A molecular and morphological study of Ascaris suum in a human-pig contact scenario in northeastern Brazil / Estudo molecular e morfológico de Ascaris suum em um cenário de contato entre suínos e humanos no nordeste brasileiro

The aim of the present study was to assess morphologic and genetic data on ascariasis in swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) and humans in low-resource rural and periurban communities in the state of Piauí, Brazil. Our cross-sectional survey included 100 fecal samples obtained from swine and 682 samples from humans. Fifteen pigs were necropsied. Human and porcine fecal samples were examined to identify Ascaris eggs. Parasites obtained in the swine necropsies were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the mitochondrial gene encoding the cytochrome oxidase 1 (cox1) enzyme was partially amplified and sequenced for molecular taxonomy and phylogenetic analyses. The overall prevalence of Ascaris eggs in the swine fecal samples was 16/100 (16%). No Ascaris eggs were identified in the human fecal samples. SEM of six worms recovered from pigs demonstrated morphological characteristics of A. suum. Cox1 sequences were compatible with A. suum reference sequences. Original and reference (GenBank) nucleotide sequences were organized into clusters that did not segregate the parasites by host species or and region. The largest haplogroups were dominated by haplotypes H01, H02 and H31. In the communities studied, there was no epidemiological evidence of the zoonotic transmission of ascariasis at the human-swine interface.(AU)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo acessar dados morfológicos e genéticos sobre a ascaridíase em suínos (Sus scrofa domesticus) e humanos, em comunidades rurais e periurbanas no estado do Piauí. O estudo transversal incluiu 100 amostras fecais de suínos e 682 amostras obtidas de humanos. Quinze suínos foram necropsiados. Amostras fecais suínas e humanas foram examinadas para detecção de ovos de Ascaris. Os parasitas adultos, obtidos nas necropsias, foram estudados através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), e o gene mitocondrial codificante da enzima citocromo oxidase 1 (cox1) foi parcialmente amplificado e sequenciado para análises filogenéticas e de taxonomia molecular. A prevalência de Ascaris em amostras fecais de suínos foi 16/100 (16%), não sendo identificado nenhum caso de infecção por este parasita em humanos. A análise por MEV de parasitas recuperados de suínos demonstrou características morfológicas de Ascaris suum. As sequências nucleotídicas de cox1 foram compatíveis com A. suum. As sequências originais e de referência (obtidas no GeneBank) foram organizadas em clusters que não segregaram os parasitas por hospedeiro ou região geográfica. Os maiores haplogrupos foram dominados pelos haplótipos H01, H02 e H31. Nas comunidades estudadas, não foi evidenciada transmissão zoonótica de A. suum na interface suíno-humana.(AU)

Brasilia tapaculo (Scytalopus novacapitalis) seasonality and site occupancy in altitudinal riparian environments after non-natural burnings and feral pig invasion in Serra da Canastra National Park, Brazil / Sazonalidade do Tapaculo-de-Brasília (Scytalopus novacapitalis) e ocupação de área em ambientes ripários de altitude após queimadas não naturais e invasão por javaporco no Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, Brasil

The Brasilia Tapaculo, Scytalopus novacapitalis Sick, 1958, is a rare, geographically restricted, and endangered bird species that inhabits riparian vegetation of Cerrado, mainly Gallery Forests. In Serra da Canastra National Park, southeastern Brazil, wetlands are under threat due to frequent non-natural burnings and invasion by feral pigs, Sus scrofa, Linnaeus, 1758. We aimed to evaluate the possible effects of seasonal variations on S. novacapitalis records in undisturbed habitats and answer questions about how fire and feral pigs may affect site occupancy of the species. Transects alongside riparian environments were used to survey n=21 sites, totalizing 7.5 Km, from 2014 to 2019. Results indicated the season influenced both, spontaneous records and induced encounters by playback method, which were more abundant in breeding period, from early spring to summer. The use of playback significantly increased the amount of records in all seasons. The probability of site occupancy in all studied area was higher in late spring (ψ=0.91) and lower in autumn (ψ=0.73). In burned sites (n=8), the first post-fire month showed the lowest probability of occupancy, but there was a rapid recovery in 2nd month and stabilization similar to control area from the 3rd month ahead. After sites (n=11) were invaded by feral pigs, the estimation of site occupancy indicated a slight drop in first two months, but after the 3rd month of invasion the decreasing pattern enhanced the discrepancy with undisturbed areas. It is important to keep monitoring S. novacapitalis population and their threats, to subsidize management actions, especially to avoid frequently unusual burnings in riparian forests, and to block the access of feral pigs to wetlands.

O tapaculo-de-Brasília, Scytalopus novacapitalis, Sick 1958, é uma espécie de ave rara, geograficamente restrita e ameaçada de extinção que habita vegetação ripária do Cerrado, principalmente matas de galeria. No Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, sudeste do Brasil, áreas úmidas estão ameaçadas devido a frequentes queimadas não naturais e a invasão por javaporco, Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758. Avaliamos os possíveis efeitos da sazonalidade na quantidade de registros de S. novacapitalis em habitats sem perturbação e buscamos responder questões sobre como o fogo e a invasão por javaporco pode afetar a ocupação de área pela ave. Transecções paralelas aos ambientes ripários foram usadas para amostrar n=21 áreas, totalizando 7,5 km, de 2014 a 2019. Os resultados indicaram que a estação do ano influenciou na quantidade de registros espontâneos e de registros induzidos por playback, os quais foram mais abundantes durante o período reprodutivo. O uso de playback aumentou significativamente a quantidade de registros em todas as estações. A probabilidade de ocupação considerando toda área de estudo foi maior no fim da primavera (ψ=0,91) e menor no outono (ψ=0,73). Em áreas queimadas (n=8 trechos), o primeiro mês após o fogo apresentou a menor probabilidade de ocupação, mas houve uma rápida recuperação no 2º mês, e estabilização similar na área controle a partir do 3º mês. Após n=11 trechos terem sido invadidos por javaporcos, a estimativa de ocupação de área indicou pequena queda nos dois primeiros meses, mas a partir do 3º mês, o padrão de decréscimo ampliou a discrepância com áreas não perturbadas. É importante continuar monitorando a população de S. novacapitalis e suas ameaças, para subsidiar ações de manejo, principalmente para evitar queimadas não naturais frequentes nas florestas ripárias e bloquear o acesso de javaporcos às áreas úmidas.

