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@#Authoritative guidelines and consensus domestic and overseas suggest that patients with diabetes get influenza vaccine and pneumococcal vaccine,which can significantly reduce the incidence and hospitalization rate of influenza and pneumococcal diseases in diabetic patients,and can also reduce the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality.The protective effect of simultaneous administration is more significant.At present,the vaccination rate of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines for diabetic patients is still low in China.Effective measures should be taken to promote the integration of medical treatment and prevention,strengthen knowledge popularization and guide publicity,and improve the vaccination rate,so as to effectively improve the survival status and prognosis of diabetic patients.This paper compre-hensively reviews the research progress on the effectiveness of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines in diabetic patients at home and abroad in recent years.
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Combined immunization consists of combined vaccines (including polyvalent vaccines) and simultaneous administration of vaccines, aiming to reduce unnecessary inoculating times for children, and to broaden immunization coverage and a significant larger group of population would be benefit from the Expanded Program on Immunization. In this review, we have summarized a list of research papers focused on combined immunization. By scrutinizing the safety and effectiveness outcomes of combined immunization, we provide some suggestions about upgrading the current immunization program as well as research and development of new combined vaccines.
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Combined immunization consists of combined vaccines (including polyvalent vaccines) and simultaneous administration of vaccines, aiming to reduce unnecessary inoculating times for children, and to broaden immunization coverage and a significant larger group of population would be benefit from the Expanded Program on Immunization. In this review, we have summarized a list of research papers focused on combined immunization. By scrutinizing the safety and effectiveness outcomes of combined immunization, we provide some suggestions about upgrading the current immunization program as well as research and development of new combined vaccines.
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Background. Pneumonia is the principal cause of morbidity and mortality in PEMEX medical services. Vaccination against influenza is 72% effective in preventing hospitalizations and 87% effective in preventing deaths related to this virus, and vaccination against pneumococcus is 60% effective in preventing invasive diseases by this microorganism. ACIP recommends use of both vaccines simultaneously in adults over 65 years of age. Objectives. To describe the frequency, duration and severity of local and systemic reactions related to the simultaneous administration of vaccines against influenza and pneumococcus in adults over 55 years of age, and compare with reactions related to influenza vaccine. Material and methods. Two hundred-thirty two adults over 55 years of age were randomly assigned to two groups, group A (114 subjects) received influenza vaccine, group B (118 subjects) received influenza and pneumococcus vaccines simultaneously. Results. Comparing the number of subjects with local reactions on the right arm between groups A and B (17 subjects vs. 27 subjects), differences were not statistically significative (p = 0.121). Systemic reactions were not statistically significative either (p = 0.126) when results were compared between both groups (30 from group A vs. 42 for group B). Conclusions. Simultaneous administration of influenza and pneumococcus vaccines has proven to be safety. In the absence of contraindications, there is no reason for not offering both vaccines in the same medical visit.
Antecedentes. La neumonía es la principal causa de morbilidad y mortalidad en adultos mayores en los servicios mèdicos de PEMEX. La vacunación contra influenza ha probado ser efectiva en prevenir 72% de las hospitalizaciones y 87% de las muertes causadas por este virus y la vacunación contra neumococo ha sido efectiva en prevenir 60% de las enfermedades invasoras por este microorganismo. El ACIP recomienda que ambas vacunas se administren en forma simultánea a los adultos mayores de 65 años de edad. Objetivos. Describir la frecuencia, duración y severidad de las reacciones locales y sistèmicas asociadas a la administración simultánea de las vacunas contra influenza y neumococo en adultos mayores de 55 años de edad, y comparar los resultados con las reacciones asociadas al uso de vacuna contra influenza únicamente. Material y mètodos. Se asignaron en forma aleatoria 232 adultos mayores de 55 años de edad a dos grupos, el grupo A (114 sujetos) recibieron la vacuna contra influenza y el grupo B (118 sujetos) recibieron las vacunas contra influenza y neumococo en forma simultánea. Resultados. Al comparar el número de individuos con reacciones locales en el brazo derecho entre el grupo A y el grupo B (17 sujetos vs. 27 sujetos) las diferencias no fueron estadísticamente significativas (p = 0.121). En cuanto a las reacciones sistèmicas, èstas tampoco fueron estadísticamente significativas (p = 0.126) cuando se compararon los sujetos en ambos grupos (30 del grupo A vs. 42 del grupo B). Conclusiones. La administración simultánea de las vacunas contra influenza y neumococo ha probado ser segura. En ausencia de contraindicaciones, no hay razón para no ofrecer estas dos vacunas en la misma visita mèdica.