Trastornos en la salud visual causados por el síndrome del computador en el siglo xxi / Disorders of the eyesight health caused by the computer vision syndrome in the XXI century

En el siglo xxi, la mayoría de los ciudadanos del mundo utiliza herramientas tecnológicas con pantalla electrónica sin considerar el trastorno a la salud producido por su uso indiscriminado, al que se le denomina síndrome de visión por computador. Con el objetivo de concientizar a la sociedad acerca del daño a la salud visual que causa la exposición excesiva a las pantallas de los dispositivos electrónicos se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en las bases de datos electrónicas de Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud y Literatura Internacional en Ciencias de la Salud, en los portales ScienceDirect y U.S. National Library of Medicine. De los 50 artículos encontrados, fueron seleccionados 29 por su utilidad y se consultaron 108 personas. Se concluyó que el síndrome del computador afecta a millones de personas dedicadas a trabajar frente a las pantallas de los aparatos electrónicos y se recomienda una debida preparación para atender y prever sus efectos perjudiciales en la población(AU)

In the XXI century, most of the world's citizens use technological tools with electronic screens without taking into account the health disorders those produce due to their indiscriminate use, which are denominated as computer vision syndrome. With the objective of creating awareness in the society in relation with the damage to the visual health caused by the excessive exposure to the screens of electronic devices, I was carried out a bibliographic review in the databases of Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences, and International Literature on Health Sciences; and in the websites of Science Direct and U.S. National Library of Medicine. Of the 50 articles found, 29 were selected for their usefulness and a survey of 108 people was conducted. It was concluded that the syndrome of computer affects to millions of people who work in front of the screens of electronic devices, and it is recommended a proper preparation to address and prevent the harmful effects they have in the population(AU)

Social determinants of diabetic retinopathy and impact of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy: A study from Pune, India

Purpose: Diabetes?related retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in India. The study was carried out with the purpose of studying the association of sight?threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR) with socioeconomic factors and demonstrating the impact of STDR on the affected individual. Methods: A mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) research design was used. The study participants were divided into two groups for quantitative analysis. The control group consisted of non–sight?threatening diabetic retinopathy, whereas the study group consisted of sight?threatening diabetic retinopathy. Apart from demographics, data on comorbidities, type and duration of diabetes mellitus (DM), health insurance status, and socioeconomic data were collected from each individual. A statistical test (Chi?square) was performed to study the association between socioeconomic (SE) classes and STDR. For the qualitative part, a few people were chosen. Face?to?face interviews were conducted in depth. Results: A total of 207 individuals, were recruited, of which 69 had STDR and the remaining 138 had non?STDR. The incidence of STDR was high among patients with lower socioeconomic class (SEC) (upper lower and lower), and univariate analysis revealed a strong association between STDR and SEC, the presence of comorbidities, presence of health insurance, type and duration of DM, and P value <0.05. SEC, in contrast, emerged as an independent risk factor for STDR in multivariate analysis. STDR had a devastating effect on all patients interviewed. The financial impact was most likely the most severe. Conclusion: People with lower SEC are more likely to suffer from STDR?related vision loss. The impact of such vision loss on individuals is multifaceted, including a negative impact on social and work life, psychological well?being, and, most importantly, a significant financial impact.

Aspects épidémiologiques des enfants diabétiques perdus de vue à Abidjan / Epidemiological aspects of children with diabetes lost to follow-up at Abidjan

Introduction. Ces vingt dernières années, on assiste à une augmentation spectaculaire du nombre de cas de diabète de type 1 avec une mortalité plus élevée en Afrique Noire en lien avec les difficultés d'accès aux soins, à la rupture de suivi engendrant un nombre élevé de perdus de vue. L'objectif du travail est de déterminer le profil épidémiologique des enfants diabétiques perdus de vue dans notre pratique. Patients et méthodes. C'est une étude transversale à visée descriptive et analytique qui a concerné les enfants diabétiques perdus de vue de 2002 à 2019 dans le service de diabétologie du CHU de Yopougon. Résultats. Durant l'étude 195 enfants ont été suivi dans le service, 90 ont été considérés comme perdus de vue soit une fréquence de 46,15 %. L'âge moyen des perdus de vue était de 14,6 ± 5,3 avec des extrêmes allant de 2 à 20 ans. Ils sont majoritairement de sexe F dans 50,6 %. Dans 37 % on retrouve un niveau socio-économique faible calculé selon l'indice IPSE avec une association statistiquement significative entre les classes socio-économiques moyenneinferieure et moyenne (p respectivement < 0,01 et 0,001). La plupart des perdus (84,5 %) n'ont pas d'assurance maladie. Le lieu de résidence était urbain (Abidjan) dans 73 %. Ils ont issus d'une famille biparentale dans 79 ,8 % des cas. Une association statistiquement significative a été retrouvée entre la non-scolarisation et la perte de vue (P < 0,05).Conclusion. Le manque de suivi chez les enfants diabétiques a des conséquences drastiques sur le pronostic de la maladie au long cours, marqué par une mortalité de 11 % qui touche essentiellement les populations à revenu faible

