Improving the position specificity of Themomyces lanuginosus lipase based on semi-rational design / 生物工程学报

Diacylglycerol (DAG) is an intermediate product in lipid metabolism and plays an important physiological role in human body. It is mainly prepared by hydrolyzing lipid with lipase. However, research on the detection method of 1, 2-diacylglycerol (1, 2-DAG) and 1, 3-diacylglycerol (1, 3-DAG) and catalytic specificity of lipase was not enough, which limits its wide application. To address these challenges, an efficient quantitative detection method was first established for 1, 2-DAG (0.025-0.200 g/L) and 1, 3-DAG (0.025-0.150 g/L) by combining supercritical fluid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detector and optimizing the detection and analysis parameters. Based on the molecular docking between Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL) and triolein, five potential substrate binding sites were selected for site-specific saturation mutation to construct a mutation library for enzyme activity and position specificity screening. The specificity of sn-1, 3 of the I202V mutant was the highest in the library, which was 11.7% higher than the specificity of the wild type TLL. In summary, the position specificity of TLL was modified based on a semi-rational design, and an efficient separation and detection method of DAG isomers was also established, which provided a reference for the study of the catalytic specificity of lipase.

Extraction Technology of Volatile Oil from Wenjing Huoxue Cataplasm / 药学实践杂志

Objective To optimize the supercritical CO2 extraction conditions of volatile oil from Wenjing Huoxue cataplasm. Methods On the basis of single factor investigation on the comprehensive score of extraction yield , osthole content and isoimperatorin, the effects of extraction temperature, pressure and time on the comprehensive score of extracted volatile oil were optimized by orthogonal design. Results In the single factor experiment, the factors that had a great influence on the comprehensive score of the extracted volatile oil were extraction temperature, extraction pressure and extraction time. The orthogonal experiment results showed that the extraction temperature and extraction pressure had a significant influence on the comprehensive score of volatile oil. The optimized extraction process was as follows: extraction temperature at 55 ℃, extraction pressure as 30 MPa, and extraction time as 2 h. Conclusion The extraction process optimized in this experiment is stable and feasible, which could be used for the extraction and preparation of the volatile oil.

Optimization of extraction technology of volatile oil from Blumea balsamifera and analysis on its compositions / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To opti mize the supercritical CO 2 extraction technology of volatile oil from Blumea balsamifera ，and compare the components of the volatile oil from B. balsamifera obtained by supercritical CO 2 extraction and steam distillation. METHODS The volatile oil of B. balsamifera was extracted by supercritical CO 2 extraction. Using extraction rate of volatile oil as index，extraction temperature ，extraction pressure and extraction time as factors ，based on single-factor experiment ，orthogonal experiment was used to optimize the supercritical CO 2 extraction technology. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to identify the components of volatile oil from B. balsamifera . Peak area normalization was used to calculate the relative contents of each component. Taking the volatile oil obtained by steam distillation as a reference ，the extraction rates ，components and contents of volatile oil by the two methods were compared. RESULTS The optimal supercritical CO 2 extraction technology of volatile oil from B. balsamifera included extraction pressure of 30 MPa，extraction temperature of 50 ℃ and extracting for 50 min. After 3 times of validation tests ，average extraction rate of volatile oil was 4.64％（RSD＝0.54％，n＝3）. Thirty-nine components such as tritriacontane，stigmasterol，squalene were identified in the volatile oil of B. balsamifera obtained by supercritical CO 2 extraction； and 51 components such as triacontane ，ledol，humulene epoxide Ⅰ were identified by steam distillation. The extraction rate of volatile oil from B. balsamifera obtained by 2 methods were 4.64％ and 0.99％. A total of 26 common components were obtained ， such as xanthoxylin ，L-borneol，β-caryophyllene. Except for xanthoxyline （34.829％ by supercritical CO 2 extraction，30.676％ by steam distillation method ）and phytol （2.401％ by supercritical CO 2 extraction，1.273％ by steam distillation ），the relative contents of the components of volatile oil obtained by supercritical CO 2 extraction were lower than those of steam distillation. CONCLUSIONS The optimal supercritical CO 2 extraction technology is stable and feasible ；the components and contents of volatile oil obtained by two methods varies greatly ，and main compounds are aldehydes and ketones ，alkenes，alcohols and other components.

