Sutura em Polia Retificada para síntese de feridas de pele tensionadas / Rectified Pulley Suture for the synthesis of tensioned skin wounds

Introdução: A síntese de feridas de pele tensionadas é uma área que tem sido alvo de estudos para o desenvolvimento de técnicas de sutura que sejam capazes de realizar o fechamento primário dessas feridas com alívio de tensão, garantindo uma cicatrização adequada e evitando complicações como deiscência, edema, sangramento e infecção. Método: Esta pesquisa tratou-se de um estudo piloto, sendo a primeira apresentação da técnica de Sutura em Polia Retificada para síntese de feridas de pele tensionadas através do acompanhamento prospectivo, duplo-cego, de uma série de casos de 8 pacientes randomicamente admitidos no centro cirúrgico de um hospital de alta complexidade de uma cidade de médio porte. Resultados: A Sutura em Polia Retificada é uma técnica versátil e apta para lidar com feridas de pele tensionadas, uma vez que no intraoperatório conseguiu fechar por primeira intenção lesões de até 6,5 centímetros e de diferentes regiões tensionadas sem necessidade do uso de técnicas mais complexas, como retalhos, enxertos, zetaplastia e fechamento por segunda intenção. Além disso, no pós-operatório, houve redução dos escores da POSAS, indicando um processo de cicatrização satisfatório tanto para os observadores quanto para o paciente. É imprescindível mencionar, também, que o desfecho mais temido no seguimento dos pacientes com feridas tensionadas submetidos a fechamento primário - a deiscência - foi completamente evitado. Conclusão: A técnica é simples, confiável, segura e reprodutível, com curta curva de aprendizagem, de forma que a Sutura em Polia Retificada pode ser considerada como uma nova ferramenta a ser integrada ao arsenal cirúrgico.

Introduction: The synthesis of tensioned skin wounds is an area that has been the subject of studies for the development of suturing techniques that are capable of performing the primary closure of these wounds with tension relief, ensuring adequate healing, and avoiding complications such as dehiscence, edema, bleeding, and infection. Method: This research was a pilot study, being the first presentation of the Rectified Pulley Suture technique for the synthesis of tensioned skin wounds through prospective, double-blind monitoring of a series of cases of 8 patients randomly admitted to the surgical center of a high-complexity hospital in a mediumsized city. Results: Rectified Pulley Suture is a versatile technique suitable for dealing with tensioned skin wounds, since intraoperatively it was able to close, by first intention, lesions measuring up to 6.5 centimeters and in different tensioned regions without the need for the use of more extensive techniques. complex, such as flaps, grafts, Z-plasty, and secondary intention closure. Furthermore, post-operatively, there was a reduction in POSAS scores, indicating a satisfactory healing process for both observers and the patient. It is also essential to mention that the most feared outcome in the follow-up of patients with tension wounds undergoing primary closure - dehiscence - was completely avoided. Conclusion: The technique is simple, reliable, safe, and reproducible, with a short learning curve, so the Rectified Pulley Suture can be considered a new tool to be integrated into the surgical arsenal.

Long-term functional outcomes and surgical retreatment after thulium laser enucleation of the prostate: A 10-year follow-up study

ABSTRACT Background: To evaluate the 10-year functional outcomes (primary) and frequency and predictors of BPH surgical retreatment (secondary) after ThuLEP. Materials and Methods: A single-center retrospective analysis of consecutive patients undergoing ThuLEP between 2010 and 2013 was performed. Inclusion criteria were: age ≥ 40 years, prostate volume (PV) ≥ 80 mL, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS)-Total score ≥ 8 points. IPSS-Total score was the primary outcome, and BPH surgical retreatment rate was the secondary outcome. Paired t-test, McNemar test, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to compare variables. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate predictors of surgical retreatment. Results: A total of 410 patients with a mean ±SD age of 63.9 ± 9.7 years and a PV of 115.6 ± 28.6 mL were included. Mean ±SD follow-up was 108.2 ± 29.6 months. IPSS-Total score was significantly improved at 1 year compared to baseline (23.3 ± 4.7 vs. 10.3 ± 3.8; p<0.001). It was similar after 5 years (10.5 ± 3.6 vs. 10.7 ± 5.0; p=0.161), with a significant worsening at 10 years (10.3 ±4.8 vs. 13.8 ±4.5; p=0.042) but remaining statistically and clinically better than baseline (13.8 ±4.5 vs. 22.1 ±4.3; p<0.001). After 10 years, 21 (5.9%) patients had undergone BPH reoperation. Baseline PV (adjusted OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.09-1.41; p<0.001) and time from BPH surgery (adjusted OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.15-1.43; p<0.001) were predictors of BPH surgical retreatment. Conclusions: ThuLEP is associated with optimal functional outcomes and a low frequency of BPH surgical retreatment in the long-term. Baseline PV and time from surgery were predictors of BPH reoperation.

