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In this study, relative toxicity of Spilanthes acmella and Calotropis procera wasevaluated against adults and larvae of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The aerial part ofboth plants materials were collected from Eastern Himalayan Region (West Bengal) of India.Plant materials were washed, shade dried, coarsely ground, methanol extracted and dried byrotary evaporator and collected proper yield of extracts. The crude methanolic extracts werefurther fractionated using solvents (hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform) of different polarity andfinally aqueous fraction was collected and dried. Methanolic crude extracts and their fractions(hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform and aqueous) concentrations of both the plants weretested against the engorged adult females and cultured larvae of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus)microplus. The bioefficacy observations are shown in table 3 and mentioned LC50, LC90 andtheir related statistics. Adult and larval stages were significantly affected by the chloroformextract of both the plants selected and observed the most potent with LC50 50.22 and 13.86mg/ml of Calotropis procera and LC50 60.94 and 25.82 mg/ml of Spilanthes acmella.
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OBJECTIVE@#To investigate protective effects of Spilanthes acmella (S. acmella) Murr. extracts against pesticide-induced neuronal cells death and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism in dopaminergic (SH-SY5Y) cells lines.@*METHODS@#Cell viability of SH-SY5Y cells was studied by treating the cells with various concentration of pirimicarb for 24 h. Neuroprotective effect of S. acmella Murr. extracts was investigated by adding the plant extracts to the medium for 24 h prior to the incubation with 100 μM HO or with pirimicarb for 24 h. Control-untreated cells were incubated with the culture medium. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay, calpain and calpastatin expressions were analyzed by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry.@*RESULTS@#Pretreatment of SH-SY5Y cells with S. acmella Murr. extracts (1 μg/mL) for 24 h significantly increased the dopaminergic neurons in pirimicarb-induced neurotoxicity. In addition, pretreatment with the S. acmella Murr. extracts led to decreased calpain but increased calpastatin protein levels.@*CONCLUSION@#S. acmella Murr. extracts exerted neuroprotective effect, via an alteration of calcium homeostasis, against pirimicarb induced neurotoxicity. The S. acmella Murr. might be a potential natural candidate with neuroprotective activity.
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Objective To investigate protective effects of Spilanthes acmella (S. acmella) Murr. extracts against pesticide-induced neuronal cells death and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism in dopaminergic (SH-SY5Y) cells lines. Methods Cell viability of SH-SY5Y cells was studied by treating the cells with various concentration of pirimicarb for 24 h. Neuroprotective effect of S. acmella Murr. extracts was investigated by adding the plant extracts to the medium for 24 h prior to the incubation with 100 μM H
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In this study, the various concentrations of casein hydrolysate (25, 50, 75, 100 mg/L) and L-phenylalanine (50, 100, 150, 200 µM/l) were incorporated in MS containing 15 µM BA plus 5 µM 2,4-D for enhancement of secondary metabolites in cell culture of Spilanthes acmella. The presence of casein hydrolysate in the nutrient medium improved the growth of cell biomass and the production of scopoletin. The addition of casein hydrolysate up to 75 mg/L stimulated the accumulation of scopoletin, but increasing excess 75 mg/L the level of casein hydrolysate reduced the production of scopoletin. The addition of L-phenylalanine in the nutrient medium was found to be more effective for production of secondary metabolite in S. acmella. The addition of 50 µM/L of L-phenylalanine in the medium increased scopoletin content to 27.12 ± 0.58 µg/g dry weight, compared to the scopoletin content of control at 7.89 ± 0.61 µg/g dry weight. The highest accumulation of scopoletin was observed in the 100 µM/L L-phenylalanine in cell suspension, which was 4.51 times more than the control. As a result, using moderate concentration of L-phenylalanine was ideal for the production of scopoletin. In general, casein hydrolysate was more effective than L-phenylalanine for production of scopoletin and growth of cell biomass in the cell culture of S. acmella.