Optimisation of asarone removal from Piper sarmentosum Roxburgh leaves using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction: the Box-Behnken design

Abstract Piper sarmentosum is a herbaceous shrub with numerous pharmacological benefits. However, the presence of two toxic phenylpropanoids (α- and β-asarone) limits the medicinal usage of the plant. In this study, the extraction of three asarone isomers, namely α-, β-, and -asarone was optimised using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SC-CO2) combined with Box-Behnken experimental design. Comparison of asarone contents in different conventional solvent extracts of P. sarmentosum leaves prior to and after SC-CO2 extraction was performed. The SC-CO2 method successfully maximised the extraction of α-, β-, and ɣ-asarone at P = 81.16 bar, T = 50.11°C, and t = 80.90 min, yielding 13.91% α-asarone, 3.43% β-asarone, and 14.95% ɣ-asarone. The SC-CO2 residue of the leaves re-extracted with conventional solvents showed a significant decrease of asarone ranging from 45% to 100% (p<0.001) compared to their counterparts without SC-CO2 treatment. α-, β-, and ɣ-asarone were completely removed in the ethanol extract of the residue. These findings suggested that the optimised SC-CO2 extraction parameters may serve as a quick treatment step for the selective removal of asarone from P. sarmentosum to develop safer extracts for the food and nutraceutical industries applications.

Functional and chemical qualities of Vitis labrusca grape seed oil extracted by supercritical CO 2 / Calidad funcional y química del aceite de semilla de Vitis labrusca extraído mediante CO 2 supercrítico / Qualidade funcional e química do óleo de semente de Vitis labrusca extraído por CO 2 supercrítico

Abstract Grape seed oil, which is usually extracted with highly toxic organic solvents that are harmful to human health, is produced from tons of grape pomace waste, generated during winemaking. Sometimes, this waste is used to make compost or is burnt, which causes environmental contamination. The functional qualities, antioxidant capacity (AC), α-tocopherol and total phenolic compounds content (TPC) of Black Borgoña (Vitis labrusca) grape seed oil, extracted by supercritical CO2, were evaluated. The high content of linoleic acid (ω-6) and monounsaturated fatty acids contributed to the beneficial effect on the functional quality indices, which were 0.20, 0.23, 11.80 for IA, IT and H:H, respectively. In addition, a POV of 6.23 ± 0.08 milliequivalents of peroxide/kg oil and an anisidine index of 2.70 ± 0.05 indicated a good quality oil. Also, a high concentration of a-tocopherol (9.82 ± 0.02 mg/100 g oil) and a high TPC ("4.14 ± 3.24 mg GAE/kg oil) were obtained. This study demonstrated that supercritical CO2 extraction is a suitable method for the delivery of a high-quality grape seed oil.

Resumen El aceite de semilla de uva que generalmente se extrae con disolventes orgánicos altamente tóxicos y perjudiciales para la salud humana, se produce a partir de toneladas de residuos de orujo de uva, generados durante la elaboración del vino. A veces, estos residuos se utilizan para hacer compost o se queman, lo que provoca la contaminación del medio ambiente. Se evaluaron las cualidades funcionales, la capacidad antioxidante (AC), el contenido de a-tocoferol y los compuestos fenólicos totales (TPC) del aceite de semilla de uva Borgoña Negra (Vitis labrusca), extraído mediante CO2 supercrítico. El alto contenido de ácido linoleico (ω-6) y de ácidos grasos monoinsaturados contribuyó al efecto beneficioso sobre los índices de calidad funcional que fueron de 0.20, 0.23, ''.80 para IA, IT y H:H, respectivamente. Además, un POV de 6.23 ± 0.08 miliequivalentes de peróxido/ kg de aceite y un índice de anisidina de 2.70 ± 0.05 indicaban una buena calidad del aceite. También se obtuvo una alta concentración de α-tocoferol (9.82 ± 0.02 mg/100 g de aceite) y un alto TPC ("4.14 ± 3.24 mg de GAE/ kg de aceite). Este estudio demostró que la extracción con CO2 supercrítico es un método adecuado para obtener un aceite de semilla de uva de alta calidad.