Recommendations from Annals of Surgical Oncology： Clinical guidelines for extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder carcinoma / 临床肝胆病杂志

Biliary tract carcinoma （BTC） is a type of gastrointestinal tumor with a low incidence rate and a strong invasive ability， mainly including intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma （ICC）， extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma （ECC）， and gallbladder carcinoma （GC）， often accompanied by local progression or distant metastasis. Surgery is often the preferred treatment method for patients with local resectable tumor； however， there is still a high risk of recurrence after radical surgery. Therefore， multiple treatment modalities are often required for BTC patients， including surgical resection， systemic treatment （such as targeted therapy， chemotherapy， and immunotherapy）， and/or a combination of local treatment methods. With the development of the field of BTC， it is critical for surgical oncologists to understand and master the latest surgical strategies and the best patient selection and management systems. In view of the complexity of treatment and the continuous development of diagnosis and treatment techniques， Annals of Surgical Oncology， an authoritative American journal of cancer surgery， recently published the practical diagnosis and treatment guidelines for hepatobiliary tumors， including hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）， ICC， ECC， and GC， aiming to provide more evidence-based evidence for the clinical management and decision-making of patients with hepatobiliary tumors. Due to the limitations of length and different emphases， this article mainly introduces the recommendations for the evaluation points and clinical treatment of ECC and GC in the guidelines， so as to provide a reference for clinical practice.

Trauma in the vertebral spine: determining factors in the time for the surgery / Traumatismo na coluna vertebral: fatores determinantes no tempo para realização da cirurgia / Lesiones en la columna vertebral: factores determinantes en el tiempo para la cirugía

ABSTRACT Objective: Quantify the time elapsed between the arrival of the patient with surgical trauma in the spine at the emergency room and the completion of the surgical procedure, analyzing the factors that may have influenced this process. Methods: Retrospective study that included individuals of both sexes aged between 18 and 100 years who arrived at a tertiary trauma center with surgical fractures in the spine. Patients treated between March 2018 and March 2022 were included in the sample. All data to compose the study sample were collected from secondary data sources (medical records). Results: Medical records of 259 patients with spinal injuries were evaluated. Approximately one-third of the patients were operated on between 13h and 24h, and the other third over 72h. Only 6.6% were operated within 12 hours. The mean time to perform the surgical process was 84.3 ± 144.6 hours. Surgical intervention for most patients (59.1%) occurred within the first 48 hours. Patients with systemic arterial hypertension and patients with at least one comorbidity had a statistically longer mean waiting time for the surgical procedure than patients who did not have these characteristics. Conclusion: Most surgical interventions occurred in the first 48 hours, which is considered early. In addition, some factors, such as the existence of comorbidities, are directly associated with the time it takes to perform the surgical procedure. Level of Evidence II; Retrospective Prognostic.

Resumo: Objetivo: Quantificar o tempo decorrido entre a chegada do paciente com trauma cirúrgico na coluna vertebral ao pronto-socorro e a realização da intervenção cirúrgica, analisando os fatores que podem ter influenciado neste tempo. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo que incluiu indivíduos de ambos os sexos com faixa etária de 18 a 100 anos que deram entrada em um pronto-socorro terciário referência em trauma, apresentando fraturas cirúrgicas na coluna vertebral. Foram incluídos na amostra os pacientes atendidos entre março de 2018 até março de 2022. Todos os dados para compor a amostra do estudo foram coletados a partir de fontes secundárias de dados (prontuário médico). Resultados: Foram avaliados prontuários de 259 pacientes com lesões na coluna. Aproximadamente um terço dos pacientes realizaram cirurgia entre 13hs e 24hs e outro terço acima de 72hs. Somente 6,6% foram operados em até de 12hs. A média de tempo para realização da intervenção cirúrgica foi de 84,3 ± 144,6 horas sendo que para a maioria dos pacientes (59,1%) a intervenção ocorreu nas primeiras 48 horas. Os pacientes com hipertensão arterial sistêmica e pacientes com pelo menos uma comorbidade tiveram um tempo médio de espera até a intervenção cirúrgica estatisticamente maior do que os pacientes que não possuíam essas características. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a maioria das intervenções cirúrgicas ocorreram nas primeiras 48h, dentro do que se considera precoce. Além disso, alguns fatores como existência de comorbidades estão diretamente associados ao tempo que se leva para a realização do procedimento cirúrgico. Nível de Evidência II; Prognóstico Retrospectivo.

Resumen: Objetivo: Cuantificar el tiempo transcurrido entre la llegada del paciente con traumatismo quirúrgico en la columna a urgencias y la del procedimiento quirúrgico, analizando los factores que pueden haber influido en finalización este proceso. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo que incluyó individuos de ambos sexos con edades entre 18 y 100 años que llegaron a un centro traumatológico de tercer nivel con fracturas quirúrgicas en la columna vertebral. Se incluyeron en la muestra los pacientes atendidos entre marzo de 2018 y marzo de 2022. Todos los datos para componer la muestra del estudio fueron recolectados de fuentes de datos secundarias (historias clínicas). Resultados: Se evaluaron las historias clínicas de 259 pacientes con lesiones medulares. Aproximadamente un tercio de los pacientes fueron operados entre las 13 y las 24 horas y el otro tercio sobre las 72 horas. Solo el 6,6% fueron operados dentro de las 12 horas. El tiempo medio para realizar el proceso quirúrgico fue de 84,3 ± 144,6 horas. La intervención quirúrgica para la mayoría de los pacientes (59,1%) ocurrió dentro de las primeras 48 horas. Los pacientes con hipertensión arterial sistémica y pacientes con al menos una comorbilidad tuvieron un tiempo medio de espera para el procedimiento quirúrgico estadísticamente mayor que los pacientes que no presentaban estas características. Conclusión: Se concluye que la mayoría de las intervenciones quirúrgicas ocurrieron en las primeras 48 horas, dentro de lo que se considera precoz. Además, algunos factores como la existencia de comorbilidades están directamente asociados al tiempo de realización del procedimiento quirúrgico. Nivel de Evidencia II; pronóstico retrospectivo.