Bacterial pneumonia in captive wild boars in southern Brazil: etiological and pathological causes

Respiratory diseases are one of the major health issues described in intensive pig production, causing important economic losses. However, there is little information on the prevalence, etiology and clinical-pathological presentation of these diseases in wild boars. For this reason, this work investigated the presence in captive wild boars of pneumonic lesions and bacterial pathogens commonly detected and associated with respiratory diseases in domestic pigs. A total of 226 captive wild boar lungs from two farms were examined in a slaughterhouse in Southern Brazil. The pneumonic lesions were classified as cranioventral, dorsocaudal, and disseminated, and the quantification of lesions was calculated. From the total of 226 lungs, 121 were collected for laboratory examination. Lungs with macroscopic lesions suggestive of pneumonia were collected for histological, bacteriological and molecular analysis. The molecular analysis was performed to detect the presence of Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae, Glaesserella (G.) parasuis, Mycoplasma (M.) hyopneumoniae, Mycoplasma (M.) hyorhinis and Streptococcus (S.) suis serotype 2. The percentages of histological lesions and bacterial agents and their association were calculated. Cranioventral consolidation (75.2%) was the most prevalent macroscopic lung lesion, followed by disseminated (21.5%) and dorsocaudal (3.3%) distribution. Microscopically, chronic lesions were the most prevalent, representing 70.2% of the lungs. Moreover, BALT hyperplasia was present in 86.5% of the lungs, suppurative bronchopneumonia in 65.7%, and alveoli infiltrate in 46.8%. Six bacterial pathogens commonly described as agents of pig pneumonia were identified by bacterial or molecular methods: Pasteurella (P.) multocida, S. suis, M. hyopneumoniae, A. pleuropneumoniae, G. parasuis and M. hyorhinis. Twenty-eight different combinations of pathogens were identified in 84 samples (69.4%). The most common combinations were: M. hyopneumoniae and A. pleuropneumoniae (13.1%), M. hyopneumoniae, G. parasuis and M. hyorhinis (10.7%), and M. hyopneumoniae, A. pleuropneumoniae and G. parasuis (8.3%). Additionally, M. hyopneumoniae was the most frequent pathogen detected in this study, representing 58.7% of the samples. The detection of M. hyopneumoniae and M. hyorhinis by PCR was associated with the presence of BALT hyperplasia (P < 0.05) and there was also an association between the detection of M. hyopneumoniae by PCR and suppurative bronchopneumonia (P < 0.05). In addition, a significant association (P < 0.05) between the detection of M. hyopneumoniae and A. pleuropneumoniae by PCR and the histological classification (acute, subacute or chronic lesions) was observed. The results of this study were similar to those observed in slaughtered domestic pigs, although, the detection of opportunist pathogens was less frequent than that usually described in pig pneumonia. The high prevalence of pneumonia in captive wild boars at slaughter and the similar characteristics of pneumonia in captive wild boars and domestic pigs suggest that the close phylogenetic relationship between pigs and wild boars could influence the susceptibility of both species to the colonization of the same pathogens, indicating that captive wild boars raised in confined conditions could be predisposed to respiratory diseases, similar to domestic pigs.(AU)

Globocephalus urosubulatus (Alessandrini, 1909) (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae) in Brazil: a morphological revisitation / Globocephalus urosubulatus (Alessandrini, 1909) (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae) no Brasil: uma revisitação morfológica

Abstract Helminthiasis occurs frequently in wild or domestic pigs in the most varied environments or production systems; however, the literature includes few taxonomic studies for the purpose of expanding this knowledge about the parasitic diversity in these animals. Thus, in order to expand this knowledge regarding parasitic diversity in these animals, the present study reports the occurrence and redescribes Globocephalus urosubulatus infecting domestic pigs in the state of Pará, Brazil, using microscopy. Four hundred and ten specimens of Sus scrofa intestinal nematodes were collected extensively in the municipality of Moju, northeastern mesoregion of Pará and observed under light and scanning electron microscopy. Based on morphological characteristics, the nematodes were identified as G. urosubulatus, and new morphological data were added by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy for the diagnosis of this parasite.

Resumo As helmintíases ocorrem frequentemente em porcos selvagens ou domésticos nos mais variados ambientes ou sistemas de produção, porém a literatura contempla poucos estudos taxonômicos. Assim, com a finalidade de ampliar esses conhecimentos sobre a diversidade parasitária nesses animais, o presente estudo relata a ocorrência e redescreve Globocephalus urosubulatus infectando porcos domésticos no estado do Pará, Brasil, utilizando-se microscopia. Foram recolhidos 410 exemplares de nematoides do intestino de Sus scrofa, criados extensivamente no município de Moju, mesorregião nordeste do Pará e observados em microscopia de luz e eletrônica de varredura. Com base em características morfológicas, os nematoides foram identificados como G. urosubulatus, sendo adicionados novos dados morfológicos por microscopia de luz e microscopia eletrônica de varredura para o diagnóstico desse parasito.

Distribución potencial del cerdo asilvestrado, Sus scrofa (Artiodactyla: Suidae) y el pecarí de collar, Pecari tajacu (Artiodactyla: Tayassuidae) en la región de Laguna de Términos, México

Introducción: La presencia de los cerdos asilvestrados (Sus scrofa) combinado con la fragmentación del hábitat presente en la región de Laguna de Términos, Campeche, puede generar cambios en los patrones de distribución y presencia de pecaríes de collar (Pecari tajacu). Objetivo: Evaluar el traslape o segregación espacial en la distribución de cerdos asilvestrados y pecaríes de collar mediante modelos de distribución potencial de ambas especies en la región de Laguna de Términos, Campeche. Métodos: Se generaron modelos de distribución potencial usando datos de presencia y variables antrópicas y bioclimáticas en Maxent. Resultados: Los modelos mostraron segregación espacial entre ambas especies. Los cerdos asilvestrados fueron positivamente influenciados por la cercanía a cultivos de palma de aceite (Elaeis guineensis) y por la precipitación estacional; la distribución potencial para pecaríes de collar estuvo positivamente correlacionada con la temperatura y la cobertura arbórea. Se confirmó la presencia de cerdos asilvestrados en Escárcega, Carmen, Candelaria y Palizada, en el estado de Campeche y en Balancán y Jonuta en el estado de Tabasco. Nuestros modelos predicen áreas potenciales para los cerdos asilvestrados principalmente en la Reserva de la Biosfera Pantanos de Centla en Tabasco y en áreas cercanas a la frontera con Guatemala. Discusión: Consideramos necesario implementar un plan de control para los cerdos asilvestrados, no solo en la región de Laguna de Términos, sino en áreas aledañas con la finalidad de impedir la expansión de su distribución y el desplazamiento de especies nativas como los pecaríes en otras áreas del sur del país.