Introduction. Over the past twenty years, there has been a spectacular increase in the number of cases of type 1 diabetes with a higher mortality rate in Black Africa due to difficulties in accessing care but also a lack of follow-up resulting in a high number of people being lost to follow-up. Our work aims to determine the epidemiological profile of diabetic children lost to follow-up. Patients and methods. This was a cross-sectional study with descriptive and analytical aims which concerned diabetic children lost to follow-up from 2002 to 2019 in the diabetes department of the University Hospital of Yopougon. Results. During the study period, 195 children were followed up in the department, 90 were considered as lost to follow-up, i.e. a frequency of 46.15%. The average age of the lost to follow-up was 14.6 ± 5.3 years with extremes ranging from 2 to 20 years. The majority of them were male (50.6%). Thirty-seven percent had a low socioeconomic level calculated according to the IPSE index, with a statistically significant association between the lowermiddle and middle socioeconomic classes (p < 0.01 and 0.001 respectively). Most of the lost (84.5%) did not have health insurance. The place of residence was urban (Abidjan) in 73%. They came from a two-parent family in 79.8% of cases. A statistically significant association was found between non-education and loss of sight (P < 0.05). Conclusion. The lack of follow-up in diabetic children has drastic consequences on the prognosis of the disease in the long term marked by a mortality of 11% which affects mainly low-income populations.

First-dose response of part-time versus full-time occlusion therapy for the treatment of amblyopia in children / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To investigate the efficacy of the first follow-up visit after daily partial or full-day occlusion of the dominant eye in patients with unilateral amblyopia and assess the maximum efficacy produced by different amounts of occlusion.METHODS: A retrospective clinical study was conducted on 135 cases of unilateral amblyopia cured in our hospital's outpatient clinic from January 2020 to December 2021. They were divided into 2h/d occlusion group, 6h/d occlusion group and all-day occlusion group according to the duration of occlusion, with fine sight training of amblyopic eyes. The effect of the first dose(baseline visual acuity-first review visual acuity), cured visual acuity, stereo vision at the first review and cure time of amblyopic eyes were recorded. The factors affecting the first dose effect in patients with unilateral amblyopia were also analyzed.RESULTS: All patients had a baseline visual acuity of 0.4(0.22, 0.52), a first follow-up visual acuity of 0.22(0.15, 0.3), a first-dose effect of 0.1(0.08, 0.18), and a visual acuity of 0(-0.08, 0.05)when amblyopia cured. The first-dose effects were 0.08(0.07, 0.12)for patients in the 2h/d occlusion group, 0.18(0.08, 0.3)for the 6h/d occlusion group, and 0.10(0.08, 0.18)for the all-day occlusion group. The most significant first-dose effect was the 6h/d occlusion group(P&#x003C;0.05); Analysis of different influencing factors showed that the highest values of the first-dose effect of 6h/d occlusion were in the 3-6 years group, 7-12 years group, female group, strabismic amblyopia group and mild to moderate group(P&#x003C;0.05); Furthermore, the first dose effect of the 6h/d occlusion was positively correlated with cure time of amblyopic eyes(rs=0.334, P=0.038). At the first follow-up, 21 cases(53.8%)had improved Titmus stereo visual acuity in the 6h/d occlusion group, which was higher than that in the 2h/d and all-day occlusion groups [16 cases(41.0%), 13 cases(22.8%), P&#x003C;0.017].CONCLUSIONS: For monocular amblyopia, the first-dose effect of 6h/d occlusion treatment was the most significant, and the recovery of stereopsis was the best.

