohol (87.3%) was the most commonly used substance, followed by ganja (57%), bhang (35.3%) and brown sugar (33%). A wide range of oral health sensations like dryness of mouth, taste change, numbness in mouth, feeling like chewing something, loose teeth and stammering/difficulty in speaking were found to be significantly associated with substance use. The age of start of substance use (P < 0.0001), socioeconomic status (P = 0.026) and marital status (P < 0.0001) were significantly associated with the pattern of substance use. About 37.6% of inmates felt that they had very good oral health before starting drug use, while only 15.4% described their oral health as very good at present. Having no oral health problem was the most common reason for not visiting a dentist, followed by ignorant attitude towards oral health. Conclusion: A wide range of oral health sensations were found to be caused due to substance use. Understanding of oral health sensations can aid practitioners detect and report cases of substance use in its early phase.

Perfil sensorial de crianças com Transtorno do Processamento Auditivo Central (TPAC) / Sensory profile of children with Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD)

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar o perfil sensorial de crianças com TPAC, de acordo com o Child Sensory Profile 2 e verificar possíveis associações entre o PAC e o PS. Método Foram avaliadas 60 crianças em idade escolar de duas escolas públicas de João Pessoa, PB. Todas realizaram triagem cognitiva, tiveram suas informações socioeconômicas colhidas e foram submetidas às avaliações audiológica, do processamento auditivo central e do processamento sensorial. A análise dos dados foi feita com o SPSS Statistics, versão 25.0, e o valor de significância adotado foi de 0,05. Foi realizada a análise descritiva com medidas de tendência central. A associação entre as variáveis foi medida pelos testes t de Student e U de Mann-Whitney. O tamanho do efeito da diferença entre os grupos foi medido pelo coeficiente d de Cohen ou r de Rosenthal. Resultados As crianças com TPAC tinham idade média de 8,4 anos, e suas famílias apresentaram renda e escolaridade inferior aquelas sem alteração do processamento auditivo. Foi observado que crianças com TPAC apresentam mais diferenças sensoriais que seus pares com PAC normal. Os resultados do Child Sensory Profile 2 não mostrou associação estatística com o processamento auditivo e a magnitude do tamanho do efeito entre as variáveis foi moderada para o sistema visual. Conclusão Crianças com TPAC tem mais diferenças sensoriais que seus pares de acordo com o resultado normativo do Child Sensory Profile 2. Não foi observada associação entre o processamento sensorial e auditivo central, com exceção do sistema visual.

ABSTRACT Purpose To analyze the sensory profile of children with auditory sensory processing disorder according to the Child Sensory Profile 2 and to verify potential associations between central auditory processing and sensory processing. Methods Sixty children from two public schools in the city of João Pessoa, state of Paraíba, were evaluated. All children had their cognitive skills tested and their socioeconomic and demographic information collected. The children's hearing, central auditory processing, and sensory processing were evaluated. SPSS Statistics version 25.0 was used for data analysis and the significant value adopted was 0.05. Descriptive analysis was performed using the central tendency method. The similarities among the test variables were measured by Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney U test. The effect size (ES) between the groups was measured by Cohen's d or Rosenthal's r coefficient. Results The average age of children with CAPD was 8.4 years, and their families had lower levels of income and education when compared to those without the disorder. Children with CAPD present more sensory differences than their peers with normative CAP. The Child Sensory Processing 2 results didn't show any statistic associations with central auditory processing, and the effect size was of moderate magnitude for the visual system. Conclusion Children with CAPD have more sensory differences than their peers according to the normative results of the Child Sensory Profile 2. An association between sensory and central auditory processing was not observed, except for the visual system.

Relação do processamento sensorial e sistema estomatognático de crianças respiradoras orais / Relation of sensory processing and stomatognical system of oral respiratory children

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar a relação entre o processamento sensorial e as alterações das funções do Sistema Estomatognático de crianças respiradoras orais, caracterizando o processamento sensorial destas e comparando-o com o de respiradoras nasais. Método Foram selecionadas 50 crianças (5 a 12 anos) que apresentaram diagnóstico de respiração oral e 50 sem sinais e sintomas de respiração oral ou rinite alérgica para fazer parte do grupo controle, pareadas por idade e sexo. As crianças respiradoras orais e nasais passaram por avaliação do processamento sensorial, através da Sensory Processing Measure - Home form, e as respiradoras orais por avaliação da motricidade orofacial através da Avaliação Miofuncional Orofacial com Escore. Os resultados foram apresentados em forma de tabela e com suas respectivas frequências absoluta e relativa. Resultados A maioria das crianças avaliadas foi do sexo masculino, estando com idade média de 8 anos. A maioria dos respiradores orais apresentou alteração no processamento de todos os sentidos, com relação estatisticamente significativa quando comparados com os respiradores nasais. Houve relação, nos respiradores orais, entre o processamento sensorial proprioceptivo e o movimento das bochechas, processamento sensorial visual e movimentação da cabeça durante a deglutição e entre o tipo de mastigação e o processamento sensorial tátil. Conclusão Após análise dos dados foi possível perceber que o processamento sensorial de todos os sistemas se apresenta com alteração nos respiradores orais e que esse mau processamento se relaciona a mobilidade orofacial, bem como com funções do Sistema Estomatognático, além do tipo de mastigação dessa população.

ABSTRACT Purpose To verify the relationship between sensory processing and changes in the functions of the stomatognathic system in mouth breathing children, characterizing their sensory processing and comparing it with that of nasal breathing children. Methods 50 children (5 to 12 years) who were diagnosed with mouth breathing and 50 without signs and symptoms of mouth breathing or allergic rhinitis were selected to be part of the control group, matched for age and sex. Oral and nasal breathing children underwent sensory processing evaluation, through the Sensory Processing Measure - home form, and mouth breathers, through the evaluation of orofacial motricity through the Orofacial Myofunctional Evaluation with score. The results were presented in table form and with their respective absolute and relative frequencies. Results Most of the children evaluated were male, with an average age of eight years. Most mouth breathers presented alteration in the processing of all senses, with a statistically significant relationship when compared to nasal breathers. There was a relationship, in mouth breathers, between proprioceptive sensory processing and the movement of the cheeks, visual sensory processing and head movement during swallowing, and between the type of chewing and tactile sensory processing. Conclusion After analyzing the data, it was possible to see that the sensory processing of all systems presents with changes in mouth breathers and that this poor processing is related to orofacial mobility, as well as functions of the stomatognathic system, in addition to the type of chewing of this population.