Introduction: The presence of feral pigs (Sus scrofa) in addition to habitat fragmentation at Laguna de Términos, Campeche, could cause changes in the distribution patterns and presence of collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu). Objective: Modelling of potential distribution to assess the overlap or spatial segregation of both species at Laguna de Términos, Campeche. Methods: Potential distribution models were generated with presence data, anthropic and bioclimatic variables using the maximum entropy algorithm (Maxent). Results: The potential distribution models showed spatial segregation between both species. The presence of feral pigs was positively influenced by palm oil crops (Elaeis guineensis) proximity and seasonal rainfall; the potential distribution of collared peccaries was positively correlated with temperature and canopy coverage. Evidence of feral pigs presence was confirmed in Escárcega, Carmen, Candelaria and Palizada in Campeche state and in Balancán and Jonuta in Tabasco state. Our models predicted potential areas for feral pigs in Pantanos de Centla Biosphere Reserve in Tabasco and in areas near the Guatemalan border. Conclusions: We believe a control plan for feral pigs is needed, not only in Laguna de Términos region, but also in adjacent areas in order to prevent the range extension and displacement of native species such as peccaries in other areas in Southern Mexico.

Desempenho e termorregulação de porcas lactantes alojadas em diferentes localizações no interior de um galpão com sistema de resfriamento evaporativo em ambiente tropical / Performance and thermoregulation of lactating sows housed in different locations inside a shed with an evaporative cooling system in a tropical environment

The effects of housing lactating sows at different locations in a shed with evaporative cooling system (ECS) on their thermoregulation and reproductive and productive performance of the sow and the litter in summer were determined. 34 females were used in the three lines of cages at these locations: near the pad cooling; in the middle of the shed and near the exhaust fans. The air temperature and the temperature and humidity index (THI) were lower near the pad cooling (22.38ºC, 71.84) than the middle (24.56ºC, 74.82) and near the exhaust fans (25.00°C, 75.62). Respiratory rate, rectal and surface temperatures were lower in sows near the pad cooling (43.67 breaths.min -1 , 38.40°C; 29.51°C) than in the center (52.04 breaths.min -1 ; 38.48ºC; 32.02ºC) and near the exhaust fans (56.38 breaths.min-1, 38.93ºC; 32.52ºC). The backfat thickness, the weaning-estrus interval and daily average consumption of the sows, number of weaning piglets, corporal mass and daily average gain of the piglets were not influenced by the location of housing in the shed. Lactating sows housed in the middle and near the exhaust fans in the ECS presented increased thermoregulation physiological variables, however, this did not impair the performance.(AU)

Reunion overseas: introduced wild boars and cultivated orange trees interact in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Introduction: Little is known concerning novel interactions between species that typically interact in their native range but, as a consequence of human activity, are also interacting out of their original distribution under new ecological conditions. Objective: We investigate the interaction between the orange tree and wild boar, both of which share Asian origins and have been introduced to the Americas (i.e. the overseas). Methods: Specifically, we assessed whether i) wild boars consume orange (Citrus sinensis) fruits and seeds in orchards adjacent to a remnant of the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, ii) the orange seeds are viable after passing through boar's digestive tract and iii) whether the orange tree may naturalise in the forest remnant assisted by wild boars. Results: Our camera surveys indicated that wild boar was by far the most frequent consumer of orange fruits (40.5 % of camera trap-days). A considerable proportion of sown orange seeds extracted from fresh boar feces emerged seedlings (27.8 %, N = 386) under controlled greenhouse conditions. Further, 37.6 % of sown seeds (N = 500) in the forest remnant emerged seedlings in July 2015; however, after ~4 years (March 2019) only 9 seedlings survived (i.e. 4.8 %, N = 188). Finally, 52 sweet orange seedlings were found during surveys within the forest remnant which is intensively used by wild boars. This study indicates a high potential of boars to act as effective seed dispersers of the sweet orange. However, harsh competition with native vegetation and the incidence of lethal diseases, which quickly kill sweet orange trees under non-agricultural conditions, could seriously limit orange tree establishment in the forest. Conclusions: Our results have important implications not only because the wild boar could be a vector of potential invasive species, but also because they disperse seeds of some native species (e.g. the queen palm, Syagrus romanzofiana) in defaunated forests, where large native seed dispersers are missing; thus, wild boars could exert critical ecological functions lost due to human activity.

Introducción: Se conoce relativamente poco sobre las llamadas 'interacciones noveles' entre especies que típicamente interactúan en su área de distribución nativa pero que, como consecuencia de la actividad humana, también interactúan fuera de su distribución original bajo nuevas condiciones ecológicas. Objetivo: Investigamos la interacción entre el naranjo y el jabalí, ambos con origen asiático e introducidos en las Américas (es decir, del extranjero). Métodos: Específicamente, evaluamos si i) los jabalíes consumen frutas y semillas del naranjo (Citrus sinensis) en naranjales adyacentes a un parche remanente del bosque atlántico de Brasil, ii) las semillas de naranja son viables tras pasar por el tracto digestivo del jabalí, y iii) si el naranjo puede llegar a naturalizarse en el parche de bosque gracias a los jabalíes. Resultados: Los resultados de nuestro fototrampeo indicaron que el jabalí fue, con mucho, el consumidor más frecuente de las naranjas (40.5 % cámaras trampa-días). Una proporción considerable de semillas de naranjo extraídas de heces de jabalí frescas y sembradas emergieron plántulas bajo condiciones de invernadero controladas (27.8 %, N = 386). Además, del 37.6 % de las semillas sembradas (N = 500) en el parche remanente de bosque emergieron plántulas en julio 2015; sin embargo, después de ~ 4 años (marzo 2019) solo sobrevivieron 9 plántulas (es decir, 4.8 %, N = 188). Finalmente, se encontraron 52 plántulas de naranja dulce durante varias prospecciones dentro del parche de bosque que es utilizado intensivamente por los jabalíes. Este estudio indica un alto potencial de los jabalíes para actuar como dispersores de semillas eficaces del naranjo dulce. Sin embargo, la severa competencia con la abundante vegetación nativa y la incidencia de enfermedades letales, que matan rápidamente los naranjos dulces en condiciones no agrícolas, podrían limitar seriamente el establecimiento de naranjos en el bosque. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados tienen implicaciones importantes no solo porque el jabalí podría ser un vector de posibles especies de plantas invasoras, sino también porque dispersan semillas de algunas especies nativas (p.e., la palmera reina, Syagrus romanzofiana) en estos bosques defaunados, donde faltan dispersores nativos de semillas de gran tamaño. Por ello, los jabalíes podrían ejercer funciones ecológicas críticas que se han perdido debido a la actividad humana.