Minimally Invasive Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis with Blocked Retrograde Intramedullary Nail - Report of Three Cases / Artrodese tibiotalocalcaneana minimamente invasiva com haste intramedular retrógrada bloqueada - Relato de três casos

Abstract Ankle osteoarthritis (AOA) is associated with pain and variable functional limitation, demanding clinical treatment and possible surgical indication when conservative measures are ineffective - arthrodesis has been the procedure of choice, because it reduces pain, restores joint alignment and makes the segment stable, preserving gait. The present study reports 3 cases (3 ankles) of male patients between 49 and 63 years old, with secondary AOA, preoperative American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle-Hindfoot Scale (AOFAS AHS) of 27 to 39 points, treated by minimally invasive tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis using blocked retrograde intramedullary nail. Hospital stay was of 1 day, and the patients were authorized for immediate loading with removable ambulation orthotics, as tolerated. The physical therapy treatment, introduced since hospitalization, was maintained, prioritizing gait training, strength gain, and proprioception. Clinical and radiographic follow-up was performed at weeks 1, 2, 6, 12 and 24. After evidence of consolidation (between the 6th and 10th weeks), the orthotics were removed. One patient complained of pain in the immediate postoperative period and, at the end of the 1st year, only one patient presented pain during rehabilitation, which was completely resolved with analgesics. Currently, the patients do not present complaints, returning to activities without restrictions - one of them, to the practice of soccer and rappelling. The postoperative AOFAS AHS was from 68 to 86 points.

Resumo A osteoartrite do tornozelo (OAT) está associada a quadro álgico e limitação funcional variável, demandando tratamento clínico e eventual indicação cirúrgica quando as medidas conservadoras são inefetivas - a artrodese tem sido o procedimento de escolha, por reduzir a dor, restaurar o alinhamento articular e tornar o segmento estável, preservando a marcha. O presente estudo relata 3 casos (3 tornozelos) de pacientes do sexo masculino, com entre 49 e 63 anos de idade, portadores de OAT secundária, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle-Hindfoot Scale (AOFAS AHS, na sigla em inglês) pré-operatória de 27 a 39 pontos, tratados mediante artrodese tibiotalocalcaneana minimamente invasiva utilizando haste intramedular retrógrada bloqueada. A permanência hospitalar foi de 1 dia, e os pacientes foram autorizados para carga imediata com órteses removíveis para deambulação, conforme tolerado. O tratamento fisioterápico, introduzido desde o internamento, foi mantido, priorizando-se treino de marcha, ganho de força e propriocepção. Foi realizado acompanhamento clínico e radiográfico nas semanas 1, 2, 6, 12 e 24. Após evidências de consolidação (entre a 6ª e a 10ª semanas), as órteses foram retiradas. Um paciente queixou-se de dor no pós-operatório imediato e, ao final do 1° ano, apenas 1 paciente apresentou dor durante a reabilitação, resolvida completamente com analgésicos. Atualmente, os pacientes não apresentam queixas, retornando às atividades sem restrições - um deles, à prática de futebol e rapel. A AOFAS AHS pós-operatória foi de 68 a 86 pontos.

Situaciones transoperatorias en pacientes pediátricos con fractura supracondílea del húmero

Introducción: Las fracturas supracondíleas del húmero en el niño, por lo general, son tratadas de manera quirúrgica, durante esa intervención se pueden presentar situaciones específicas en este tipo de enfermos. Objetivo: Actualizar y brindar información sobre algunas de las situaciones transoperatorias en pacientes con fractura supracondílea del húmero. Métodos: La búsqueda y análisis de la información se realizó en un periodo de 61 días (primero de septiembre al 31 de octubre de 2022) y se emplearon palabras de búsqueda relacionadas con la investigación. A partir de la información obtenida, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de un total de 245 artículos publicados en las bases de datos: PubMed, Hinari, SciELO y Medline, mediante el gestor de búsqueda y administrador de referencias EndNote, de ellos, se utilizaron 29 citas seleccionadas para realizar la revisión, 28 de los últimos cinco años. Resultados: Se hace referencia a cuatro de las situaciones transoperatorias más frecuentes en este tipo de fractura. Se mencionan la conminución de la pared medial, como identificar esta situación y su conducta. En relación a las lesiones asociadas, se recomienda primero estabilizar el antebrazo y luego la fractura supracondílea. Para las fracturas inestables en flexión se recomienda la técnica a emplear. Por su parte, la conversión de la reducción cerrada a abierta está justificada en ciertas circunstancias que de forma detallada se describen en el trabajo. Conclusiones: Las fracturas supracondíleas del húmero en el niño son tratadas en su mayoría mediante tratamiento quirúrgico. Durante el transoperatorio se pueden presentar situaciones para las cuales el médico tratante debe estar preparado.