Resumo O óleo de semente de uva é geralmente extraído com solventes orgânicos altamente tóxicos que são prejudiciais à saúde humana, é produzido a partir de toneladas de resíduos de bagaço de uva, gerados durante a vinificação. Às vezes, esses resíduos são usados para fazer adubo ou são queimados, o que causa contaminação ambiental. Foram avaliadas as qualidades funcionais, capacidade antioxidante (AC), a-tocoferol e o teor total de compostos fenólicos (TPC) do óleo de semente de uva Borgoña Negra (Vitis labrusca), extraído por CO2 supercrítico. O alto teor de ácido linoleico (ω-6) e ácidos graxos monoinsaturados contribuiu para o efeito benéfico sobre os índices de qualidade funcional que foram 0.20, 0.23, 11.80 para IA, IT e H:H, respectivamente. Além disso, um POV de 6.23 ± 0.08 miliequivalentes de peróxido/ kg de óleo e um índice de anisidina de 2.70 ± 0.05 indicava uma boa qualidade de óleo. Também foi obtida uma alta concentração de α-tocoferol (9.82 ± 0.02 mg/100 g de óleo) e um alto TPC ("4.14 ± 3.24 mg de óleo GAE/ kg). Este estudo mostrou que a extração de CO2 supercrítico é um método adequado para a entrega de um óleo de semente de uva de alta qualidade.

Simultaneous enantioseparation and simulation studies of atenolol,metoprolol and propranolol on Chiralpak(R) IG column using supercritical fluid chromatography / 药物分析学报

Enantioseparation of three β-blockers,i.e.,atenolol,metoprolol and propranolol,was studied on amylose tris(3-chloro-5-methylphenylcarbamate) immobilized chiral stationary phase using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC).The effect of organic modifiers (methanol,isopropanol and their mixture),col-umn temperature and back pressure on chiral separation of β-blockers was evaluated.Optimum chro-matographic separation with respect to resolution,retention,and analysis time was achieved using a mixture of CO2 and 0.1％ isopropyl amine in isopropanol:methanol (50:50,V/V),in 75:25 (V/V) ratio.Under the optimized conditions,the resolution factors (Rs) and separation factors (α) were greater than 3.0 and 1.5,respectively.Further,with increase in temperature (25-45 ℃) and pressure (100-150 bars)there was corresponding decrease in retention factors (k),α and Rs.However,a reverse trend (α and Rs)was observed for atenolol with increase in temperature.The thermodynamic data from van't Hoff plots revealed that the enantioseparation was enthalpy driven for metoprolol and propranolol while entropy driven for atenolol.To understand the mechanism of chiral recognition and the elution behavior of the enantiomers,molecular docking studies were performed.The binding energies obtained from simulation studies were in good agreement with the elution order found experimentally and also with the free energy values.The method was validated in the concentration range of 0.5-10 μg/mL for all the enan-tiomers.The limit of detection and limit of quantitation ranged from 0.126 to 0.137 μg/mL and 0.376-0.414 μg/mL,respectively.The method was used successfully to analyze these drugs in pharmaceutical preparations.

Optimization of supercritical CO 2 extraction of red ginseng polysaccharide by response surface methodology and its antioxidant activity in vitro / 国际中医中药杂志

Objective:Response surface methodology was used to optimize the optimal extraction conditions of red ginseng polysaccharide and to study the antioxidant activity of red ginseng polysaccharide.Methods:Supercritical CO 2 extraction method was used to extract polysaccharides from red ginseng. The effects of solid-liquid ratio, extraction time, extraction temperature and extraction pressure on the extraction of polysaccharides from red ginseng were investigated. Box-behnken Design method was used to optimize the extraction process of red ginseng polysaccharide, and Logit method was used to calculate the semi-inhibitory concentration of red ginseng polysaccharide on DPPH clearance (half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC 50). Results:The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: extraction temperature 61.12 ℃, extraction pressure 20.64 MPa, extraction time 128.37 min, solid-liquid ratio 1∶25.61 g/ml, and the extraction yield of red ginseng polysaccharide was 36.89%. The results of three groups of repeatability tests showed that the relative error of polysaccharide yield of red ginseng was in the range of 5%. When the mass concentration of red ginseng polysaccharide was 25 μg/ml, it had better antioxidant activity and IC 50 was 10.97 μg/ml. Conclusion:The optimized extraction conditions of red ginseng polysaccharide were reasonable and reliable, and the antioxidant activity of red ginseng polysaccharide was strong, which could provide reference for the follow-up research.