Marcadores de selección en cerdos Pampa Rocha: comparación con razas autóctonas de España y Portugal / Selection markers in Pampa Rocha piqs: a comparison with autochthonous breeds of Spain and Portugal

RESUMEN Objetivo. El análisis de marcadores de selección permite obtener datos de la vida evolutiva de una raza o línea y permite también evaluar la conveniencia o no de su uso en programas de mejora genética. Hemos evaluado SNPs en cuatro genes (IGF2, MC4R, PRKAG3 y PEPCK-C), que tienen importantes efectos fenotípicos, en cerdos de la raza Pampa Rocha, una raza criolla, y hemos comparado sus frecuencias alélicas con cerdos de diversas razas autóctonas y líneas de España y Portugal no sometidas a selección así como con jabalíes y cerdos de la raza Piétrain. Materiales y métodos. Los SNPs fueron analizados mediante diversas técnicas de RT-PCR. Resultados. Los resultados de los análisis muestran una similitud de frecuencias alélicas entre los cerdos de la raza Pampa Rocha y los cerdos autóctonos de la península ibérica sobre todo en el gen IGF2 y, en menor medida en el gen PEPCK-C. Sin embargo difieren considerablemente en el caso del marcador MC4R y, también en menor medida, en PRKAG3. En el trabajo se discute el uso potencial de los resultados obtenidos para orientar la selección genética de cerdos de la raza Pampa Rocha. Conclusiones. Nuestros resultados demuestran la peculiaridad de la raza Pampa Rocha con respecto a los marcadores estudiados.

ABSTRACT Objective. The analysis of selection markers allows to obtain information about the evolutive story of a particular breed or line and allows also to evaluate the usefulness of those markers for breeding programs. We have analyzed SNPs in four genes of the creole pig breed Pampa Rocha and we have compared their allelic frequencies with the allelic frequencies of diverse autochthonous breeds of Spain and Portugal and also with Piétrain pigs and wild boars. Materials and methods. The SNPs were analyzed using diverse RT-PCR methods. Results. The results of the analysis show that Pampa Rocha pigs have similar allelic frequencies with the autochthonous breeds of Spain and Portugal especially in the case of IGF2 and also, but not so coincident, in the case of PEPCK-C. However, they differ considerably for MC4R, and also, but in a lower extent, for PRKAG3. We discuss in this work the usefulness of our results for breeding of Pampa Rocha pigs. Conclusions. Our results demonstrate the peculiarity of the Pampa Rocha breed regarding the markers studied.

Purification, identification and characterization of an anti-microbial hexapeptide from Sus scrofa lysozyme / 生物工程学报

Sus scrofa lysozyme (SSL) was digested by different proteases to find peptides with enhanced antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria. Hydrolysate with the highest anti-bacterial activity was loaded onto a gel filtration chromatography column followed by a reversed-phase one. The obtained substance was identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, synthesized to test its antibacterial spectrum and analyzed for bioinformatics. The hydrolysate of trypsin showed the highest antibacterial activity. By purification and identification, the functional peptide with sequence of A-W-V-A-W-K was obtained. The peptide was synthesized and proved to retain partial function of SSL and had activity against gram-negative bacteria. By bioinformatics analysis, the peptide was found to locate in a helix-loop-helix structure, suggesting that the peptide may kill cells by penetrating cell membrane and cause the outflow of cell contents. The discovery of the peptide could lay the foundation for improving the antibacterial activity of SSL.

Antigenic characterization of classical swine fever virus YC11WB isolates from wild boar

Classical swine fever (CSF), a highly contagious disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boar, has serious economic implications. The present study examined the virulence and transmission of CSF virus strain YC11WB (isolated from a wild boar in 2011) in breeding wild boar. Virulence of strain YC11WB in domestic pigs was also examined. Based on the severe clinical signs and high mortality observed among breeding wild boar, the pathogenicity of strain YC11WB resembled that of typical acute CSF. Surprisingly, in contrast to strain SW03 (isolated from breeding pigs in 2003), strain YC11WB showed both acute and strong virulence in breeding pigs. None of three specific monoclonal antibodies (7F2, 7F83, and 6F65) raised against the B/C domain of the SW03 E2 protein bound to the B/C domain of strain YC11WB due to amino acid mutations (⁷²⁰K→R and ⁷²³N→S) in the YC11WB E2 protein. Although strains YC11WB and SW03 belong to subgroup 2.1b, they had different mortality rates in breeding pigs. Thus, if breeding pigs have not developed protective immunity against CSF virus, they may be susceptible to strain YC11WB transmitted by wild boar, resulting in severe economic losses for the pig industry.

Molecular cloning and characterization of porcine ribosomal protein L21

Ribosomal protein L21 (RPL21) is a structural component of the 60S subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome. This protein has an important role in protein synthesis and the occurrence of hereditary diseases. Pig is a common laboratory model, however, to the best of our knowledge, its RPL21 gene has not been cloned to date. In this study, we cloned and identified the full-length sequence of the pig RPL21 gene for the first time. In addition, we examined its expression pattern and function by using overexpression or knockdown approaches. As a result, we obtained a 604 bp segment that contains a 483 bp open reading frame encoding 160 amino acids. The pig RPL21 gene is located in the “+” strand of chromosome 11, which spans 2167 bp from 4199792 to 4201958. Pig RPL21 protein has nine strands and two helices in its secondary structure. Pig RPL21 is predominantly expressed in ovary and lung, at lower levels in kidney, small intestine, and skin, and at the lowest levels in heart and liver. Furthermore, RPL21 expression is closely connected with cell proliferation and cell cycle arrest. The results are intended to provide useful information for the further study of pig RPL21.