Introduction: Supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children are generally treated surgically, during surgery intervention may occur specific situations in this type of patient. Objective: To update and provide information on some of the intraoperative situations in patients with supracondylar fracture of the humerus. Methods: The search and analysis of the information was carried out in a period of 61 days (September 1st to October 31st, 2022) and search words related to the investigation were used. Based on the information obtained, a bibliographic review of a total of 245 articles published in the PubMed, Hinari, SciELO and Medline databases was carried out using the EndNote search manager and reference administrator, of which 29 selected citations were used to carry out the review, 28 of the last five years. Results: Reference is made to four of the most frequent intraoperative situations in this type of fracture. Comminution of the medial wall, how to identify this situation and its behavior are mentioned. In relation to associated injuries, it is recommended to first stabilize the forearm and then the supracondylar fracture. For unstable fractures in flexion, the technique to be used is recommended. For its part, the conversion from closed to open reduction is justified in certain circumstances that are described in the article. Conclusions: Supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children are mostly treated by surgical treatment. During the trans-operative period situations may arise for which the treating physician must be prepared.

Early or Delay? The Most Suitable Rehabilitation Protocol for "No Man's Land" Injury: Meta-Analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis - 20 Years Trends / Precoce ou tardio? O protocolo de reabilitação mais adequado para lesão na região 'terra de ninguém': Metanálise com análise sequencial de ensaios - Tendências de 20 anos

Abstract Objective The aim of this study is to analyze various rehabilitation protocol and determine which methods will yield a better outcome. Methods The database reports were searched within 1990 until 2020, using PubMed, Cochrane library database, Ovid, Medline, and the other several published trials. A statistical analysis was made from Review Manager and Trial Sequential Analysis (TSA). Result The mean of re-rupture rate is 3.3% (n= 8) in the combination protocol until 8% (n= 48) in CAM protocol. Meta-analyses found no significant difference between Kleinert vs CAM in re-rupture rate. Also no significant difference in Duran vs CAM in rerupture rate. In Trial Sequential Analysis (TSA), the z-curve does not cross both of the trial sequential boundaries, a further trial with larger sample will be required. The TSA of flexion contracture CAM vs Kleinert was indicated that CAM protocol may be superior than Kleinert to reduce the incidence of flexion contracture. For the range of mean flexion contracture 6.6% (n= 18) in CAM to 23.6% (n= 76) in Kleinert protocol. Conclusion Current meta-analysis proposed that the combination technique will result less re-rupture incidence and better functional outcome in flexor zone II injuries than other techniques. The CAM method also results less flexion contracture than others. However, a further meta-analyses with larger sample trials will be required to confirm this review's conclusion.

Resumo Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo é analisar vários protocolos de reabilitação e determinar quais métodos produzem um melhor resultado. Métodos Os relatórios dos bancos de dados foram pesquisados entre 1990 e 2020, usando PubMed, banco de dados da biblioteca Cochrane, Ovid, Medline e vários outros ensaios publicados. Uma análise estatística foi feita a partir do Review Manager e Trial Sequential Analysis (TSA). Resultado A taxa média de re-ruptura é de 3,3% (n = 8) no protocolo combinado, e até 8% (n = 48) no protocolo de Movimento Ativo Controlado (MAC). As metanálises não encontraram diferença significativa entre Kleinert vs MAC na taxa de re-ruptura. Também não há diferença significativa entre Duran e MAC na taxa de re-ruptura. Na Trial Sequential Analysis (TSA), a curva z não cruza ambos os limites sequenciais de ensaio, será necessário um ensaio adicional com amostra maior. A TSA de contratura em flexão MAC vs Kleinert indicou que o protocolo MAC pode ser superior ao Kleinert para reduzir a incidência de contratura em flexão. Para a faixa de contratura média em flexão de 6,6% (n = 18) no MAC a 23,6% (n = 76) no protocolo Kleinert. Conclusão A metanálise atual propôs que a técnica combinada resultará em menor incidência de re-ruptura e melhor resultado funcional em lesões da zona flexora II do que outras técnicas. O método MAC também resulta em menos contratura em flexão do que outros. No entanto, serão necessárias mais metanálises com estudos com amostras maiores para confirmar a conclusão desta revisão.

Riesgo de accidente cerebrovascular en pacientes con aterosclerosis carotídea asintomática: ¿se debe tratar médicamente o quirúrgicamente?