Spectrum of eye disorders in diabetes (SPEED) in India. Report # 2. Diabetic retinopathy and risk factors for sight threatening diabetic retinopathy in people with type 2 diabetes in India

Purpose: To assess the proportion of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and sight-threatening DR (STDR) and associated risk factors in select eye-care facilities across India. Methods: In this observational study, data of people with T2DM presenting for the first time at the retina clinic of eye-care facilities across India was recorded. Data collected in 2016 over 6 months included information on systemic, clinical, and ocular parameters. International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy (ICDR) classification scale was used to grade DR. STDR was defined as presence of severe nonproliferative (NPDR), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), and/or diabetic macular edema (DME). Results: The analysis included 11,182 people with T2DM from 14 eye-care facilities (mean age 58.2 ± 10.6 years; mean duration of diabetes 9.1 ± 7.6 years; 59.2% male). The age-standardized proportion of DR was 32.3% (95%Confidence Interval, CI: 31.4-33.2) and STDR was 19.1% (95%CI: 18.4-19.8). DME was diagnosed in 9.1% (95%CI: 8.5-9.6) and 10.7% (95%CI: 10.1-11.3) people had PDR. Statistically significant factors associated with increased risk of DR (by multivariate logistic regression analysis) were: male gender (Odds ratio[OR] 1.57, 95%CI: 1.16-2.15); poor glycemic control–glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c >10%)(OR 2.39, 95% CI: 1.1-5.22); requirement of insulin (OR 2.55, 95%CI: 1.8-3.6);history of hypertension (OR 1.42, 95%CI: 1.06-1.88) and duration of diabetes >15 years (OR 5.25, 95%CI: 3.01-9.15). Conclusion: Diabetic retinopathy was prevalent in 1/3rd and sight-threatening DR in 1/5th of people with T2DM presenting at eye-care facilities in this pan-India facility-based study. The duration of diabetes was the strongest predictor for retinopathy.

Assessment of diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes in a diabetes care center in South India—Feasibility and awareness improvement study

The prevalence of youth-onset diabetes, both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and young-onset type 2 diabetes (YT2D) are gradually increasing in India. Early and repetitive screening for diabetic retinopathy (DR) is essential to provide timely management, and thereby prevent visual impairment due to the silent sight-threatening microvascular complication of diabetes. A study was undertaken at a diabetes care center in Chennai, south India, to assess the feasibility of screening for DR in T1D in a diabetes clinic and determine the burden of sight-threatening DR (STDR) in individuals with T1D. 315 people with T1D were screened for DR (mean age at onset of diabetes 12.3 ± 6.4 years) by digital retinal color photography, at the urban diabetes center, in a semi-urban and rural diabetes clinic. Counseling about diabetes and the importance of annual screening for retinopathy was provided by diabetes educators. Participants were reviewed after 6 months/1 year based on ophthalmologist's advice. DR was detected in 37.1% (n = 117), 42 (13%) of whom had STDR.Three-quarter participants were compliant with the annual follow-up retinal examination. The peer support group was established for participants with T1D and their families to foster interactions with service providers. The peer group meetings helped to increase the awareness of retinopathy among the parents and individuals with T1D. This narrative provides details of the study that shows that screening for DR among individuals with T1D in a diabetes clinic is a feasible model, irrespective of its location.

Diabetes mellitus in the Tamil Nadu State—Noncommunicable diseases nurse model in diabetic retinopathy screening

Tamil Nadu is one of the states in India, where the diabetic retinopathy (DR) project was implemented in the Tirunelveli District. Aravind Eye Hospital, Tirunelveli was the mentoring institution and ophthalmology department of Tirunelveli Medical College and Hospital (TVMCH) was the implementing partner. The objective of the project was to develop a district level model for building capacity at the government health system for effective screening, diagnosis and management (primary to tertiary) of diabetic retinopathy. The DR screening, counseling, referral and follow-up tasks were included in the scope of Non- Communicable Disease (NCD) nurses at the respective Community Health Centres and Primary Health Centres using the tele-medicine platform. During the project period (December 2016 to June 2019), 8,574 people with diabetes were registered at the 18 CHCs/PHCs. 6,462 (75.4% of those registered) were screened by NCD staff. The government has agreed to scale up services in 3 more districts.