Brasilia tapaculo (Scytalopus novacapitalis) seasonality and site occupancy in altitudinal riparian environments after non-natural burnings and feral pig invasion in Serra da Canastra National Park, Brazil

Abstract The Brasilia Tapaculo, Scytalopus novacapitalis Sick, 1958, is a rare, geographically restricted, and endangered bird species that inhabits riparian vegetation of Cerrado, mainly Gallery Forests. In Serra da Canastra National Park, southeastern Brazil, wetlands are under threat due to frequent non-natural burnings and invasion by feral pigs, Sus scrofa, Linnaeus, 1758. We aimed to evaluate the possible effects of seasonal variations on S. novacapitalis records in undisturbed habitats and answer questions about how fire and feral pigs may affect site occupancy of the species. Transects alongside riparian environments were used to survey n=21 sites, totalizing 7.5 Km, from 2014 to 2019. Results indicated the season influenced both, spontaneous records and induced encounters by playback method, which were more abundant in breeding period, from early spring to summer. The use of playback significantly increased the amount of records in all seasons. The probability of site occupancy in all studied area was higher in late spring (=0.91) and lower in autumn (=0.73). In burned sites (n=8), the first post-fire month showed the lowest probability of occupancy, but there was a rapid recovery in 2nd month and stabilization similar to control area from the 3rd month ahead. After sites (n=11) were invaded by feral pigs, the estimation of site occupancy indicated a slight drop in first two months, but after the 3rd month of invasion the decreasing pattern enhanced the discrepancy with undisturbed areas. It is important to keep monitoring S. novacapitalis population and their threats, to subsidize management actions, especially to avoid frequently unusual burnings in riparian forests, and to block the access of feral pigs to wetlands.

Resumo O tapaculo-de-Brasília, Scytalopus novacapitalis, Sick 1958, é uma espécie de ave rara, geograficamente restrita e ameaçada de extinção que habita vegetação ripária do Cerrado, principalmente matas de galeria. No Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, sudeste do Brasil, áreas úmidas estão ameaçadas devido a frequentes queimadas não naturais e a invasão por javaporco, Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758. Avaliamos os possíveis efeitos da sazonalidade na quantidade de registros de S. novacapitalis em habitats sem perturbação e buscamos responder questões sobre como o fogo e a invasão por javaporco pode afetar a ocupação de área pela ave. Transecções paralelas aos ambientes ripários foram usadas para amostrar n=21 áreas, totalizando 7,5 km, de 2014 a 2019. Os resultados indicaram que a estação do ano influenciou na quantidade de registros espontâneos e de registros induzidos por playback, os quais foram mais abundantes durante o período reprodutivo. O uso de playback aumentou significativamente a quantidade de registros em todas as estações. A probabilidade de ocupação considerando toda área de estudo foi maior no fim da primavera (=0,91) e menor no outono (=0,73). Em áreas queimadas (n=8 trechos), o primeiro mês após o fogo apresentou a menor probabilidade de ocupação, mas houve uma rápida recuperação no 2º mês, e estabilização similar na área controle a partir do 3º mês. Após n=11 trechos terem sido invadidos por javaporcos, a estimativa de ocupação de área indicou pequena queda nos dois primeiros meses, mas a partir do 3º mês, o padrão de decréscimo ampliou a discrepância com áreas não perturbadas. É importante continuar monitorando a população de S. novacapitalis e suas ameaças, para subsidiar ações de manejo, principalmente para evitar queimadas não naturais frequentes nas florestas ripárias e bloquear o acesso de javaporcos às áreas úmidas.

Caudoventral hip luxation in a miniature pig / Luxação caudoventral de quadril em um mini-pig

ABSTRACT: A miniature pig was examined because of left pelvic limb lameness after falling from a short height. Clinical examination and radiographs of the pelvic region revealed a left caudoventral hip luxation. Surgical reduction of luxation was performed on the patient under general anesthesia using a transarticular pinning technique. Postoperative radiographs confirmed that the luxation was reduced, the joint was aligned, and the transarticular pinning was correct. The transarticular pin was removed 21 days after it was surgically inserted. The limb was fully functional in the immediate postoperative period. Nine months after the surgery, the patient could use the limb properly, but mild degenerative joint disease was observed via radiographic follow-up. This technique may be a viable treatment option for the repair of caudoventral hip luxation in miniature pigs.

RESUMO: Um mini-pig foi atendido devido à claudicação do membro pélvico esquerdo após pequena queda. O exame clínico e radiografias da região pélvica revelaram uma luxação caudoventral de quadril no lado esquerdo. A redução cirúrgica da luxação foi realizada, com o paciente sob anestesia geral, usando um pino transarticular. As radiografias pós-operatórias confirmaram que a luxação foi reduzida, com alinhamento e fixação transarticular corretos. O pino transarticular foi removido cirurgicamente 21 dias após de ter sido inserido. O membro se tornou totalmente funcional já no período pós-operatório imediato. Nove meses após a cirurgia, o paciente utilizava o membro corretamente, porém foi detectada doença articular degenerativa leve através de acompanhamento radiográfico. A técnica empregada foi uma opção viável de tratamento para a reparação da luxação caudoventral de quadril em mini-pig.

Detección de la Diversidad Genética del Cerdo Doméstico (Sus scrofa domestica) Utilizando Marcadores Microsatélites, en Sahagún-Córdoba, Colombia / Detection of Genetic Diversity of the Domestic Pig (Sus scrofa domestica) by means Microsatellite Markers in Sahagún - Córdoba, Colombia

En el presente trabajo se estudió la caracterización genética de una población de cerdo doméstico (Sus scrofa domestica) en Sahagún, Departamento de Córdoba, Colombia (8° 57’ 02’’ Norte y 75° 26’ 44’’ Oeste), para identificar su situación genética. Se estudiaron 51 muestras de la población. Se han emplearon 20 microsatélites, cinco pertenecen a la lista de los recomendados por la FAO / ISAG (Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura / Sociedad Internacional de Genética Animal) para estudios de biodiversidad porcina y los loci restantes representan la mayor parte del genoma porcino. Con los análisis se pudo determinar que todos los microsatélites utilizados han resultado polimórficos y se han detectado, entre 3 (S0385) y 13 (SW780) alelos, con un número medio de alelos de 6,05 y un total de 121 alelos. La heterocigosidad media esperada fue 0,5219 y la observada 0,5581. Los valores del PIC (Polymorphism Information Content, por sus siglas en inglés) oscilaron entre 0,2542 y 0,7021 para los loci S0385 y SW780 respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos permiten concluir que el cerdo doméstico en Sahagún, presenta alto grado de variabilidad genética.

The objective of this research was to study the genetic diversity of a population of domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) in the municipality of Sahagún, Department of Córdoba, Colombia (8 ° 57 ‘02’ ‘North and 75 ° 26 ‘44’ ‘West). For this purpose, 51 samples of the population were studied, using 20 microsatellites, 5 of which belong to the list recommended by FAO/ISAG (United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization/ International Society of Animal Genetics) for studies of porcine biodiversity and the remaining loci represent the major part of the porcine genome. From the analysis performed, it was possible to determine that all the microsatellites used were polymorphic, with 3 (S0385) and 13 (SW780) alleles, with an average number of alleles of 6.05 for a total of 121 alleles. The expected mean heterozygosity was 0.5219 and the observed was 0.5581. The values of the Polymorphism Informational Content (PIC) ranged from 0.2542 to 0.7021 for loci S0385 and SW780, respectively. The results allow us to conclude that the domestic pig in Sahagún, has a high degree of genetic variability.