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Background: Repeated endodontic failures are due to pathogens like Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans which are resistant to the common intracanal medicaments like calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2). Aims: To determine the role of commonly used folk medicine, Spilanthes acmella (SPA) against root canal pathogens like E. faecalis, C. albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp, and to compare its efficacy with Ca(OH)2, a popularly used intracanal medicament. Materials and Methods: Bacterial strains of S. aureus, Streptococcus sp., E. faecalis, and fungal strains of C.albicans were tested against different concentrations of SPA and Ca(OH)2. Seven days old cultures of test organisms were seeded onto agar plates and uniformly spread with a spreader. Five to six wells (8 mm) were made on agar plate to which different concentrations of the test solutions were added. The inoculated plates were kept in an incubator at 37°C for 48 h and inhibition zones were measured. Statistical Analysis: Results of SPA were compared with results of Ca(OH)2 statistically using Mann–Whitney U test. Results: A significant zone of inhibition was obtained with SPA and was found to increase as the concentration increased for C. albicans. SPA showed a significant zone of inhibition at 2–5% and 10% whereas Ca(OH)2 showed a zone of inhibition only at 10% for E. faecalis. SPA showed a zone of inhibition only at 10%, whereas, Ca(OH)2 showed a significant zone of inhibition at 5% and 10% for S. aureus and Streptococcus sp., respectively. Conclusion: SPA possesses remarkable antibacterial and antifungal activity against common root canal pathogens which are responsible for repeated endodontic failures such as E. faecalis and C. albicans when compared with medicaments like Ca(OH)2.
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Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of endangered medicinal plants Balanites aegyptiaca Del. and Spilanthes acmella Murr. were evaluated for antifungal potential against various pathogenic and opportunistic fungi by in vitro agar well diffusion method. All the alcoholic extracts showed wide range of activity against the tested fungi as compared to aqueous extracts which showed limited antifungal activity. The alcoholic extract of fruit of B. aegyptiaca showed good antifungal activity against most of the tested Candida species and few opportunistic fungi, whereas, alcoholic extract of flower head of S. acmella showed good activity not only against Candida species but also against most of the tested Aspergillus species. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the alcoholic extracts were determined by broth microdilution method. The MIC of alcoholic extract of B. aegyptiaca and S. acmella against tested fungi ranged from 3.05 to 24.0μg/ml and 1.53 to 49.0 μg/ml respectively. The present study leads to conclusion that extracts of Balanites aegyptiaca and Spilanthes acmella contain good antifungal activity and thus could be used as alternative medicine in the treatment of various opportunistic and life threatening fungal infections especially in immunocompromised patients which otherwise pose problem of resistance to the currently used antifungal agents.
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Alcoholic extracts of stem of an endangered medicinal plant Spilanthes acmella and its in vitro raised callus were evaluated for antibacterial potential against various gram positive and gram negative bacteria including resistant isolates harbouring bla genes by agar well diffusion method. The alcoholic extract of parent plant as well as its callus showed good antibacterial activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria and also efficiently controlled the growth of most of the resistant bacteria harbouring bla genes. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the extracts was determined by broth microdilution method. MIC against gram positive bacteria ranged from 12.0 to 49.0 μg/ml, while MIC against gram negative bacteria ranged from 1.53 to 12.0 μg/ml and MIC against resistant bacteria harbouring bla genes ranged from 6.1 to 98.0 μg/ml. The present study shows that extracts of Spilanthes acmella contain good antibacterial activity which can be used to obtain novel antibacterial compounds for the treatment of infectious diseases that otherwise pose problem of drug resistance to currently used antimicrobials. This is the first report of antibacterial activity of S. acmella through in vitro callus and also it’s potential against gram negative bacteria harbouring bla genes.
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The local anesthetic action of ethanol extract of Spilanthes acmella was studied in guinea pigs and frogs’ sciatic nerves. Subcutaneous injection of 0.1 ml of 10% test solution into guinea pig’s back revealed that the onset of action occurred immediately after injection and lasted for 21 minutes. The duration of action was significantly shorter than that of 2% lidocaine (p<0.001,). The action potential of isolated frog’s sciatic nerve was completely abolished within 5 minutes after application of the test solution. The tissue apecimen obtained from guinea pig’s back muscle showed mild congestion of small blood vessels and mild intercellular edema. There was no significant difference as comparing to lidocaine injection. The results indicated that Spilanthes acmella possessed local anesthetic activity and further clinical trial should be investigated.