Accuracy of the smartphone-based nonmydriatic retinal camera in the detection of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy

Purpose: To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of smartphone-based nonmydriatic (NM) retinal camera in the detection of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and sight-threatening DR (STDR) in a tertiary eye care facility. Methods: Patients with diabetes underwent retinal photography with a smartphone-based NM fundus camera before mydriasis and standard 7-field fundus photography with a desktop mydriatic fundus camera after mydriasis. DR was graded using the international clinical classification of diabetic retinopathy system by two retinal expert ophthalmologists masked to each other and to the patient's identity. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) to detect DR and STDR by NM retinal imaging were assessed. Results: 245 people had gradable images in one or both eyes. DR and STDR were detected in 45.3% and 24.5%, respectively using NM camera, and in 57.6% and 28.6%, respectively using mydriatic camera. The sensitivity and specificity to detect any DR by NM camera was 75.2% (95% confidence interval (CI) 68.1–82.3) and 95.2% (95%CI 91.1–99.3). For STDR the values were 82.9% (95% CI 74.0–91.7) and 98.9% (95% CI 97.3–100), respectively. The PPV to detect any DR was 95.5% (95% CI 89.8–98.5) and NPV was 73.9% (95% CI 66.4–81.3); PPV for STDR detection was 96.7% (95% CI 92.1–100)) and NPV was 93.5% (95% CI 90.0–97.1). Conclusion: Smartphone-based NM retinal camera had fairly high sensitivity and specificity for detection of DR and STDR in this clinic-based study. Further studies are warranted in other settings.

Therapeutic outcomes of high-dose intravenous steroids in the treatment of sight-threatening Graves' ophthalmopathy / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Graves' ophthalmopathy is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and the orbital connective/adipose tissue with infiltration. About 3％to 7％of patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy can have severe or very severe course of disease. In severe forms of Graves' ophthalmopathy, there might occur considerable exophthalmos complicated in some cases with corneal ulceration due to incomplete closure of the eyelids and ( or ) pressure on optic nerve leading to neuropathy ( dysthyroid optic neuropathy) . The patient's visual acuity and the color perception decreased sharply , which seriously affected the patients quality of life. In this paper, we explore effective therapies by compared the effects of high-dose intravenous steroids for the treatment of sight-threatening Graves' ophthalmopathy in 2 cases.

Therapeutic outcomes of high-dose intravenous steroids in the treatment of sight-threatening Graves′ ophthalmopathy / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Graves′ ophthalmopathy is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and the orbital connective/adipose tissue with infiltration. About 3% to 7% of patients with Graves′ ophthalmopathy can have severe or very severe course of disease. In severe forms of Graves′ ophthalmopathy, there might occur considerable exophthalmos complicated in some cases with corneal ulceration due to incomplete closure of the eyelids and (or) pressure on optic nerve leading to neuropathy (dysthyroid optic neuropathy). The patient′s visual acuity and the color perception decreased sharply , which seriously affected the patients quality of life. In this paper, we explore effective therapies by compared the effects of high-dose intravenous steroids for the treatment of sight-threatening Graves′ ophthalmopathy in 2 cases.

Prolactinoma en una adolescente como causa de alteraciones visuales / Prolactinoma as the cause of visual alterations in a female adolescent

Introducción: los prolactinomas corresponden a la mitad de las causas etiológicas de los adenomas de presentación en la población pediátrica, lo cual les proporciona una gran importancia para tenerlos como diagnóstico diferencial ante el estudio de un tumor hipofisario. Las alteraciones visuales no corresponden al síntoma más común, sin embargo, es necesario tenerlo presente, especialmente ante la identificación de un macroadenoma. Presentación del caso: paciente femenina, de 16 años de edad, con un macroadenoma en estudio, que fue identificado como un macroprolactinoma. La sintomatología principal de consulta correspondió a alteraciones visuales y cefalea. Recibió tratamiento médico por Endocrinología Pediátrica con cabergolina, con estabilidad en el tamaño y características de la masa tumoral, y disminución de los niveles de prolactina sérica. Conclusiones: en la población pediátrica los prolactinomas que producen afectaciones visuales son más frecuentes en el sexo masculino, sin embargo, también puede ocurrir en el femenino; su diagnóstico implica la realización de estudios de laboratorio especializados y neuroimágenes, así como la participación activa de Endocrinología Pediátrica. Se resalta la importancia del tratamiento médico con agonistas dopaminérgicos, como la primera opción en esta entidad antes de plantear decisión quirúrgica, y es necesario un seguimiento médico cuidadoso al respecto(AU)

