The bandwidth knowledge of results regarding the task of the overhand serve in volleyball

Abstract Aim: Motor learning is considered a complex process, providing numerous investigations. Knowledge of Results (KR), a kind of extrinsic feedback, is one of the variables that are used for investigations on motor learning. There are different ways to provide KR to optimize motor learning. The bandwidth KR is one of these forms, being a factor that affects motor learning, however, the specificity of the task needs to be considered in the investigation of this theme. Thus, the objective of the study is to analyze the bandwidth of KR in the acquisition of motor skills of the overhand serve in volleyball. Methods: The sample consisted of 24 volunteers of both sexes (12 men and 12 women), 18 to 35 years of age (M = 27, SD = 3.46) and inexperienced in the task. The effect of the bandwidth was analyzed in two groups (with range and without range), in which the volunteers had to learn to control their force by performing the volleyball tennis type service in order to hit a target line. Performance was inferred by the mean and standard deviation of absolute, constant and variable errors. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the groups and the volunteers improved both the precision (absolute error and constant error) and in the consistency (variable error) during the acquisition. There was an improvement in the groups also in the transfer test in the precision measures. Conclusion: The variable bandwidth is similar to a control condition in which the volunteers have information at each attempt, causing dependence on external information.

Interpretation of the development of the pre-Qin health preservation concept from the perspective of medical archaeology / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Health and longevity are the eternal themes of human pursuit. The pre-Qin period was the beginning of the development of traditional health preservation. Combined with archaeological findings and relevant literature and materials, this paper summarizes the behaviors and phenomena related to health preservation in the pre-Qin period from the three aspects, namely, exercise, diet, and environment and personal health. Through long-term investigation from the perspective of medical archaeology, the development of pre-Qin health concept can be roughly divided into three stages: prehistoric period; Xia, Shang, Western Zhou period; and Eastern Zhou dynasties. It is mainly manifested as from unconsciousness to consciousness and from simple experience accumulation stage to the exploration and summary of theory. It is closely related to the improvement of social productivity and the development of medicine and ancient philosophy, which is also an important feature and development law in the accumulation of Chinese traditional health culture. Judging from medical archaeology, the development of health preservation concept in the pre-Qin period is of great benefit for people to understand the origin of health preservation and its early development, correctly view health preservation, improve the concept of health preservation, promote the formation of a good lifestyle, and promote the development of public health undertakings.

As interações motrizes do saque e da recepção e suas influências no voleibol: uma compreensão praxiológica / The motrices interactions of serve and reception and yours volleyball influences: a praxiological understanding / Las interacciones motrices del saque e de la recepción y sus influencias em el vóleibol: una compreensión praxiológica

O Voleibol é um esporte dinâmico devido à velocidade de suas jogadas e à restrição das ações de jogo ao ato de rebater. A partir dessas características, torna-se imprescindível estruturar cientificamente os conhecimentos relacionados aos momentos do Voleibol. Por isso, essa pesquisa discutiu e analisou as interações motrizes estabelecidas nos momentos saque e recepção, ao identificar os elementos oriundos dessas relações. Além disso, propôs-se apresentar outros elementos que não foram contemplados no processo de investigação bibliográfica. Através de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, foram caracterizados os momentos do saque e recepção e suas interações, além de destacar os aspectos relevantes nas diferentes ocasiões que exigem tomadas de decisão. Dessa forma, entende-se que o saque e a recepção precisam ser compreendidos em sua totalidade, e não reduzidos apenas a sua finalidade, o que possibilita um entendimento mais aprofundado da lógica interna do Voleibol.

Volleyball is a dynamic sport because the speed of their playing and restriction of playing actions the act to hit. From these characteristics, it is essential to structure scientific knowledge related to Volleyball moments. Therefore, this research discussed and analyzed the motrice interactions established in serve and reception moments, to identify elements derived these relationships. In addition, it proposed to introduce other elements, which have not covered by the literature research process. Through a literature research, were characterized the serve and reception moments and their interactions, as well as highlight the relevant aspects in the different occasions that require decision taking. Thus, it is understood that serve and reception needs to be learned in its entirety, and does not reduced only in your purpose, which enables a deeper understanding of Volleyball's internal logic.

Voleibol es un deporte dinámico en razón de la velocidad de sus jugadas y la restricción de las acciones de juego en el acto de rebatir. A partir de estas características, se hace imprescindible estructurar científicamente los conocimientos relacionados a los momentos del Voleibol. Por lo tanto, esta investigación ha discutido y analizado las interacciones motrices establecidas en los momentos de saque y recepción, identificando los elementos procedentes desas relaciones. Más allá, se propone presentar otros elementos que no fueron considerados en el proceso de investigación bibliográfica. A través de una investigación bibliográfica, ha sido caracterizado por los momentos de saque y recepción y sus interacciones, además de poner en evidencia los aspectos relevantes en las diferentes situaciones que exigen tomadas de decisión. De este modo, se entiende que el saque y la recepción necesitan ser comprendidos en su totalidad y no reducidos apenas a su finalidad, lo que posibilita un entendimiento más profundizado de la lógica interna del Voleibol.