Los desórdenes cerebrovasculares siguen siendo la primera causa de morbilidad y mortalidad neurológica en el mundo, representando una de las entidades patológicas que genera mayor carga de enfermedad a nivel global. La aterosclerosis, o estenosis carotídea, es un potencial factor de riesgo para el ictus isquémico. La identificación y seguimiento estricto de esta condición son esenciales en la prevención secundaria de complicaciones a través de la atención primaria y el manejo especializado del riesgo cardiometabólico. No obstante, dependiendo de este riesgo y/o la presencia de sintomatología, es necesario realizar un manejo definitivo. Actualmente, existe controversia sobre si es mejor tratar la estenosis carotídea asintomática, ya sea médica o quirúrgicamente. Teniendo en cuenta la relevancia de esta entidad, el objetivo de esta revisión consiste en analizar la evidencia reciente sobre el riesgo de ictus isquémico en la aterosclerosis carotídea asintomática en adultos, y el potencial beneficio del manejo quirúrgico vs. farmacológico de esta condición. Para esto, se llevó a cabo una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science y MEDLINE, hasta el año 2023. Se evidenció que el riesgo de ictus asociado a estenosis carotídea asintomática es significativo (>10 %, aproximadamente), incluso en aquellos con terapia antiplaquetaria e hipolipemiante activa. En aquellos con manejo médico, la supervivencia a cinco años es alrededor del 80 %. Sin embargo, la progresión de la estenosis sucede en promedio en más del 60 % de los casos, y es significativa. Por el contrario, el stent carotídeo y la endarterectomía son intervenciones resolutivas. Pero existe un riesgo mayor comparado con la terapia médica, el cual se atribuye al periodo periy posoperatorio, así como a 30 días de aparición o recurrencia del ictus, infarto agudo de miocardio o muerte por cualquier causa; aunque el uso de la endarterectomía ha demostrado beneficios superiores a largo plazo en cuanto a estos mismos desenlaces. Entonces, la evidencia es heterogénea en cuanto a la superioridad del tratamiento quirúrgico comparado con la terapia farmacológica en el manejo de la aterosclerosis o estenosis carotídea asintomática. Sin embargo, parece ser que el manejo quirúrgico, específicamente la endarterectomía, podría impactar significativamente sobre la aparición o recurrencia del ictus ipsilateral y muerte a largo plazo, pero con resultados controversiales periy postoperatorios.

Cerebrovascular disorders remain the leading cause of neurological morbidity and mortality in the world, representing one of the pathological entities responsible for the greatest burden of disease worldwide. Carotid atherosclerosis or stenosis is a potential risk factor for ischemic stroke. The identification and strict follow-up of this condition are essential in the secondary prevention of complications through primary care and the specialized treatment of cardiometabolic risk. However, depending on this risk and/or presence of symptoms, definitive treatment is necessary. Currently, there is controversy as to whether asymptomatic carotid stenosis is better to be treated medically or surgically. Considering the significance of such entity, this review aims to analyze recent evidence on the risk of ischemic stroke in the case of asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis among adults, as well as the potential benefit of the surgical vs. pharmacological treatment for this condition. For this purpose, a literature search for publications up to 2023 was carried out in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science and MEDLINE databases. It was shown that there is a significant risk of stroke associated with asymptomatic carotid stenosis (> 10 % approximately), even in patients with active antiplatelet and lipid-lowering therapy. Out of all those who receive medical treatment, around 80 % had a five-year survival rate. However, stenosis progression occurs on average in more than 60 % of the cases and is significant. On the other hand, carotid stenting and endarterectomy are curative interventions. Nevertheless, these procedures involve a higher risk compared to the medical therapy during the periand postoperative period, as well as 30 days afterwards, due to the occurrence or recurrence of stroke, acute myocardial infarction or death from any cause. Despite this, the use of endarterectomy has shown superior long-term benefits concerning these same outcomes. Thus, evidence regarding the superiority of surgical treatment compared to pharmacological treatment for asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis or stenosis is heterogeneous. However, it seems that surgical treatment, specifically endarterectomy, could have a significant impact on the occurrence or recurrence of ipsilateral stroke and death in the long term but with controversial periand postoperative outcomes.

Desenlaces negativos y mortalidad en el anciano frágil sometido a cirugía mayor: ¿qué factores de riesgo impactan más?

El adulto mayor, con frecuencia frágil, es un paciente susceptible a un sinnúmero de complicaciones, tanto inmediatas como a corto, mediano y largo plazo, posterior a una intervención quirúrgica. En función de las comorbilidades presentadas, se debe hacer un abordaje integral para alcanzar el mejor estado orgánico previo a la cirugía e intentar mantenerlo durante y posterior a la intervención. Considerar la fuerza estadística de los desenlaces negativos y, específicamente, de la mortalidad en adultos mayores sometidos a cirugía mayor, es verdaderamente un reto. Incluso, esto trasciende a otros campos como la bioética, al plantearse un dilema sobre la distanasia, cuando se recurre a ciertas intervenciones riesgosas en aquellos con un pronóstico de vida temeroso. Recientemente, se ha publicado evidencia interesante que ha estimado la incidencia, riesgo de mortalidad y factores asociados a desenlaces negativos en adultos mayores sometidos a cirugía mayor, planteando posibles modificaciones en los algoritmos de toma de decisiones en futuras guías de práctica clínica en cirugía. El objetivo de esta revisión consiste en analizar evidencia actualizada sobre qué factores de riesgo impactarían más sobre desenlaces negativos y mortalidad en el adulto mayor sometido a cirugía mayor. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica utilizando los términos de búsqueda "Cirugía Mayor" y "Adulto Mayor", además de sinónimos, en las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science y MEDLINE. En cirugía general y subespecialidades, es muy complejo determinar factores de riesgo precisos y extrapolables a todos los escenarios quirúrgicos, debido a la complejidad y especificidad de ciertos órganos y procedimientos. Existe evidencia sobre adultos frágiles que son sometidos a cirugía por cáncer colorrectal, metástasis hepática, cáncer de pulmón, enfermedad pancreática y cáncer esofágico, en donde se registra una mayor estancia hospitalaria; y de forma general, la mortalidad es mayor en aquellos sometidos a cirugía oncológica. No obstante, tanto la integridad física como mental se asocian con peores desenlaces, y la prehabilitación quirúrgica podría impactar de manera positiva sobre esta situación, al mejorar la reserva funcional y tiempo de recuperación posquirúrgico.

