A herança africana e a construção do Estado brasileiro / African heritage and the construction of the brazilian State

Resumo: Este artigo tem como objetivo compreender como, de maneira aparentemente paradoxal no Brasil, com uma sociedade erigida em estreita relação com o Continente Africano, se construiu um Estado que desde suas primeiras décadas de existência mostrou-se hostil aos africanos e a seus descendentes, promovendo, ao contrário, a continuidade de uma civilização europeia nos trópicos.

Abstract: This article aims to understand how, in an apparently paradoxical way in Brazil, with a society erected in a close relationship with the African Continent, a State that since its first decades of existence has showed itself hostile to africans and their descendants was built, promoting, on the contrary, the continuation of an european civilization in the tropics.

Mating Types and Optimum Culture Conditions for Sexual State Formation of Fusarium fujikuroi Isolates

Twenty-five isolates of Fusarium fujikuroi acquired from rice seeds and rice plants evidencing symptoms of Bakanae disease were evaluated to determine their mating types and characterize the formation of their sexual state. The mating types of the isolates were evaluated via multiplex PCR with the diagnostic primers of the mating-type (MAT) region: GFmat1a, GFmat1b, GFmat2c, and GFmat2d. Among the 25 isolates, 11 were identified as MAT-1 (male), and 14 as MAT-2 (female). Four MAT-1 isolates and three MAT-2 isolates were mated and cultured to evaluate the optimal culture conditions for the production of their sexual states. Among four tested media, 10% V8 juice agar proved optimal for the perithecial production of the isolates. The isolates also generated the largest numbers of perithecia when incubated at 23degrees C in alternating cycles of 12 hr fluorescent light and NUV fluorescent light and 12 hr darkness.

Guerra, formação do estado e identidade nacional nas franjas do mundo Atlântico / Guerre, formation de l'état et identité nationale dans lês franges du monde Atlantique / War, state formation, and national identity on the fringes of the Atlantic world

This paper deals with the impact of war on state formation in Ireland and England, focusing on the period from 1590 to 1691, the key turning point for the future development of the state in both countries. War played a vital role, but in a number of different ways, including in the ideological sphere, in a complex process, rather than simply causing a long-term expansion in army size and subsequent growth of the state. The author further emphasizes the dynamic nature of the state itself.

Dans cet article, on étudie l'impact de la guerre sur la formation de l'État en Irlande et en Angleterre, surtout dans la période de 1590 à 1691, période-clé pour le développement de l'État dans ces deux pays. La guerre y a joué un rôle très important sous plusieurs formes, et en particulier dans la sphère idéologique, au long d'un processus très complexe, au-delà de son rôle d'expansion et d'augmentation des armées et de sa conséquence, la croissance de l'État, dont il faut souligner la nature dynamique.