Body movement implied by static images modulates eye movements and subjective time estimation

The present study investigated the influence of body movement implied by artwork on time estimation and its relationship with eye movement. In Experiment 1, the participants were presented with static photographic images of Edgar Degas sculptures that implied different movements. The participants were asked to estimate their exposure times. Overestimation was found for the dancer who represented the greater movement. Eye movements were more directed to legs and arms in the ballerina that implied more movement, indicating more dynamic eye movements for this dancer, which was also overestimated. Experiment 2 further investigated whether this effect was specific to body representation or whether it was linked to the perceptual feature of the images. The participants were presented with drawings that mimicked global shapes (lines) of the Degas sculptures. Differences in time estimation were not obtained under this experimental condition. The results suggest an embodied perception of body movement that modulates eye movements and time estimation...

Clinical Application of 'Scrotogram' / 대한비뇨기과학회지

A study was undertaken during the past 2 years of patients who visited the infertility clinic of this hospital. The patients included those with male infertility, scrotal mass, scrotal pain or impotence. These patients were studied by means of reviewing the clinical applications of 'Scrotogram' and the following results were obtained. A total of 122 cases underwent a 'Scrotogram' study and among them 80 cases were diagnosed as varicocele, which included 14 cases( 18%) of subclinical varicocele which are difficult to be diagnosed by initial physical examination. There was statistical significance in the varicocele index between the control group and the Grade I varicocele group(p<0.01) and between the control group and subclinical varicocele group(p<0.01), and between the Grade I and Grade II group.(p<0.01), and between the Grade II and Grade II group(p<0.05). Among 66 clinical varicocele patients, 63 cases(80% ) were diagnosed by varicocele index, and 54 cases(82% ) were diagnosed by static image. A combination of the above two methods allowed 61 cases(92%) to be diagnosed. Among 48 patients who underwent high ligation of internal spermatic vein, 25 patients were subject to postoperative follow-up 'Scrotogram', which revealed 12 cases with excellent results, 8 cases with good results, and 5 cases with poor results. The average varicocele index before and after surgery was 1.78 and 1.24 and there were statistical significance(p<0.01). There was statistical significance, in sperm count and motility between the control group and clinical varicocele group(p <0.01) and between the control group and subclinical varicocele group(p <0.01). However, there appeared no statistical significance in semen character between the clinical varicocele and subclinical varicocele group. Among the 13 patients who were subject to postoperative follow-up semen analysis 11 patient showed improved results, and there was marked improvement in sperm count(p<0.05). There was slight improvement in sperm motility and morphology but showed no statistical significance. At present, 2 patients were impreged. Among 110 patients with infertility and olieoasthenoteratozoospermia, 22 were initially diagnose as varicocele by physical examination only, and 7 patients were diagnosed as subclinical varicocele after a 'Scrotogram' was taken. In conclusion, the 'Scrotogram' is able to identify varicocele objectively, and also identify subclinical varicocele which is an important contributing factor to male infertility. Also, this method of study is able to assess the postoperative result of varicocele accurately.