Introduction: prolactinomas account for half of the etiological causes of presentation adenomas in the pediatric population, hence their important role as differential diagnosis in the study of a pituitary tumor. Visual alterations are not their most common symptom, but they should be borne in mind, particularly in the identification of a macroadenoma. Case presentation: female 16-year-old patient with a macroadenoma under study which was identified as a macroprolactinoma. The main symptoms at presentation were visual alterations and headaches. She received medical treatment with cabergoline at the Pediatric Endocrinology service, achieving stability in the size and characteristics of the tumor mass, and a reduction in serum prolactin levels. Conclusions: in the pediatric population, prolactinomas causing visual alterations are more common in males, but they can also occur among females. Their diagnosis includes specialized laboratory tests and neuroimaging, as well as the active involvement of the Pediatric Endocrinology service. Mention must be made of the medical treatment with dopaminergic agonists as the first choice for this condition before indicating surgery, and careful medical follow-up is required in this respect(AU)

Thoracic vertebroplasty guided by a self-designed sight / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of our self-designed sight used to guide thoracic vertebroplasty.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted of the 52 patients (70 thoracic vertebrae) who had undergone percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) (n =36)or percataneous kyphoplasty (PKP) (n =34) of T1-T4 vertebral bodies at Department of Orthopaedics,The First Affiliated Hospital to Zhengzhou University form August 2012 to October 2013.The operation time,intraoperative bleeding,intraoperative radiation by C-arm roentgenography,and visual analogue scale (VAS) were compared between the patients whose surgery had been guided by our self-designed sight and those whose surgery had been not.Results All the patients were followed up for 18 to 36 months (average,22.3 months).Compared with those who had not used the sight,the patients who had used the sight incurred significantly shorter operation time (16.5 ± 3.2 min versus 26.5 ± 3.7 min),significantly less intraoperative bleeding (2.8 ± 1.3 mL versus 6.3 ± 1.7 mL) and significantly less radiation by C-arm roentgenography (5.6 ± 3.3 times versus 9.4 ± 3.1 times) (P ＜0.05).The VAS scores at postoperative 3 days and final follow-up were significantly decreased than the preoperative values in all the patients (P ＜ 0.05).There were no significant differences between the patients who had used the sight and those who had not in the the VAS scores at postoperative 3 days or final follow-up (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions The upper thoracic PVP or PKP guided by our self-designed sight has theadvantages of short operation time,less intraoperative bleeding and less frequency of C-arm radiation.The sight is suitable for various vertebroplasties.

Dendritic Cell Factor 1-Knockout Results in Visual Deficit Through the GABA System in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex / 神经科学通报·英文版

The visual system plays an important role in our daily life. In this study, we found that loss of dendritic cell factor 1 (DCF1) in the primary visual cortex (V1) caused a sight deficit in mice and induced an abnormal increase in glutamic acid decarboxylase 67, an enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of glutamate to gamma aminobutyric acid and CO, particularly in layer 5. In vivo electrophysiological recordings confirmed a decrease in delta, theta, and beta oscillation power in DCF1-knockout mice. This study presents a previously unknown function of DCF1 in V1, suggests an unknown contact between DCF1 and GABA systems, and provides insight into the mechanism and treatment of visual deficits.

Therapeutic effects of the smartphones and pads on hyperopia amblyopia of children / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM:To evaluate the therapeutic effects of the fine sight training with the smartphones and pads on hyperopia amblyopia of children.METHODS:One hundred and twenty children (120 eyes) with hyperopia amblyopia were randomly divided into two groups in this prospective study.All the children in these two groups received the basic treatments of spectacle correction,penalization therapy and amblyopia trainings.The treatments of red-light blinking and grating as well as traditional fine sight training were used for the children in the control group.However,the smartphones and pads were applied instead of the traditional performances for the fine sight training in the experimental group.Best corrected visual acuity of every child was tested for every 3mo,to observe the time for the visual improvement and efficacy.RESULTS:In comparison with the control group,significant shorter time (80.54 ± 30.87d,P＜ 0.05) for promoted one line of LogMAR visual acuity and average treatment time (15.34±7.24mo,P＜0.05) were harvested in the experimental group.The efficacy in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group (Z=-2.37,P=0.02).CONCLUSION:The fine sight training with the smartphones and pads can improve vison faster than traditional methods and decrease the time of therapy in children with hyperopia amblyopia,thus providing a new strategy for the treatment of hyperopia amblyopia.