Priorización de enfermedades virales zoonóticas en la interfaz de cerdos silvestres, cerdos domésticos y seres humanos / Prioritization of zoonotic viral diseases in feral pigs, domestic pigs and humans interface

Introducción. Para entender la ecología de las enfermedades es necesario comprender los agentes patógenos en la interfaz de vida silvestre y ganado. Los cerdos silvestres ( Sus scrofa ) constituyen un problema sanitario cuando se trata de prevenir y controlar las enfermedades zoonóticas, pues en ocasiones sus poblaciones son portadores de agentes infecciosos transmisibles a los cerdos domésticos y a otras especies animales, incluidos los seres humanos. Objetivo. Priorizar las enfermedades zoonóticas en la interfaz de cerdos silvestres, animales domésticos y seres humanos. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizó el método de priorización semicuantitativa basado en 27 criterios sustentados en publicaciones recientes, los cuales se clasificaron en las siguientes cinco categorías con base en la etiología viral: epidemiología (ocho), prevención y control (tres), economía y comercio (cuatro), salud pública (nueve) y sociedad (tres). A cada criterio se le adjudicó un coeficiente entre 0 y 7 de acuerdo con su impacto medido con base en la información científica (suma total de 189). La información sobre los criterios para las nueve enfermedades virales analizadas se recolectó mediante la revisión de 81 fuentes publicadas entre 1977 y 2015. Resultados. Las tres enfermedades con mayor puntaje y potencial zoonótico fueron la influenza porcina (133), la hepatitis E (123) y la infección por hantavirus (103), y la mayor puntuación se observó en los criterios de epidemiología y salud pública. Conclusión. Los métodos semicuantitativos de priorización son una fuente de información para la toma de decisiones, pero su utilización es poco frecuente en los países en desarrollo por la falta de datos de vigilancia en salud pública. El control de las enfermedades que afectan tanto a los seres humanos como a los animales silvestres, requiere el desarrollo de estrategias que reduzcan la transmisión de patógenos de estos a los animales domésticos y a los seres humanos.

Introduction: Understanding the ecology of diseases requires the comprehension of pathogens in wild life-livestock interface. Feral pigs ( Sus scrofa ) are a health problem when countries work to prevent and control zoonotic diseases, as their populations raise environmental and health concerns due to infectious agents transmissible to domestic pigs and other animal species, including humans. Objective: To prioritize zoonotic diseases in the feral pigs, domestic animals and humans interface. Materials and methods: The semi-quantitative prioritization method based on evidence included 27 criteria founded in recent publications. According to viral etiology we classified them in five categories: epidemiology (eight), prevention/control (three), economy/trade (four), public health (nine) and society (three). Each criterion had a coefficient of 0 to 7 according to their impact based on evidence (maximum sum of 189). Evidence on the criteria for the nine viral diseases analyzed came from the review of 81 sources published between 1977 and 2015. Results: The top three diseases with the highest score and zoonotic potential were swine influenza (133), hepatitis E (123), and hantavirus infection (103), whose highest scores were observed on epidemiology and public health criteria. Conclusion: The semi-quantitative methods of prioritization impartially contribute to decision-making based on evidence; however, they are seldom used in developing countries due to the lack of data from public health surveillance. Control of shared diseases requires the development of strategies to reduce transmission of pathogens between wildlife and domestic animals and humans.

Morfología y morfometría comparada entre los huesecillos auditivos del cerdo común (Sus scrofa domestica) y el Humano (Homo sapiens sapiens) / Comparative study of the morphology between the ossicles of the common pig (Sus scrofa domestica) and human (Homo sapiens sapiens)

El cerdo doméstico (Sus scrofa domestica) ha sido utilizado como modelo para estudiar métodos de implante en el oído medio previo a estudios clínicos humanos. Diferentes investigaciones han destacado la utilidad en este ámbito, como también su alta comparabilidad morfológica en relación con los humanos. Sin embargo, las descripciones anatómicas sobre sus huesecillos auditivos son insuficientes, al igual que las comparaciones en relación con el humano. Por ello, con el objetivo de realizar una descripción detallada de la anatomía de dichos huesecillos comparados con los del humano, se procedió a disecar seis cabezas de cerdo, de las cuales se extrajeron sus huesecillos para observar su morfología. Los resultados preliminares demostraron que la cadena de huesecillos del Cerdo comparte la presencia de las mismas formaciones anatómicas que se pueden identificar en los huesecillos del hombre, pero aún así existen diferencias descriptivas y morfométricas en la morfología de ellas. Los resultados permitieron concluir que existe alta comparabilidad morfológica entre ambas cadenas de huesecillos debido a sus diferencias y similitudes, lo cual lo hace ser un buen modelo didáctico para el estudio y la enseñanza de la morfología auditiva en distintos niveles educacionales.

The domestic Pig (Sus scrofa domestica)has been used as a model to study implants methods in clinical cases of the human middle ear. Different studies have highlighted the usefulness in this area, as well as its high morphological comparability with regard to humans. However, the anatomical descriptions about its ear bones are scarce, as comparisons in relation to the human. Therefore, in order to make a detailed description of the anatomy of these bones compared to human, it was necessary to dissect six pig heads of which its ossicles were removed to observe its morphology. Preliminary results showed that the pig'sossicles share the same anatomical formations that can be identified in the human ones, but there are some descriptive and morphometric differences in its morphology. The results concluded that there is high comparability between both morphological ossicular chains due to their differences and similarities, which makes it a great teaching model for the study and teaching of auditory morphology at different educational levels.

Occurrence of antibodies against Neospora caninum in wild pigs (Sus scrofa) in the Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil / Ocorrência de anticorpos contra Neospora caninum em porcos-monteiro (Sus scrofa) do Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil

Serum samples from 83 free living wild pigs (Sus scrofa) from the Nhecolândia region, Pantanal do Mato Grosso, Brazil, were examined for the presence of antibodies against Neospora caninum by means of the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT) with a cut off of 50. Antibodies were present in 10.8%, with titers of: 1:200 in one animal, 1:400 in four and 1:800 in four. Analysis using the χ2 test showed an association between sex and presence of antibodies, with females showing occurrence of 20.5% and males 2.3% (p = 0.017). No association was found between age and occurrences of antibodies against this parasite. This was the first observation of N. caninum antibodies in Brazilian wild pigs from Pantanal...