The elderly, often frail, are patients susceptible to numerous complications, both immediate and in the short, medium and long term, following surgical interventions. Depending on their comorbidities, a comprehensive approach should be taken to achieve the best condition of the organs prior to surgery and attempt to maintain it during and after the intervention. Considering the statistical strength of negative outcomes, specifically mortality in elderly patients undergoing major surgery, is truly a challenge. This even extends to other fields such as bioethics, raising a dilemma about dysthanasia when resorting to certain risky interventions in those with a fearful life prognosis. Recently, interesting evidence estimating the incidence, mortality risk and factors associated with negative outcomes in elderly patients undergoing major surgery has been published, suggesting possible modifications in decision-making algorithms for future clinical practice guidelines in surgery. The objective of this review is to analyze updated evidence on which risk factors would have the greatest impact on negative outcomes and mortality in elderly patients undergoing major surgery. A literature search was conducted using the search terms "Major Surgery" and "Elderly," in addition to synonyms, in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science and MEDLINE databases. In general surgery and subspecialties, it is very complex to determine precise risk factors that can be extrapolated to all surgical scenarios due to the complexity and specificity of certain organs and procedures. Evidence has found that frail adults undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer, liver metastasis, lung cancer, pancreatic disease and esophageal cancer have the longest hospital stays, and overall mortality is higher in those undergoing oncologic surgery. However, both physical and mental integrity are associated with worse outcomes, and surgical prehabilitation could positively impact this situation by improving functional reserve and post-surgical recovery time.

The influence of 3D renal reconstruction on surgical planning for complex renal tumors: An interactive case-based survey

ABSTRACT Objectives To evaluate the role of three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction in preoperative planning for complex renal tumors. Materials and Methods A well-planned questionnaire was distributed among the attending urologists at an international meeting. The questionnaire inquired about demographic data, surgical experience, partial nephrectomy (PN) versus radical nephrectomy (RN), surgical approach, time of ischemia, probability of postoperative urine leakage and positive surgical margins after viewing computed tomography (CT) scans and their respective 3D models of six complex renal tumors. Following the CT scans, attendees were asked to view randomly selected reconstructions of the cases. Results One hundred expert urologists participated in the study; 61% were aged between 40 and 60 years. Most of them (74%) were consultants. The overall likelihood of PN after viewing the 3D reconstructions significantly increased (7.1±2.7 vs. 8.0±2.2, p<0.001), the probability of conversion to RN significantly decreased (4.3±2.8 vs. 3.2±2.5, p<0.001), and the likelihood of urine leakage and positive surgical margins significantly decreased (p<0.001). Preference for the open approach significantly decreased (21.2% vs. 12.1%, p<0.001), while selective clamping techniques significantly increased (p<0.001). After viewing the 3D models, low expected warm ischemia time and estimated blood loss were significantly preferred by the respondents (p<0.001). Surgical decision change was significantly associated with performance or participation in more than 20 PNs or RNs annually [3.25 (1.98-5.22) and 2.87 (1.43-3.87), respectively]. Conclusions 3D reconstruction models play a significant role in modifying surgeons' strategy and surgical planning for patients with renal tumors, especially for patients with stronger indications for a minimally invasive and/or nephron-sparing approach.

Outcomes of the Carlson Approach in the Treatment of Posterior Tibial Plateau Fractures / Resultados da abordagem de Carlson para o tratamento de fraturas no platô tibial posterior

Abstract Objectives To describe a series of cases of tibial fractures surgically treated using the posterior approach as described by Carlson, focusing on evaluating its functional results and complication rate. Methods Eleven patients with tibial plateau fractures, who underwent surgical treatment using the Carlson approach from July to December 2019, were followed-up. The minimum follow-up period was defined as 6 months. The American Knee Society Score (AKSS), American Knee Society Score/Function (AKSS/Function) and the Lysholm score were used to check treatment results at 6 months after the fracture. The patients underwent standard anteroposterior and lateral radiographs to assess fracture healing, and clinical healing was determined by the absence of pain during full weight-bearing. Results The mean follow-up period was 12 months (9-16 months). The primary mechanism of trauma was motorcycle accident, and the most prevalent side of fracture was the right side. Eight participants were male. The mean age of the patients was 28 years. All fractures healed, and none of the patients presented complications. The AKSS was excellent in 11 patients, with a mean AKSS/Function of 99.1±3, and Lysholm scores with a median of 95.0±5.6. Conclusions The Carlson approach for posterior fractures of the tibial plateau can be considered safe, presenting a low complication rate and satisfactory functional results.

Resumo Objetivos O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever uma série de casos de fraturas de tíbia submetidas ao tratamento cirúrgico pela via posterior de Carlson para avaliação de resultados funcionais e frequência de complicações. Métodos Onze pacientes com fraturas do platô tibial foram submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico pela via de Carlson de julho a dezembro de 2019 e acompanhados por um período mínimo de 6 meses. As pontuações American Knee Society Score (AKSS), American Knee Society Score/Function (AKSS/Função) e de Lysholm verificaram os resultados do tratamento 6 meses após a fratura. Os pacientes foram submetidos a radiografias comuns em incidência anteroposterior e de perfil para avaliação da consolidação da fratura e a cicatrização clínica foi determinada pela ausência de dor à descarga total de peso. Resultados O período médio de acompanhamento foi de 12 meses (9 a 16 meses). O principal mecanismo de trauma foi acidente motociclístico e a fratura foi mais prevalente no lado direito. Oito pacientes eram do sexo masculino. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 28 anos. Todas as fraturas cicatrizaram e nenhum paciente apresentou complicações. A AKSS foi excelente em 11 pacientes, com AKSS/Função média de 99,1 ±3, e a mediana das pontuações de Lysholm foi de 95,0 ±5,6. Conclusões Nas fraturas posteriores do platô tibial, a abordagem de Carlson pode ser considerada segura, apresentando baixo índice de complicações e resultados funcionais satisfatórios.