Failure to initiate early insulin therapy – A risk factor for diabetic retinopathy in insulin users with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: Sankara Nethralaya-Diabetic Retinopathy Epidemiology and Molecular Genetics Study (SN-DREAMS, Report number 35).

Context: Insulin users have been reported to have a higher incidence of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Aim: The aim was to elucidate the factors associated with DR among insulin users, especially association between duration, prior to initiating insulin for Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and developing DR. Materials and Methods: Retrospective cross‑sectional observational study included 1414 subjects having Type 2 DM. Insulin users were defined as subjects using insulin for glycemic control, and insulin nonusers as those either not using any antidiabetic treatment or using diet control or oral medications. The duration before initiating insulin after diagnosis was calculated by subtracting the duration of insulin usage from the duration of DM. DR was clinically graded using Klein’s classification. SPSS (version 9.0) was used for statistical analysis. Results: Insulin users had more incidence of DR (52.9% vs. 16.3%, P < 0.0001) and sight threatening DR (19.1% vs. 2.4%, P < 0.0001) in comparison to insulin nonusers. Among insulin users, longer duration of DM (odds ratio [OR] 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00–1.25, P = 0.044) and abdominal obesity (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.02–1.29, P = 0.021) was associated with DR. The presence of DR was significantly associated with longer duration (≥5 years) prior to initiating insulin therapy, overall (38.0% vs. 62.0%, P = 0.013), and in subjects with suboptimal glycemic control (32.5% vs. 67.5%, P = 0.022). Conclusions: The presence of DR is significantly associated with longer duration of diabetes (>5 years) and sub‑optimal glycemic control (glycosylated hemoglobin <7.0%). Among insulin users, abdominal obesity was found to be a significant predictor of DR; DR is associated with longer duration prior to initiating insulin therapy in Type 2 DM subjects with suboptimal glycemic control.

Application of anti-eyebrow small incision cataract extraction combined with lOL implantation in blindness prevention and treatment / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

To observe the application effect of anti-eyebrow small incision cataract extraction combined with lOL implantation in blindness prevention and treatment ●METHODS: A total of 526 cataract patients included in regaining sight project of China Disabled Persons' Federation were underwent anti - eyebrow small incision cataract extraction combined with lOL implantation from May 2010 to August 2013. ●RESULTS: Postoperative 1d, uncorrected visual acuity >0. 3 were 345 cases (65. 6%), 0. 1 - 0. 3 were 152 cases (28. 9%), 0. 5 were 395 cases (75. 1%), 0. 3 - 0. 4 were 101 cases (19. 2%), ●CONCLUSlON: Anti - eyebrow small incision cataract extractio combined with lOL implantation is effective, and has low complication rate, high security, can popularization and application in large - scale sight rehabilitating project.

Application on improved small incision extracapsular cataract extraction in the sight-regaining program / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To investigate the clinic efficacy and operation safety of improved small incision extracapsular cataract extraction in the sight-regaining program. METHODS: Totally 82 cases ( 82 eyes ) included in the sight-regaining program of the cataract patients were underwent small incision extracapsular cataract extraction conbined with improved technology ( anterior capsule staining, continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis, auxiliary incision ) , postoperative visual recovery and operative complications were observed. RESULTS: Postoperative visual acuity: uncorrected visual acuity when out of hospital: ≥0. 3 were 67 cases (82%);1wk after dismissed from hospital:≥0. 3 were 76 cases (93%), admist which ≥0. 8 were 45 cases (55%). There is no serious complication such as posterior capsule rupture, zonular dialysis, etc. in the operation.CONCLUSION: Combined use of improved technology can increase operation safety of small incision extracapsular cataract extraction.

As experiências de quase morte (EQM) podem contribuir para o debate sobre a consciência? / Can near death experiences (NDEs) contribute to the debate on consciousness?

