RESUMEN
Resumen Las épocas de sequía o lluvias extremas afectan la eficiencia en los sistemas ganaderos, los cuales basan la producción de forrajes en el monocultivo de gramíneas, estas son más vulnerables a las condiciones climáticas extremas, lo que hace necesario buscar alternativas de plantas más resistentes a estas condiciones. Se determinó el desempeño de Cratylia argentea en bancos forrajeros, establecidos en suelos degradados con alto uso de agroquímicos, bajo condiciones de bosque húmedo tropical. El estudio se realizó durante un año y se estableció en la finca Matapantano, ubicada en Yopal, Casanare (Colombia), se determinó el efecto sobre las propiedades físico-químicas y macrofauna del suelo, producción de forraje verde y materia seca, relación hoja-tallo, calidad nutricional de la planta completa y fracciones (hoja-tallo). Se utilizó un diseño al azar y el software Infostat® para estadística descriptiva y análisis de varianza no paramétrica. Se presentaron incrementos en los contenidos de minerales, materia orgánica, carbono orgánico y macrofauna del suelo, se encontraron diferencias en producción de materia seca de las fracciones de la planta (p < 0.0001), en la producción de materia seca entre cortes (p < 0.0001) y en la relación hoja-tallo (p < 0.0001), el forraje presentó buena calidad nutricional, siendo las hojas la fracción de mejor calidad, C. argentea resistió los cambios drásticos en las condiciones climáticas. Se concluye que esta especie, presenta potencial para la recuperación de suelos degradados con intenso uso de agroquímicos, puesto que produce forraje de buena calidad para la suplementación animal en sistemas ganaderos, aun en épocas de sequía.
Abstract Extreme drought or rainy seasons affect the efficiency in the stockbreeding systems whose forage production is based on the grass monoculture. These species are more vulnerable to the extreme climate conditions, which requires looking for alternative plants with higher resistance to these conditions. This work studied the Cratylia argentea performance in forage banks used in degraded soils with high amounts of agrochemicals in areas of tropical rainforest. The study took one year and was conducted in the estate Matapantano, located in Yopal, Casanare (Colombia). The effect on the physical-chemical properties and macrofauna in this soil, the green forage and dry mass production, the leaf-stalk relationship, the nutritional quality of both fractions (leaf-stalk) and the whole plant were studied. A random design and the software Infostat® were used for the descriptive statistics and the non-parametric variance analysis. The soil showed increases in the contents of minerals, organic mass, organic carbon and macrofauna. Differences were observed in the dry mass production from the plant fractions (p < 0.0001), in the dry mass production between cuts (p < 0.0001) and in the leaf-stalk relationship (p < 0.0001). The forage showed a good nutritional quality and the leaves were the fraction with best quality. C. argentea resisted the extreme changes in the climate conditions. It is concluded that the studied species has a good potential for the recovery of degraded soils with intense use of agrochemicals as it produced good quality forage to feed animals in stockbreeding systems, even in the drought season.
Resumo As secas ou chuvas extremas afetam a eficiência dos sistemas pecuários, os quais baseiam a produção de forragem na monocultura de gramíneas, são mais vulneráveis às condições climáticas extremas, o que faz necessário procurar alternativas de plantas mais resistentes a essas condições. O desempenho de Cratylia argentea foi determinado em bancos de forragem estabelecidos em solos degradados com alto uso de agroquímicos, em condições de floresta húmida tropical. O estudo foi realizado por um ano na finca Matapantano, localizada em Yopal, Casanare (Colômbia). Determinou-se o efeito nas propriedades físico-químicas e macrofauna do solo, produção de forragem verde e matéria seca, relação folha/ caule, qualidade nutricional da planta completa e frações (folha/caule). Utilizou-se delineação aleatória e software Infostat® para estatística descritiva e análise de variância não paramétrica. Houve acréscimos nos teores de minerais, matéria orgânica, carbono orgânico e macrofauna do solo, encontraram-se diferenças na produção de matéria seca das frações da planta (p < 0.0001), na produção de matéria seca entre os cortes (p < 0.0001) e na relação folha-caule (p < 0.0001), a forragem apresentou boa qualidade nutricional, sendo as folhas a fracção de melhor qualidade, C. argentea resistiu às mudanças drásticas nas condições climáticas. Conclui-se que esta espécie apresenta potencial para a recuperação de solos degradados com intenso uso de agroquímicos, uma vez que produz forragem de boa qualidade para a suplementação animal em sistemas pecuários mesmo em épocas de seca.
RESUMEN
The growth, biomass production and photosynthesis of Cenchrus ciliaris was studied under the canopies of 17 yr old Acacia tortilis trees in semi arid tropical environment. On an average the full grown canopy of A. tortilis at the spacing of 4x4 m allowed 55% of total Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) which in turn increased Relative Humidity (RH) and reduced under canopy temperature to -1.75oC over the open air temperature. C. ciliaris attained higher height under the shade of A. tortilis. The tiller production and leaf area index decreased marginally under the shade of tree canopies as compared to the open grown grasses. C. ciliaris accumulated higher chlorophyll a and b under the shade of tree canopies indicating its shade adaptation potential. The assimilatory functions such as rate of photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic water use efficiency (PN/TR) and carboxylation efficiency (PN/CINT) decreased under the tree canopies due to low availability of PAR. The total biomass production in term of fresh and dry weight decreased under the tree canopies. On average of 2 yr C. ciliaris had produced 12.78 t ha-1 green and 3.72 t ha-1 dry biomass under the tree canopies of A. tortilis. The dry matter yield reduced to 38% under the tree canopies over the open grown grasses. The A. tortilis + C. ciliaris maintained higher soil moisture, organic carbon content and available N P K for sustainable biomass production for the longer period. The higher accumulation of crude protein, starch, sugar and nitrogen in leaves and stem of C. ciliaris indicates that this grass species also maintained its quality under A. tortilis based silvopastoral system. The photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation are closely associated with available PAR indicating that for sustainable production of this grass species in the silvopasture systems for longer period about 55% or more PAR is required.