Nursing Care Related with Surgical Position / Cuidados de enfermería relacionados con la posición quirúrgica / Cuidados de enfermagem relacionados à posição cirúrgica

The patient's correct position is necessary to conduct a safe and effective surgical procedure. This position depends on the access route, duration of the procedure, kind of anesthesia, devices to use, among other factors. This procedure requires planning and effort by the surgical team where they share responsibility to establish and maintain the correct positions for patients. Each surgical position fulfills an objective and implies risks to patients, which is why nursing professionals must be very attentive to provide the necessary care and ensure reliable practices in each position during the perioperative, the importance of the documentation, and the NANDA, NIC, and NOC taxonomy to consider.

La correcta posición del paciente es necesaria para el desarrollo de un procedimiento quirúrgico seguro y eficaz. Esta posición depende de la vía de acceso, la duración del procedimiento, el tipo de anestesia, los dispositivos a utilizar entre otros factores. Este procedimiento requiere planeación y esfuerzo del equipo quirúrgico donde se comparten responsabilidad para establecer y mantener las posiciones correctas para los pacientes. Cada posición quirúrgica cumple un objetivo e implica un riesgo para el paciente, por lo que los profesionales de enfermería deben estar muy atentos para brindar los cuidados necesarios y asegurar prácticas confiables en cada posición durante el perioperatorio, la importancia de la documentación y la taxonomía NANDA, NIC y NOC a tener en cuenta.

A posição correta do paciente é necessária para o desenvolvimento de um procedimento cirúrgico seguro e eficaz. Essa posição depende da via de acesso, da duração do procedimento, do tipo de anestesia, dos aparelhos a serem utilizados, entre outros fatores. Este procedimento requer planejamento e esforço da equipe cirúrgica onde a responsabilidade é compartilhada para estabelecer e manter as posições corretas dos pacientes. Cada posição cirúrgica cumpre um objetivo e implica um risco para o paciente, por isso os profissionais de enfermagem devem estar muito atentos para prestar os cuidados necessários e garantir práticas confiáveis em cada posição durante o período perioperatório, a importância da documentação e taxonomia NANDA, NIC e NOC para levar em conta.

Da-vinci robot-assisted surgery vs laparoscopic repair for the treatment of hiatal hernia repair / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective:To compare Da-vinci robotic surgical system with laparoscopic surgery for the repair of hiatal hernia.Methods:The clinical data of 115 patients undergoing minimally invasive Nissen fundoplication at the Department of Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital,Xuzhou Medical University from Dec 2019 to May 2022 were retrospectively studied. After propensity score matching (PSM), 46 cases in each group were included:Robot-assisted surgery (RS group) and laparoscopic surgery (LS group). Postoperative complications were collected and GERD Questionnaire (GERDQ) were used as the standard in evaluation of the results.Results:Patients in RS group had less intraoperative bleeding ( P<0.001), shorter postoperative gastrointestinal recovery time ( P<0.001), and shorter postoperative hospital stay ( P=0.002). The LS group had a shorter operative time ( P<0.001) and lower total hospital cost ( P<0.001). GERD-Q scores decreased significantly in both groups at 3 and 6 months postoperatively compared with preoperative scores ( P<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the incidence of postoperative complications ( P>0.05). No recurrence was seen in both groups during postoperative follow-up. Conclusion:Da-vinci robot-assisted repair of hiatal hernia is as safe and feasible as laparoscopic procedures, with less intraoperative trauma and quicker, earlier recovery.

A preliminary experience of retroperitoneal approach by partial resection of the tenth rib for repairing Crawford type Ⅳ thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm and complex abdominal aortic aneurysm / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective:To evaluate a surgical approach for partial resection of the tenth rib through a retroperitoneal approach for the exposure of Crawford type IV thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm and complex abdominal aortic aneurysm from 2014 to 2019.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical data and follow-up results of 7 patients who underwent treatment for Crawford type IV thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm and complex abdominal aortic aneurysm through partial resection of the tenth rib via a retroperitoneal approach.Results:One case (14.3%) had associated Marfan syndrome, and 5 cases (71.4%) underwent left renal artery reconstruction. None of the patients experienced severe complications such as cardiopulmonary complications or renal failure postoperatively, and there was no statistically significant difference in serum creatinine levels between preoperative and postoperative stages during hospitalization ( P=0.205). Follow-up examinations showed no long-term vascular stenosis. Conclusions:Partial resection of the tenth rib through a retroperitoneal approach can avoid incisions of the pleura and diaphragm. It allows for the exposure of the aorta below the diaphragm and has the ability to treat aortic diseases below the diaphragm with smaller incisions and lower complication risks.