Amostras de soro de 83 porcos-monteiro (Sus scrofa) selvagens, oriundos da região de Nhecolândia, Pantanal do Mato Grosso, Brasil, foram examinadas para a presença de anticorpos contra Neospora caninum pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) com ponto de corte de 50. A ocorrência de anticorpos foi de 10,8%, com um animal apresentando título de 1:200, quatro com 1:400 e quatro com 1:800. Quando analisados pelo teste do X2, foi observada a existência de associação entre sexo e presença de anticorpos, com as fêmeas apresentando ocorrência de 20,5% e os machos 2,3% (p = 0,017). Não houve associação entre idade e ocorrência de anticorpos contra este parasito. Esta é a primeira observação de porcos-monteiro da região do Pantanal, apresentando anticorpos contra N. caninum...

Genetic diversity of domestic pigs in Tierralta (Colombia) using microsatellites / Diversidad genética del cerdo doméstico en Tierralta (Colombia), usando microsatélites / Diversidade genética do porco doméstico em Tierralta (Colômbia), usando microssatéliteso

Background: according to several authors, domestic pigs come from different wild boar populations with varied geographic distribution and are grouped in the genus Sus. Pig domestication occurred gradually. The first animals were small and gathered in small numbers. Several civilizations domesticated this animal as an important source of protein. Tierralta, in Córdoba province, has a large population of domestic pigs, which are a mixture of creole and other breeds. The genetic characterization of populations is used to check the status of genetic diversity, a conclusive element in determining breeding strategies and genetic conservation programs. PCR is the most commonly used technique for studying highly polymorphic markers, such as microsatellites or SSRs. The use of microsatellites is a powerful tool in genetic studies. They have been used for characterization studies of genetic diversity, genetic relationships between populations, paternity testing, inbreeding and genetic bottlenecks. Objective: the purpose of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of domestic pigs in Tierralta (Córdoba, Colombia) using 20 microsatellites. Methods: fifty four samples were studied. Twenty microsatellites recommended by the FAO/ISAG for swine biodiversity studies were used. Results: all the microsatellites were polymorphic, and were detected between 3 (SW911) and 14 (TNFB) alleles (the average number was 6.9 alleles) and a total of 138 alleles were detected. Average expected heterozygosity was 0.5259 and the observed heterozygosity was 0.5120. PIC values ranged from 0.3212 to 0.7980 for loci SW2410 and IFNG, respectively. Conclusions: the results suggest that the analyzed population represents a group with high genetic diversity.

Antecedentes: varios autores concuerdan en afirmar que los cerdos domésticos provienen de diferentes poblaciones de jabalí salvaje con distinta distribución geográfica y se agrupan en el género Sus. Es aceptado que la domesticación del cerdo, ocurrió de manera lenta y progresiva y que los primeros animales eran pequeños, se reunían en grupos poco numerosos. La preferencia para la domesticación de estos animales en varias civilizaciones, se debió a que ellos representaban una importante fuente proteica. El departamento de Córdoba es una de las regiones de Colombia con mayor población de cerdo doméstico, formada en su mayoría por la mezcla de la raza criolla con otras razas. La caracterización genética de las poblaciones, permite comprobar el estado de la diversidad genética, elemento concluyente en la determinación de estrategias de crianza y de programas genéticos de conservación. La PCR es la técnica más utilizada para el estudio de marcadores extremadamente polimórficos como son los microsatélites o SSRs. Los microsatélites son una poderosa herramienta para estudios genéticos, los cuales han sido utilizados para estudios de caracterización y diversidad genética, relaciones genéticas entre poblaciones, pruebas de paternidad, consanguinidad, cuellos de botella genéticos, entre otros. Objetivo: el objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la diversidad genética de la población de cerdo doméstico en Tierralta (Córdoba, Córdoba). Método: fueron estudiadas 54 muestras de este grupo. Se usaron 20 microsatélites de los recomendados por la FAO/ISAG para estudios de biodiversidad porcina. Resultados: se determinó que todos los microsatélites utilizados resultaron polimórficos y se detectaron entre 3 (SW911) y 14 (TNFB) alelos, con un número medio de alelos de 6,9 y un total de 138 alelos. La heterocigosidad media esperada fue 0,5259 y la observada 0,5120. Los valores del PIC oscilaron entre 0,3212 y 0,7980 para los loci SW2410 y IFNG, respectivamente. Conclusión: los resultados sugieren que la población de cerdos analizada, representa un grupo con alta diversidad genética.

Antecedentes: vários autores concordam em afirmar que os porcos domésticos vêm de diferentes populações de javalis com distribuição geográfica variada e estão agrupados no gênero Sus. Aceita-se que a domesticação ocorreu lenta e gradualmente e que os primeiros animais eram pequenos e que eles se reuniram em pequenos números. A preferência para a domesticação desses animais em várias civilizações deveu-se ao fato de que eles eram uma importante fonte de proteína. O departamento de Córdoba é uma das regiões com o maior número de porcos domésticos, composto principalmente da raça crioulo misturado com outras raças. A caracterização genética de populações nos permite verificar o estado da diversidade genética, um elemento conclusivo para determinar estratégias de melhoramento e programas de conservação genética. A PCR é uma das técnicas utilizadas no estudo de marcadores polimórficos, como microssatélites ou SSR. Os microssatélites são uma ferramenta poderosa para estudos genéticos, que tem sido usado para estudos de caracterização da diversidade genética, relações genéticas entre populações, testes de paternidade, endogamia e gargalos genéticos, entre outros. Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a diversidade genética do porco doméstico em Tierralta (Córdoba, Colombia) utilizando-se 20 microssatélites. Método: foram estudados 54 amostras neste grupo. Foram usados 20 microssatélites recomendado pela FAO/ISAG para estudos de biodiversidade suína. Resultados: foram utilizados vinte microssatélites recomendados pela FAO/ISAG para estudos de biodiversidade suína. Determinou-se que todos os microssatélites utilizados foram polimórficos e foram detectados entre 3 (SW911) e 14 (TNFB) alelos, com um número médio de 6,9 alelos e um total de 138 alelos. A heterozigosidade média esperada foi de 0,5259 e o observado foi de 0,5120. Os valores PIC variaram entre 0,3212-0,7980 para loci SW2410 e IFNG, respectivamente. Conclusões: os resultados sugerem que se trata de uma população significativamente diversa.

