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Abstract Background Skepticism has traditionally been associated with critical thinking. However, philosophy has proposed a particular type of skepticism, termed naive skepticism, which may increase susceptibility to misinformation, especially when contrasting information from official sources. While some scales propose to measure skepticism, they are scarce and only measure specific topics; thus, new instruments are needed to assess this construct. Objective This study aimed to develop a scale to measure naive skepticism in the adult population. Method The study involved 446 individuals from the adult population. Subjects were randomly selected for either the pilot study (phase 2; n = 126) or the validity-testing study (phase 3; n = 320). Parallel analyses and exploratory structural equation modelling were conducted to assess the internal structure of the test. Scale reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficients Finally, a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis was performed to assess invariance, and a Set- Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling was applied to estimate evidence of validity based on associations with other variables. Results The naive skepticism scale provided adequate levels of reliability (ω > 0.8), evidence of validity based on the internal structure of the test (CFI = 0.966; TLI = 0.951; RMSEA = 0.079), gender invariance, and a moderate inverse effect on attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines. Conclusions The newly developed naive skepticism scale showed acceptable psychometric properties in an adult population, thus enabling the assessment of naive skepticism in similar demographics. This paper discusses the implications for the theoretical construct and possible limitations of the scale.
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Resumen El engaño en la publicidad es una práctica que ha ido en aumento para lograr la venta de productos y servicios e implica un asunto ético. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue examinar la relación del escepticismo en la publicidad del "Buen Fin" y la percepción de engaño en dicha publicidad y su efecto en la actitud hacia la misma, la credibilidad en los anuncios y la intención de compra de los millennials. Se realizó una investigación cuantitativa, explicativa y transversal a 392 millennials radicados en la Ciudad de México. Los resultados mostraron que, efectivamente, el escepticismo en la publicidad del "Buen Fin" incrementará la percepción de engaño en la misma y ambos parámetros influirán negativamente en forma indirecta en la intención de compra, ya que la confiabilidad en el producto queda en duda.
Abstract Deception in advertising is a practice that has been increasing to achieve the sale of products and services and involves an ethical issue. The objective of this work was to examine the relationship of skepticism and the perception of deception in the advertising of "Buen Fin" and its effect on the attitude, credibility on advertisements, and purchase intention of millennials. A quantitative, explanatory and cross-sectional research was conducted on 392 millennials living in Mexico City. The results showed that, indeed, skepticism on "Buen Fin" advertising will increase deception perception and both parameters will negatively influence indirectly purchase intention, since the reliability of the product is in doubt.
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Resumen Existen otros criterios de verificabilidad científica, inscritos en la cultura de distintas naciones indígenas. Tomamos como caso de estudio el "observatorio astronómico muisca", Colombia, y otras investigaciones etnológicas recientes sobre las principales cosmologías del mundo. Sostenemos que las ciencias ambientales fundadas en aquellos criterios pueden mejorar su capacidad de agencia institucional, pues permiten constituir ciencias transescalares en coordinación con objetivos descoloniales del saber. Otros criterios de verificabilidad y sus diálogos con el pensamiento descolonial son realmente posibles en el marco de una filosofía materialista de enfoque vitalista. A la luz de lo anterior, se argumenta que las prolepsis y las operatividades de las proposiciones científicas (institucionalizadas) son criterios seguros de evaluación de la "validez" (a escalas subglobales) y de la "verdad" del mundo (a escala global), especialmente cuando se trata de explicar/intervenir sus problemas ambientales.
Abstract There are other criteria of scientific verifiability, inscribed in the culture of different indigenous nations. We took as a study case the "Muisca Astronomical Observatory" in Colombia, and other recent ethnological research on the world's main cosmologies. We hold the idea that the environmental sciences, based on those criteria, can improve their capacity as an institutional agency since they allow trans-scalar sciences to be constituted in coordination with decolonial objectives of knowledge. Other verifiability criteria and their dialogues with decolonial thinking are actually possible within the framework of a materialistic philosophy of vitalist approach. In the light of the above, it is argued that the prolepsis and operability of scientific (institutionalized) propositions are safe criteria for assessing "validity" (at subglobal scales) and "truth" of the world (on a global scale), especially when it comes to explaining/intervening their environmental problems.
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A relação da filosofia kantiana com o ceticismo é objeto de investigação praticamente desde a primeira recepção da filosofia transcendental, atingindo um primeiro clímax já no início dos anos 1790. Este trabalho em homenagem ao professor Zeljko Loparic retoma um artigo seu sobre o tema, e mostra o acerto das teses por ele propostas à luz de pesquisa mais recente e detalhada.
The relationship of Kant's philosophy to skepticism has been the subject of investigation practically since the first reception of transcendental philosophy, reaching a first climax as soon as the early 1790s. This paper in honor of Professor Zeljko Loparic takes up an article of his on the subject, and shows the correctness of the theses proposed by him in the light of more recent and detailed research.