Discussion on the Application of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Technology for Sterilization of Medical Devices / 中国医疗器械杂志

Traditional medical device sterilization processes are mature, but there are constraints when using on medical devices by new materials. With increasing environmental concerns, using of ethylene oxide sterilization has been limited by global environmental protection administrations. Exploring new sterilization methods for medical devices is urgently needed. This paper reviews the supercritical carbon dioxide sterilization technology by arranging the exploratory work of industry researchers. In the paper, we introduce the theory of supercritical carbon dioxide sterilization technology, microbial inactivation ability, material influence research and sterilization equipment. Then we discuss the concerns and possibilities of the technology applied to the medical device industry basing on the good manufacturing practices.

Extraction technology, composition analysis and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of volatile oil from fenugreek leaves / 中国中药杂志

To define the extraction process, main components and antioxidative and antimicrobial activities of volatile oil from fenugreek(Trigonella foenum-graecum) leaves and its active substance basis. Response surface methodology was used for optimum supercritical CO_2 extraction conditions of essential oil from fenugreek leaves. The main components of volatile oil were analyzed by GC-MS, its antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring the scavenging ability of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) and 2, 2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, ABTS) free radical, and the antimicrobial effect of volatile oil was evaluated by K-B paper AGAR diffusion method. The results showed that the optimal extraction temperature was 50 ℃, the extraction time was 89 min, and the extraction pressure was 35 MPa. Under the conditions, the optimum extracting yield of volatile oil was 1.72%,which was about 1.5 times higher than that of the conventional steam distillation. A total of 52 compounds were found based on reference substance retention time and GC-MS fragmentation information or the existing literatures, and the major compounds were oleic acid(9.65%), carveol(9.41%), n-hexadecanoic acid(9.1%), linoleic acid(6.95%), methyl linolenate(5.4%), petroselinic acid(5.3%), testosterone(3.4%), sotolon(1.75%). The volatile oil of fenugreek showed moderate antioxidant activities in DPPH assay(IC_(50) value of 0.473 mg·mL~(-1)) and ABTS test(IC_(50) value of 0.107 mg·mL~(-1)). The oil had a stronger antimicrobial activity in vitro. MIC of the volatile oil ranged from 0.375 to 1.5 mg·mL~(-1). The results showed that the optimized volatile oil extraction process was stable, and the extraction yield was high. Fenugreek leaves contained a variety of volatile components, with obvious antioxidant and antibacterial activities. This study provides a certain theoretical basis for the comprehensive development and utilization of fenugreek.

Study on the Extraction Technology of Fructus Gleditisae Abnormalis and GC-MS Analysis of Extracted Com- ponents / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To establish and optimize a extraction method of Fructus Gleditsiae Abnormallis ，and to analyze and identify chemical components of the extract simultaneously. METHODS ：Fructus Gleditsiae Abnormallis was extracted with CO 2 supercritical fluid extraction （SFE）method. Based on single factor tests ，using extraction yield as index ，extraction temperature ， extraction pressure and extraction time as investigation factors ，SFE technology was optimized with orthogonal test ，and validation test was performed. Chemical components in the extract were identified by GC-MS. Relative percentage of each component was calculated with area normalization method. RESULTS ：The optimal SFE extraction technology of Fructus Gleditsiae Abnormallis was extraction temperature of 60 ℃，extraction pressure of 300 MPa and pression time of 15 min. Average extraction of 3 times of validation tests was 1.73％（RSD＝1.78％，n＝3）. The 48 components in the extracts of Fructus Gleditsiae Abnormallis were identified，which accounted for 98.31％ of the total amount of the extracts. The extracts of Fructus Gleditisae Abnormalis mainly included organic acids ，accounting for 36.99％，followed by alkaloids ，accounting for 12.59％ in total. Main components were palmitic acid （16.62％），oleic acid （14.12％），N-aminotetrahydropyrrole（9.79％），2，6-dimethyloctane-1，7-dien-3-ol（5.95％）， tetrahydropyran（3.83％），vanillin（3.39％），etc. CONCLUSIONS ：SFE method of Fructus Gleditisae Abnormalis is established successfully，and the extract is mainly organic acids.