Molecular survey of porcine teschovirus, porcine sapelovirus, and enterovirus G in captive wild boars (Sus scrofa scrofa) of Paraná state, Brazil / Estudo molecular de teschovírus suíno, sapelovírus suíno e enterovírus G em javalis (Sus scrofa scrofa) de cativeiro no Paraná

Porcine teschovirus (PTV), porcine sapelovirus (PSV), and enterovirus G (EV-G) are infectious agents specific to pig host species that are endemically spread worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the natural infection by these porcine enteric picornaviruses in wild boars (Sus scrofa scrofa) of Paraná state, Brazil, and to evaluate peccaries (Pecari tajacu and Tayassu pecari) as alternative host species for these viruses. Fecal samples (n=36) from asymptomatic wild boars (n=22) with ages ranging from 2 to 7 months old (young, n=14) and 2 to 4 years old (adult, n=8) and from peccaries (6 to 8 months old, n=14) were collected from a farm and a zoo, respectively, both located in Paraná state. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nested-PCR (n-PCR) assays targeting the 5'non-translated region of the virus genome were used for screening the viruses. Porcine enteric picornaviruses were detected in 12 out of the 22 wild boar fecal samples. According to each of the viruses, EV-G was most frequently (11/22, 50%) detected, followed by PTV (10/22, 45.5%) and PSV (4/22, 18.2%). Regarding the age groups, young wild boars were more frequently (9/14, 64.3%) infected with PTV, PSV, and EV-G than adult animals (3/8, 37.4%). One n-PCR amplified product for each of the viruses was submitted to sequencing analysis and the nucleotide sequences were compared with the related viruses, which showed similarities varying from 97.7% to 100% for PTV, 92.4% to 96.2% for PSV, and 87.1% to 100% for EV-G. Peccaries tested negative for the viruses and in this study they did not represent infection reservoirs. This study is the first to report the molecular detection of PTV, PSV, and EV-G from captive wild boars in a South American country and the first to screen peccaries as alternative host species for porcine enteric picornavirus.

Teschovírus suíno (PTV), sapelovírus suíno (PSV) e enterovírus G(EV-G) são agentes infecciosos específicos da espécie suína que estão endemicamente disseminados em todo o mundo. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a infecção natural por estes picornavírus entéricos suínos em javalis (Sus scrofa scrofa) do estado do Paraná, Brasil e avaliar pecaris (Pecari tajacu e Tayassu pecari) como hospedeiros alternativos para estes vírus. Amostras fecais (n=36) de javalis assintomáticos (n=22) com idades de 2 a 7 meses (jovens, n=14) e 2 a 4 anos (adultos, n=8) e de pecaris (6 a 8 meses de idade, n=14) foram coletadas em um cativeiro e zoológico, respectivamente, ambos localizados no estado do Paraná. A transcrição reversa seguida por reações da polimerase em cadeia (RT-PCR) e nested-PCR com alvo na região 5'-não traduzida do genoma viral foram utilizadas para a identificação dos vírus. Picornavírus entéricos suínos foram detectados em 12 das 22 amostras fecais de javalis. De acordo com cada um dos vírus, EV-G foi mais frequentemente (11/22, 50%) detectado, seguido pelo PTV (10/22; 45,5%) e PSV (4/22; 18,2%). Considerando os grupos de idade, javalis jovens foram mais frequentemente (9/14; 64,3%) infectados com PTV, PSV e EV-G do que os javalis adultos (3/8; 37,4%). Um produto amplificado na nested-PCR para cada um dos vírus foi submetido à análise de sequenciamento e as sequências de nucleotídeos foram comparadas com vírus relacionados, o que mostrou que as similaridades variaram entre 97,7% a 100% para o PTV, 92,4% a 96,2% para o PSV e 87,1% a 100% para o EV-G. Os pecaris foram negativos para as viroses investigadas e neste estudo não se apresentaram como hospedeiros alternativos para as infecções. Este estudo é o primeiro a relatar a detecção molecular de PTV, PSV e EV-G em javalis de cativeiro de um país da América Latina e o primeiro a avaliar pecaris como espécie hospedeira alternativa para picornavírus entéricos suínos.

Pelvimetria de suínos das linhagens Agroceres e DanBred* / Pelvimetry pig strains Agroceres and DanBred

Umas das principais causas de distocia é a incompatibilidade feto-pélvica. Os problemas reprodutivos associados ao parto predispõem as propriedades produtivas a inúmeras perdas econômicas como: redução na produção de carne, descarte prematuro e despesas adicionais com manejo e veterinários. Esse estudo preliminar foi realizado com o objetivo de mensurar a região pélvica externa e interna de suínos de duas linhagens (Agroceres e Danbred). Foram avaliadas 10 matrizes, sendo cinco de cada linhagem. Mensurações corpóreas foram realizadas com fita métrica e bengala hipométrica, para a mensuração corporal e externa da pelve, e Pelvímetro de Rice, para a mensuração interna da pelve. As médias para as medidas externas da pelve das linhagens Agroceres e Danbred foram respectivamente: biilíaca externa 21,00 e 19,20cm, biisquiática externa 22,80 e 26,40cm, ílioisquiática externa direita 45,80 e 49,20cm, ílioisquiática externa esquerda 39,60 e 49,00cm. Para as medidas internas obtivemos as seguintes médias: biilíaca dorsal 7,60 e 8,40cm, biilíaca média 8,00 e 8,60cm, biilíaca ventral 7,60 e 8,20cm; Sacro púbica 9,40 e 11,40cm e biisquiática interna 9,20 e 8,80cm.

A major cause of dystocia is fetal-pelvic incompatibility. Reproductive problems associated with birth predispose productive properties to numerous economic losses as a reduction in meat production, premature culling and additional management and veterinary expenses. This preliminary study was conducted with the objective of measuring the external and internal pelvic region of pigs of two strains (Agroceres and DanBred) assessing the possible influence of these on the delivery. 10 matrices five of each strain were evaluated. Tangible measurements were performed with the aid of tape, stick hipometric for the body and external measurement of the pelvis, and Rice pelvimeter for internal measurement of the pelvis. Averages for external measures of the pelvis and DanBred Agroceres strains were: external bi-iliac 21.00 and 19.20 cm, 22.80 and 26.40 cm outside bi-isquiática, right outside ílioisquiática 45.80 and 49.20 cm, external sciatic ilium left 39.60 and 49.00 cm. For internal measures obtained the following means: dorsal bi-iliac 7.60 and 8.40 cm, bi-iliac average 8.00 and 8.60 cm, 7.60 and 8.20 ventral bi-iliac cm; Pubic sacrum 9.40 and 11.40 cm and internal bi-isquiática 9.20 and 8.80 cm.