The value of superior mesenteric artery preferential approach in the treatment of borderline resectable pancreatic head cancer / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective:To evaluate superior mesenteric artery preferential approach in the borderline resectable pancreatic head cancer.Methods:The clinical and follow-up data of 90 patients with borderline resectable pancreatic head cancer who underwent radical pancreatoduodenectomy at Beijing Chaoyang Hospital,Capital Medical University from Jan 2015 to Dec 2021 were analyzed.Results:After exploring the superior mesenteric artery in the lower colon area to confirm the vascular invasion meet the resection criteria, the blood supply is cut off first, then the tumors were resected en bloc, with the invaded vessels resected and reconstructed or replaced. All 90 patients successfully completed the operation without perioperative death. Pathology established pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. The 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year disease-free survival rates of patients in the arterial priority approach group were 68.2%, 60.4%, and 54.3%, while the 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year disease-free survival rates of patients by conventional approach were 58.4%, 26.4%, and 11.7% ( P=0.001). Conclusion:The superior mesenteric artery preferential approach in the inferior colon region can prolong the survival time of patients after surgery, and reduce the recurrence.

Aortic banding for refractory endoleaks after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective:To summarize the safety and efficacy of aortic banding in the treatment of refractory endoleaks after endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR).Methods:The clinical and follow-up data of 10 patients with refractory endoleaks EVAR undergoing aortic banding at Peking University People's Hospital from Jun 2019 to Aprl 2022 were retrospectively analyzed.Results:The aortic banding was indicated for type Ⅰ endoleak in 6 patients, type Ⅱ endoleak in 3 patients and internal tension in 1 patient with persistent aneurysm enlargement or rupture. The surgical procedure was based on laparotomy. The proximal aortic neck was exposed and re-fixation with artificial strip to prevent bleeding. The surgical procedures was successful in all the 10 cases without residual endoleak or re-bleeding. The post-operative contrast-enhanced ultrasonography revealed neither new-onset endoleak nor occlusion of stent-grafts. Perioperative complications included one case of delayed wound healing and one case of incomplete ileus. No perioperative deaths occurred. Midterm follow-up was achieved in 10 patients with a mean follow-up time of 13 months. No recurrence of endoleak was found. One patient underwent endovascular repair for independent thoracic aortic aneurysm 6 months after surgery. There were no other aorta-related secondary surgeries or aortic-related deaths.Conclusion:Aortic banding for refractory endoleaks after EVAR is minimally invasive and reliable. It can effectively eliminate the refractory endoleaks, and reduce the risks of aortic-related secondary surgery or death.

Long-term outcome of centrally located hepatocellular carcinoma treated by radical resection combined with adjuvant radiotherapy / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the long-term outcome of centrally located hepatocellular carcinoma treated by radical resection and adjuvant radiotherapy(RT).Methods:A retrospective study was used to collect and analyze the clinical and pathological data of 193 patients with centrally located HCC who underwent surgery from Jun 2015 to Jun 2020. According to whether RT was used, these patients were allocated into liver resection (LR) combined RT (88 cases) and LR alone group (105 cases).Results:The 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS rates were 98%, 85%, and 74% for patients in the LR+RT group, and 79%, 66%, and 59% for patients in the LR group, respectively. The 1-, 3-, 5-year RFS rates were 76%, 55% and 44% for patients in the LR+RT group, and 51%, 40%, and 37% for patients in the LR group, respectively. OS and RFS was significantly different in LR+RT group compared with that in LR group (χ 2=5.825, P=0.016;χ 2=5.230, P=0.022, respectively). Cox analysis showed that RT was the independent prognostic factor for centrally located HCC in OS and RFS ( P=0.009, P=0.017, respectively). Subgroup analysis suggested that RT could reduce early recurrence ( HR=0.41,95% CI:0.21-0.80, P=0.002). Conclusion:Liver resection combined with adjuvant radiotherapy for centrally located HCC is safe and effective.

Comparative study of the surgical treatment for supraduodenal distal cholangiocarcinoma and Bismuth-Corlette type I hilar cholangiocarcinoma / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective:To analyze the surgical efficacy and prognosis of supraduodenal distal cholangiocarcinoma (SDC) and Bismuth-Corlette type I hilar cholangiocarcinoma (BIC), and to explore the clinical characteristics of cholangiocarcinoma at different sites.Methods:The clinical data of 33 patients with SDC and 25 patients with BIC undergoing surgical treatment at the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from Jan 2009 to Dec 2016 were analyzed retrospectively.Results:In the BIC group, four patients (16.0%) had combined caudate lobectomy, while in SDC group no caudate lobectomy was needed ( P=0.030). The incidence of pancreatic fistulae in SDC group and BIC group was 18.2% (6/33) and 0 (0/25), respectively ( P=0.032). The cumulative survival rates 1, 3, and 5 years after operation were 94.0%, 54.5%, and 30.3% in SDC group and 88.0%, 28.0%, and 16.0% in BIC group, respectively ( P=0.045). Univariate analysis showed that location of cholangiocarcinoma, residual status and AJCC stage were correlated with postoperative prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma patients. Multivariate analysis showed that BIC, non-R 0 resection and AJCC stage Ⅲ/Ⅳ were independent risk factors for overall survival after surgery. Conclusion:The overall survival rate of SDC patients after radical surgical resection was significantly higher than that of the BIC group.