Comparative study on volatile oil in Rhizoma chuanxiong by steam distillation and supercritical fluid extraction / 药学实践杂志

Objective To clarify the influence of the extraction process on its active ingredients by comparing the volatile oils of Rhizoma Chuanxiong obtained under different processes. Methods The volatile oil of Rhizoma Chuanxiong was extracted by supercritical CO2 extraction (SFE) and steam distillation. The main chemical components and relative contents were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results A total of 18 common components were identified in the volatile oil samples of Chuanxiong from the two methods. In steam distillation samples, main components included phthalides (61%), monoterpenoids (25%) and sesquiterpenes (10%). In SFE samples, phthalides (97%) were major components, followed by monoterpenoids (1%),sesquiterpenes (0.4%) and other minor components. Conclusion The steam distillation retains highly volatile components in Rhizoma chuanxiong such as monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenes. For SFE approach, the phthalides were extracted more efficiently compared with other components. The effect of the extraction process on the active ingredients should be fully considered in obtained products of Rhizoma chuanxiong since the difference in constituents may result in varied effects.

Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Volatile Oil in Pine Needle of Pinus yunnanensis from Different Habitats and Analysis by GC-MS / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To analyze and compare the volatile oil components of pine needle of Pinus yunnanensis from different habitats. Method:The volatile oils of pine needle of P. yunnanensis from 12 different habitats were extracted by supercritical CO2 extraction （SFE-CO2），the components were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS），and relative percentage of each component was determined by peak area normalization method，and SPSS 20.0 software was used for principal component analysis. Result:The 137 compounds were isolated from the volatile oil of pine needle of P. yunnanensis from 12 different producing areas，with 1 sample identified 57 species，2 samples identified 57 species，3 samples identified 54 species，4 samples identified 48 species，5 samples to identify 58 species，6 samples identified 60 species，7 samples identified 53 species，8 samples identified 55 species，9 samples identified 56 species，10 samples to identify 58 species，11 samples identified 54 species and 12 samples to identify 50 species，composed of hydrocarbon，acid，alcohol，ester，aldehyde，ketone，phenol，ether 8 compounds，including 11 common composition including alpha pinene，beta pinene，beta caryophyllene，7C，10C，16C-hexadecatrienoic acid and palmitic acid methyl ester，palmitic acid，phthalic acid dibutyl do acid，alcohol，stearic acid，mountain，wood tar acid. Conclusion:In this study，supercritical CO2 extraction （SFE-CO2） was used to extract the volatile oil of pine needle of P. yunnanensis from different habitats. It was found that the volatile oil of pine needle of P. yunnanensis was mainly composed of hydrocarbons，acids，esters and alcohols. And the content and species of volatile oil of pine needle of P. yunnanensis from different producing areas differ greatly which lay a foundation for the further development and utilization of pine needle of P. yunnanensis resources.

Comparison of Different Extraction Techniques of Zingiber officinale Essential Oil

Abstract This study aims to find the best conditions for the extraction of Zingiber officinale essential oil using the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), steam distillation (SD) and hydrodistillation (HD) techniques, regarding the maximum oil yield. For the HD technique is evaluated the best ratio between plant mass and water volume and for SFE and SD the pressure condition was investigated. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to evaluate the similarity between the composition of the essential oil in different pressures and extraction methods. The experimental extraction curve was plotted and three different mathematical models were used to fit the data for SD and SFE methods, obtaining the relevant mass transfer parameters. The essential oil compounds were identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), being α-zingiberene the main component with different contents (from 11.9 to 28.9%). The best condition for the SFE was 100 bar, 40 °C (0.0508 goil/gplant) with 19.34% of α-zingiberene; for the SD, 3 bar (133 °C) (0.00616 goil/gplant) with 28.9% of α-zingiberene; and HD, the volume of 750 mL (0.006988 goil/gplant) with 15.70% of α-zingiberene, all measured on a dry basis.

