Descomposición de hojarasca y liberación de nutrientes en plantaciones de Acacia mangium (Mimosaceae) establecidas en suelos degradados de Colombia

Litter decomposition and nutrient release in Acacia mangium plantations established on degraded soils of Colombia. Several factors control the decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems such as humidity, temperature, quality of litter and microbial activity. We investigated the effects of rainfall and soil plowing prior to the establishment of Acacia mangium plantations, using the litterbag technique, during a six month period, in forests plantations in Bajo Cauca region, Colombia. The annual decomposition constants (k) of simple exponential model, oscillated between 1.24 and 1.80, meanwhile k1 y k2 decomposition constants of double exponential model were 0.88-1.81 and 0.58-7.01. At the end of the study, the mean residual dry matter (RDM) was 47% of the initial value for the three sites. We found a slow N, Ca and Mg release pattern from the A. mangium leaf litter, meanwhile, phosphorus (P) showed a dominant immobilization phase, suggesting its low availability in soils. Chemical leaf litter quality parameters (e.g. N and P concentrations, C/N, N/P ratios and phenols content) showed an important influence on decomposition rates. The results of this study indicated that rainfall plays an important role on the decomposition process, but not soil plowing. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (1): 113-128. Epub 2011 March 01.

La descomposición de hojarasca en los ecosistemas terrestres está regulada por varios factores, entre ellos, la humedad, temperatura, calidad de la hojarasca y la actividad de los microoganismos. Estudiamos el efecto de la precipitación y el tratamiento de subsolado del suelo previo establecimiento de plantaciones de Acacia mangium, usando la técnica de bolsas de descomposición durante seis meses en plantaciones del Bajo Cauca (Colombia). La constante de descomposición anual (k) del modelo simple exponencial, osciló entre 1.24 y 1.80. Las constantes k1 y k2 del modelo doble exponencial fluctuaron entre 0.88-1.81 y 0.58-7.01. Al final del experimento la materia seca residual promedio (MSR) fue del 47%. Las cantidades residuales de N, Ca y Mg en la hojarasca de A. mangium mostraron un patrón de liberación lento. La evolución del P en la MSR mostró un proceso dominante de inmovilización, dada su baja disponibilidad en el suelo. Algunos parámetros de calidad del sustrato (N, P, C/N, N/P y fenoles) fueron buenos predictores del proceso, así como la precipitación, situación contraria a la del tratamiento de subsolado.

Lixiviação do imazethapyr em solo de várzea sob dois sistemas de manejo / Imazethapyr leaching in rice paddy soil under two tillage systems

O imazethapyr está sendo amplamente utilizado no Rio Grande do Sul desde o desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Clearfield® (CL) em arroz, em uma mistura formulada de imazethapyr + imazapic (75 + 25g L-1). No entanto, com o uso dessa tecnologia, surgiu o problema da persistência do herbicida no solo, afetando cultivos não tolerantes em sucessão com diferentes intensidades. A fitointoxicação está relacionada, dentre vários fatores, à localização do herbicida no perfil do solo. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo determinar o posicionamento do imazethapyr em profundidade, no perfil de um solo de várzea cultivado com arroz, frente a dois tipos de manejo. Foram coletadas amostras de solos, em diferentes profundidades (0-5, 5-10, 10-15 e 15-20cm), do solo de várzea sob dois sistemas de manejo: plantio convencional (PC) e plantio direto (PD), em uma área onde havia sido utilizado arroz CL por dois anos e no terceiro ano, arroz não tolerante. A concentração do herbicida no solo foi analisada por HPLC-DAD. Há maior concentração de imazethapyr na superfície do solo (0-5cm), no sistema convencional, quando comparado com o sistema de plantio direto, e o herbicida lixiviou até 20cm nos dois sistemas. No PC, ocorreu uma distribuição uniforme do imazethapyr nos primeiros 15cm de solo, enquanto que, no PD, constatou-se acúmulo de imazethapyr nas camadas de 5-10 e 10-15cm.

Imazethapyr has been widely used in Rio Grande do Sul since the development of Clearfield TechnologyTM(CL) on rice, in a formulated mixture of imazethapyr + imazapic (75 + 25g L-1). However, the use of such technology raised the problem of herbicide carryover, which might affect non-tolerant crops in rotation with different intensities. The plant injury is related, among other factors, with the herbicide position in the soil profile. The present work had the objective of determining the depth positioning of imazethapyr on a lowland soil cultivated with rice in two soil tillage system: conventional system (CS) and no till system (NT), in an area where CL rice had been cultivated for two years followed by non tolerant rice in the third year. Herbicide concentration in soil samples was analyzed by HPLC-DAD. There is a higher concentration of imazethapyr in the topsoil (0-5cm) on the CS, when compared to the NT, while it leached until 20cm in both systems. In the CS, imazethapyr were uniformly distributed in the first 15 cm of soil, whereas in NT, imazethapyr were accumulated in 5-10 and 10-15cm layers.