Biomecânica do saque no tênis de campo: estado da arte e tendência dos estudos / Biomechanics of the tennis serve: state of the art and studies tendencies

O tênis de campo exige habilidades motoras específicas e complexas, sendo o saque um dos elementos que caracteriza a complexidade dos seus movimentos. Em virtude da importância deste fundamento, o saque vem sendo investigado por pesquisadores para uma melhor descrição e entendimento da técnica. Assim, o objetivo principal deste estudo foi analisar os escritos científicos referentes ao saque no tênis de campo, considerando a abordagem biomecânica, com a finalidade de verificar evidências de pesquisas sobre o “estado da arte” e a tendência dos estudos sobre este tema. O processo inicial de busca bibliográfica foi realizado por três pesquisadores através da avaliação dos títulos e resumos, a partir da análise de artigos científicos publicados em periódicos, de forma independente, no período entre 2000 e 2013, sendo selecionados para este estudo 31 artigos que se enquadraram nos critérios de inclusão. Os critérios de inclusão foram: (1) população (tenistas adultos ou juvenis), (2) intervenção (análise biomecânica do saque de tenistas), (3) desfecho (desempenho dos atletas na execução do saque) e (4) qualidade metodológica (validade dos estudos). Foi desenvolvida uma matriz com critérios de análise para avaliação da qualidade metodológica dos estudos, com base na Escala de PEDro. A matriz possibilitou avaliar os estudos quanto aos objetivos apresentados, critérios de inclusão dos sujeitos, desenho metodológico, número de sujeitos, presença de grupos de comparação, definição das variáveis e apresentação dos resultados estatísticos, sendo adotada como pontuação máxima um escore de 6 e mínimo 4. A partir dos resultados observou-se diferentes tendências de estudos sobre o saque no tênis de campo, predominando os estudos sobre análisesdinâmicas, cinemáticas e, eletromiográficas. Outra tendência foi observada em relação ao desenho metodológico dos estudos os quais 25 dos 31 são descritivos, 3 de revisão bibliográfica e 3 são experimentais.

Tennis demand specific and complex motor abilities, being the serve one of the elements that characterizes the complexity of its movements. Given the importance of this movement, researchers for a better understanding and description of its technique have investigated the tennis serve. Therefore, the aim of this study was to gather and analyze scientific researches related to tennis serve, considering the biomechanical approach, with the purpose of adding research evidence on the “state of the art” and the tendency of the studies on this topic. The initial review processes was conducted by three researchers trough review of titles and abstracts, based on the analysis of scientific articles published in journals independently, between 2000 and 2013. Inclusion criteria were: 1) population (junior or adult players);2) intervention (biomechanical analysis of the tennis serve); 3) outcome (performance of the athletes in the execution of the serve); 4) methodological quality (studies validity). We developed a matrix of analysis criteria for assessing the methodological quality of the studies, based on the PEDro Scale.In this study the matrix evaluated the studies regarding presented objectives, inclusion criteria of the subjects, methodological design of the study, number of the subjects in the studies, presence of comparison groups, definition of variables and presentation of statistical results, being adopted as the maximum score 6 and minimum 3.Through the results, we observed different tendencies of studies on the tennis serve; prevailing studies on dynamic, kinematic and electromyography analysis. Another tendency was observed in relation to the methodological design of studies which 25 of the 31 are descriptive, 3 reviewed the literature and 3 are experimental.

Traditional Chinese medicine:The more national,the more international / 医学研究生学报

The Traditional Chinese Medicine is one system of medical theory and practice which combine literae humaniores with natural science.The TCM is the sapiential result of Chinese people against disease during long history which bases on traditional Chinese culture.In order to understand the advantages and features of TCM,it is necessary for us to start from the point of Chinese science and culture.The more national it is,the more international it is.We should avoid overlooking succession to tradition of TCM while pursue modernization of TCM.The cases have shown that the ancient TCM could brilliant in clinic application,makes the past serve the present and makes foreign things serve China are the most important method in modernization of TCM.TCM has scientism,the main way of the modernization of TCM is literae humaniores,which is not equal to TCM scientific. We should not only stress modernization of TCM reasonably,but also include in the modernization of literae humaniores.We should adopt advantages and face challenges,and form a new situation of multiplicate study and develope of TCM.

Investigate and analyse to recognize about Medical purpose of 520 residents in Baoding city / 中国医学伦理学

This paper investigate and analyse four problems of choosing of medical purpose, medical purpose and quality of life. medical purpose and death, and medical research and medical serve.

Develop the Spirit of Serving People——after Reading the Mao Zedongs "Serve People" / 中国医学伦理学

On sep. 8th in 1944, Mao Zedong gave a memorial speech "Serve people" for the soldier Zhang Side who sacrifice in the collapse of coal mine. The idea of serve people is given for the first time in the speech. The idea has profound content, which meet the demand of development of economic, politics and culture, and embody the core and requirement of the construction of socialism morals. It is the basic principal that medical staff should obey.