Extraction of porcine cancellous bone by supercritical carbon dioxide / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: In recent years, there have been many studies on the use of supercritical fluids for biological material treatment in countries outside China. However, little is reported on application of supercritical fluids to bone tissue extraction, in particular in China. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technology in the treatment of porcine femur cancellous bone and its effect on bone biological properties. METHODS: Porcine femoral bone blocks that were subjected to supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (study group) or not (control group) were prepared to determine bone mineral density, microstructure, maximum compressive strength, elastic modulus, bone tissue composition, collagen content and perform histological analysis. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were inoculated into two groups of bone blocks, and cultured for 1 day. The microporous structure of trabecular bone and cell adhesion and growth in bone material-cell composite were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The two groups of bone blocks were implanted subcutaneously in SD rats. The inflammatory reaction of subcutaneous tissue was observed histologically at 1, 2 and 4 weeks after surgery. The experimental protocol had been approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Chinese PLA General Hospital, China. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There were no significant differences in pore size, bone mineral density, maximum compressive strength, elastic modulus and collagen content between the study and control groups (P>0.05). Scanning electron microscopy showed that in the control group, the material pores had poor connectivity and there was soft tissue residue; in the study group, material pores were connected to each other and the structure was intact. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the two groups of bone tissue materials had similar absorption and diffraction peaks. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that supercritical carbon dioxide extraction could reduce water content in bone tissue. Hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that there were no soft tissue residues in the bone, and the cell residues in the bone pit were significantly reduced in the study group, while soft tissue and cell residues were observed in the control group. Sirius red staining and modified Masson staining showed that the structure of bone collagen in the study group was intact, the cytoplasmic components reduced, and the cytoplasmic components in the control group remained significantly. Scanning electron microscopy showed that there was no obvious cell adhesion in the control group, but cell adhesion growth was obvious in the study group. Perivascular inflammatory response in the bone tissue implantation region was obviously weaker in the study group than in the study group. These results suggest that supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technology is an effective and environment-friendly bone tissue processing technology. It can effectively remove porcine cancellous bone cells and soft tissue without affecting its collagen structure and content and mechanical properties, retaining intact bone pore structure, increasing cell adhesion and growth, and effectively reducing inflammatory rejection.

Optimization of supercritical CO2 extraction process of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex and anti-oxidant activities of extracts / 中草药

Objective: To optimize the supercritical CO2 extraction process of active ingredients from Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex (MOC) and explore the antioxidant activity of the extracts. Methods: The content of magnolol and honokiol of the supercritical CO2 extracts of MOC was determined by HPLC, and the extraction process was optimized by orthogonal experiment. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined by MTT. Results: The optimum extraction pressure of magnolol was 25 MPa, the extraction temperature was 55 ℃, the amount of CO2 was 30 kg, and the optimum extraction parameters mentioned above of honokiol were 15 MPa, 50 ℃, and 25 kg, respectively. Conclusion: Under the optimum extraction conditions, magnolol and honokiol have high extraction efficiency, good repeatability, stability and feasibility, and the extract have good antioxidant activity.

Research progress of vacuum extraction and its combined technologies in volatile oil from traditional Chinese medicine / 中草药

With the expansion of the application field of traditional Chinese medicine volatile oil, the research on novel extraction technology and method is increasing. Vacuum hydrodistillation extraction, a new extraction process, reduces the boiling point of the solvent by adjusting the vacuum degree. Therefore, it can keep the solvent boiling at low temperature, so that the volatile oil components are not easily destroyed. This paper has reviewed the principle, advantages and disadvantages, application status of vacuum technology in the field of traditional Chinese medicine volatile oil and the application of vacuum combined technologies including instant controlled pressure drop, ultrasonic combined vacuum extraction, microwave combined vacuum extraction and supercritical CO2 combined vacuum extraction. Based on the practical application of these new technologies and processes in the field of traditional Chinese medicine volatile oil, the existing problems were analyzed and discussed, which will provides new ideas for the extraction process and equipment upgrade of traditional Chinese medicine volatile oil.

Solubility enhancement of nimodipine through preparation of Soluplus® dispersions

The present work aims to enhance the water solubility of nimodipine, a hydrophobic drug, using a solid dispersion(SD) technique. Soluplus® as a novel hydrophilic polymeric carrier was used. Nimodipine-Soluplus® SDs (1:10) wereprepared by impregnation technique using supercritical fluid technology (SCF) and compared with the ones whichwere prepared by conventional hot-melt (HM) method. The solubility and the in vitro release study of the raw drug,solid dispersions, and the corresponding physical mixtures were characterized and compared. The prepared SD bySCF technology showed 77-fold increase in nimodipine solubility, in comparison to 48-fold increase when preparedby HM and 7.7-fold when physically mixed. Moreover, they showed the highest percentage of nimodipine cumulativerelease within the studied period. The results were confirmed the amorphous transfer of the drug into the polymermatrix which was assured by the powder X-ray diffraction and the thermal analysis. In addition to the hydrogen bondformation between nimodipine and Soluplus®, which was evident in the FTIR spectra; A weakening of peak related tonimodipine N–H stretching and C=O of the ester group. Nimodipine solid dispersion with Soluplus® using the SCFtechnology might represent a promising formulation for nimodipine to enhance its oral bioavailability