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Este artículo intenta mostrar la posición de Donald Davidson en la discusión filosófica entre realismo y antirrealismo. Para tal propósito, el presente manuscrito está dividido en tres partes: en la primera se exponen, en términos generales, algunas de las del realismo y el antirrealismo, así como ciertas aproximaciones al naturalismo. En la segunda parte, se intenta mostrar las razones que, según Davidson, llevan al antirrealismo; que para él es una popular versión del relativismo conceptual; además, se muestran las tentativas de algunas filosofías por evitar caer en el escepticismo, las cuales conducen innecesariamente a posiciones antirrealistas. Finalmente, en la tercera parte, se describe por qué para Davidson una adecuada teoría del lenguaje puede cuestionar el antirrealismo, salvándose las convicciones más simples y naturales sobre lo real
This article aims to shows Donald Davidson´s position consideraciones que se suelen presentar respecto concerning the philosophical discussion between realism and anti-realism. For such purpose, this paper is divided into three parts: in the first, in general terms, some considerations about realism and anti-realism are presented, along with certain approaches to naturalism. In the second part, the reasons that lead to anti-realism, according to Davidson, are shown. For him, it is a popular version of the conceptual relativism. Besides, the attempts of some philosophies to avoid skepticism are also shown, as they necessarily lead to anti-realistic positions. Finally, part three describes why, for Davidson, an adequate language theory can question anti-realism, and the simplest and most natural convictions on what is real, survive
Este artigo tenta mostrar a posição de Donald Davidson na discussão filosófica entre realismo e antirrealismo. Para tal propósito, o presente manuscrito está dividido em três partes: na primeira se expõe, em termos gerais, algumas das considerações que se acostumam apresentar com respeito do realismo e o antirrealismo, assim como certas aproximações ao naturalismo. Na segunda parte, se tenta mostrar as razões que, segundo Davidson, levam ao antirrealismo; que para ele é uma popular versão do relativismo conceitual; ademais, se mostram as tentativas de algumas filosofias por evitar cair no ceticismo, as quais conduzem sem necessidade a posições antirrealistas. Finalmente, na terceira parte, se descreve por que para Davidson uma adequada teoria da linguagem pode questionar o antirrealismo, salvando-se as convicções mais simples e naturais sobre o real
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En esta investigación pretendo desarrollar tres nociones: racional, razonable y textura abierta. Cada una a través de Descartes, Hume y Waisman, respectivamente. En el primeroaracional la identificamos con el método matemático; en el segundo, mostramos cómo la moral es razonable; en el tercero, pretendo mostrar cómo la moral y el derecho tienen las características tanto de lo razonable como de la textura abierta. Es decir, corresponden a saberes abiertos, en contraposición a los saberes cerrados como los de la lógica formal.
This research aims to develop three concepts: rational, reasonable and open texture through Descartes, Hume and Waisman's theories respectively. In the first one, we identify the rational with the mathematical method; in the second one, we show how moral is reasonable; and in the third one the aim is to show how moral and law have characteristics of both, reason and open texture. In other words, moral and law correspond to open knowledge in contrast to closed knowledge as those of formal logic.
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Humanos , Características Humanas , Conocimiento , Lógica , MatemáticaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: This study aims to compare and investigate the differences in beliefs with regard to the cause of illnesses, medial skepticism, and attitudes toward medical care between medical, Oriental medical, and nonmedical students. METHODS: To this end, we used a structured questionnaire and collected self-reported data from a sample of 667 respondents. RESULTS: First, their beliefs on the causes of illness were markedly different, depending on their specialty. Compared with students from other specialties, Oriental medical students ranked host factors, environmental factors, and natural factors as the highest causes of illness. -the former group regarded supernatural factors as a more influential cause of illnesses compared with the latter. Among Oriental medical students and nonmedical students-who were also subdivided into the aforementioned groups-the upper-grade group regarded host factors as a higher cause of illness than the lower-grade group. Second, Medical skepticism also differed depending on specialty. Compared with the medical students, Oriental medical students were more likely to have high confidence in "overcoming illnesses", "home remedies", "self-decision in treatments", and "understanding their own health". In subdividing medical and Oriental medical students according to grade we observed that the senior group had more confidence in home remedies than the junior group. Third, In an analysis of the students attitudes toward medical care, we found that nonmedical students had the highest score in the "care-oriented" and "cure-oriented" attitude categories. In the overall results, the care-oriented category ranked highest for the nonmedical students, followed by Oriental medical students and medical students; the cure-oriented category ranked highest for nonmedical students, followed by medical students and then Oriental medical students. CONCLUSION: Based on our results, we conclude that these differences between specialties should be reflected in medical curricula to bridge the gap between patients and doctors in medical education with regard to the causes of illness and attitudes toward medical care.
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Humanos , Curriculum , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Educación Médica , Medicina Tradicional , Estudiantes de MedicinaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: This study aims to compare and investigate the differences in beliefs with regard to the cause of illnesses, medial skepticism, and attitudes toward medical care between medical, Oriental medical, and nonmedical students. METHODS: To this end, we used a structured questionnaire and collected self-reported data from a sample of 667 respondents. RESULTS: First, their beliefs on the causes of illness were markedly different, depending on their specialty. Compared with students from other specialties, Oriental medical students ranked host factors, environmental factors, and natural factors as the highest causes of illness. -the former group regarded supernatural factors as a more influential cause of illnesses compared with the latter. Among Oriental medical students and nonmedical students-who were also subdivided into the aforementioned groups-the upper-grade group regarded host factors as a higher cause of illness than the lower-grade group. Second, Medical skepticism also differed depending on specialty. Compared with the medical students, Oriental medical students were more likely to have high confidence in "overcoming illnesses", "home remedies", "self-decision in treatments", and "understanding their own health". In subdividing medical and Oriental medical students according to grade we observed that the senior group had more confidence in home remedies than the junior group. Third, In an analysis of the students attitudes toward medical care, we found that nonmedical students had the highest score in the "care-oriented" and "cure-oriented" attitude categories. In the overall results, the care-oriented category ranked highest for the nonmedical students, followed by Oriental medical students and medical students; the cure-oriented category ranked highest for nonmedical students, followed by medical students and then Oriental medical students. CONCLUSION: Based on our results, we conclude that these differences between specialties should be reflected in medical curricula to bridge the gap between patients and doctors in medical education with regard to the causes of illness and attitudes toward medical care.