A EQM é um estado alterado de consciência que no ocidente inclui uma experiência emocional e de conteúdo estereotipado. Algumas características da experiência são transculturais e sugerem ou um mecanismo cerebral similar ou acesso a uma realidade transcendente. Características individuais da experiência indicam mais persuasivamente para transcendência que para um simples mecanismo cerebral limitado. Além disso, não há, até agora, nenhuma explicação reducionista que possa dar conta satisfatoriamente de algumas dessas características: o encontro com parentes falecidos, a aparente capacidade visual em cegos durante a EQM, a aparente aquisição de dons psíquicos e espirituais após a EQM, relato de cura ocorrida durante uma EQM e experiências verídicas durante a ressuscitação pós-parada cardíaca. Embora uma mente não local pudesse explicar muita das características das EQM, a não localidade ainda não é aceita pela corrente predominante da neurociência. Somente aquelas teorias baseadas num entendimento mais amplo da mente poderiam explicar totalmente a experiência subjetiva dos que vivenciaram uma EQM.

The NDE is an altered state of consciousness which in the West has stereotyped content and emotional experience. Some features of the experience are trans-cultural and suggest either a similar brain mechanism or access to a transcendent reality. Individual features of the experience point more persuasively to transcendence than to simple limited brain mechanisms. Moreover there are, so far, no reductionist explanations which can account satisfactorily for some of its features; the meeting of dead relatives, the apparent "sightedness" in the blind during an NDE, the apparent acquisition after an NDE of psychic and spiritual gifts, accounts of healing occurring during an NDE, and of veridical experience during the resuscitation after a cardiac arrest. Although non-local mind would explain many of the NDE features, non locality is not yet accepted by mainstream neuroscience. Only those theories based on a wider understanding of mind could fully explain the subjective experience of the NDEr.

Experimental study on safety of compound Tiaoshi-plaster to prevent and cure the younth's short sight / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective To observe the safety of the compound Tiaoshi-plaster's use to skin,providing the scientific foundation for its use to the treatment for the younth's short sight.Methods Experiment 1,acute toxicity test for skin of rabbits:rabbits were randomly divided into two groups:a integrated skin group and a damaged skin group,in addition,every group further divide into high and low dosage group and vehicle control group,totally 5 groups.All above groups received the plaster or vehicle for 24 hours,then take away the drug,and after lh,24 h,48 h,72 h since the 7th day,observe each group's reaction separately everyday,to see whether there is a acute toxicity reaction or not.Experiment 2,self control group,use onerabbit's left and right sides' skin to observe stimulus toxicity via skin:divide the rabbits into a integrated skin group and a damaged skin group,in addition,every group further divide into high,low dosage group and vehicle control group,totally 6 groups.Observe the reaction after multiple doses,after 7 days' successive doses,take the drug-used tissues to do pathological examination.Experiment 3,cavy's skin irritation test:cavies were divide into vehicle group,plaster group,positive group,totally 3 groups,at the 6h,7th day,14th day,take off right side's skin of every group to do the provocative test respectively.On the 28th day,take off the left side's skin to do the provocative test.To see if the skin or the whole body is allergic to the plaster.Results In experiment 1,toxic response could not be found in any group; In experiment 2,rabbits in the integrated skin group didn't show redness or edema,rabbits in the damaged skin group all had redness and edema,but the differences were not statistically significant,compared with the corresponding time of vehicle group (P＞0.05).Such skin damage was not caused by plaster usage but inflammatory reaction of skin damage.In experiment 3,the vehicle group and the study group didn't show any abnormal anaphylactic reaction.Conclusion The compound Tiaoshiplaster is safe to skin.

Millennium development goals and eye health.

In September 2000, world leaders made a commitment to build a more equitable, prosperous and safer world by 2015 and launched the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In the previous year, the World Health Organization and the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness in partnership launched the global initiative to eliminate avoidable blindness by the year 2020–VISION 2020 the Right to Sight. It has focused on the prevention of a disability-blindness and recognized a health issue–sight as a human right. Both global initiatives have made considerable progress with synergy especially on MDG 1–the reduction of poverty and the reduction in numbers of the blind. A review of the MDGs has identified the need to address disparities within and between countries, quality, and disability. Noncommunicable diseases are emerging as a challenge to the MDGs and Vision 2020:0 the Right to Sight. For the future, up to and beyond 2015, there will be need for both initiatives to continue to work in synergy to address present and emerging challenges.