Extracción de compuestos solubles de la cascarilla de cacao con CO2 supercrítico. Caso de metilxantinas y grasa / Extraction of soluble compounds from cocoa shell with supercritical CO2 . A methilxantines and fat case

Resumen La extracción supercrítica es una técnica efectiva para separar diversos compuestos desde matrices naturales, por las propiedades que le confiere a los solventes como el CO2en estado supercrítico. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue la extracción supercrítica de teobromina, cafeína y grasa de la cascarilla de cacao con CO2supercrítico. Se propuso un diseño 22 con 5 puntos centrales, en condiciones estáticas de extracción, teniendo como factores de estudio, presión (2 000 psi a 6 000 psi) y temperatura (318 K a 333 K). Se analizaron los residuos en la cámara de extracción para evaluar los porcentajes de remoción y residual de grasa, cafeína y teobromina, respectivamente. Los resultados mostraron un rendimiento entre 1.72 % a 9.57 %, con una razón de remoción para grasa y cafeína de 61.31 % a 94.54 % y 38.52 % a 78.38 %, respectivamente. La teobromina se retuvo en el polvo de la cascarilla con una razón residual mayor a 90 %. Los efectos de las variables de temperatura y presión para la remoción de grasa fueron predichos a través de un polinomio de primer orden con efectos de interacción, no así para cafeína o teobromina. El método de extracción fue eficiente para remover grasa y cafeína, quedando un residuo en la cámara de extracción considerado como rico en compuestos funcionales.

Abstract Supercritical extraction is an effective technique for separating various compounds from natural matrices due to the properties from solvents, such as CO2, in supercritical state. In the present work, the supercritical extraction of theobromine, caffeine and fat from cocoa shell was carried out with supercritical CO2. A 22 design with 5 central points was proposed, with static operation conditions, having pressure (2 000 psi to 6 000 psi) and extraction temperature (318 K to 333 K) as study factors. The residues were analyzed in the extraction chamber to evaluate the removal and residual percentages of fat, caffeine and theobromine, respectively. The results showed a yield between 1.72 % to 9.57 %, with a removal rate for fat and caffeine of 61.31 % to 94.54 % and 38.52 % to 78.38 %, respectively. The theobromine was retained in the shell powder with a residual ratio greater than 90 %. The effects of temperature and pressure for fat were predicted through a first-order polynomial with interaction effects, but not for caffeine or theobromine. The extraction method was efficient to remove fat and caffeine, leaving a residue powder in the extraction chamber considered as high in functional compounds.

Loading and evaluation of meloxicam and atorvastatin in carrageenan microspherical aerogels particles

In this work, the potential of using microspherical aerogel particles based on commercial carrageenan as a drug vehiclewas evaluated. Carrageenan hydrogel microparticles were prepared following the emulsion gelation approach. Afterthe successive solvent exchange, supercritical CO2 drying procedure was employed to obtain aerogel microsphericalparticles. Meloxicam and atorvastatin (class II drug) were loaded into the aerogel matrix by adsorption from theircorresponding supercritical CO2 solution. All preparations were characterized by their physicochemical properties. Invitro drug released was investigated for the drug-aerogel formulation to assist the effect of aerogel technology on therelease profile of the targeted drug. Meloxicam and atorvastatin model drugs maintained their crystalline structure.Significant enhancement in the release profile of meloxicam after loading in the carrageenan aerogel can be related tode-aggregation of meloxicam inside the particle, while no enhancement in atorvastatin release was observed. Resultswere indicative of a failure in the loading of atorvastatin inside the carrageenan particle at the selected experimentalprocessing parameters.

Advances of supercritical fluid chromatography in lipid profiling / 药物分析学报

Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) meets with great favor due to its high efficiency, low organic solvent consumption, and the specialty for the identification of the isomeric species. This review de-scribes the advances of SFC in targeted and untargeted lipid profiling. The advancement of the SFC in-struments and the stationary phases are summarized. Typical applications of SFC to the targeted and untargeted lipid profiling are discussed in detail. Moreover, the perspectives of SFC in the lipid profiling are also proposed. As a useful and promising tool for investigating lipids in vitro and in vivo, SFC will predictably obtain further development.