Construction of Evidence Body for Revision of Safety Information on Package Inserts of Chinese Patent Medicines in Post-marketing： Taking Xiaoke'an Capsules as an Example / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo construct the evidence body for revision of safety information on package inserts of Chinese patent medicines in post-marketing by taking Xiaoke'an capsules as an example， so as to provide reference for the revision of instructions of Chinese patent medicines in post-marketing. MethodThe construction of the evidence body was guided by the theory of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） and the Technical Guiding Principles for Revision of Safety Information Items in Instructions for TCMs After Marketing， and 8 categories and 25 specific items were taken as the main body of the evidence body， and information inclusion， integration， screening and improvement were carried out， then expert demonstrations were conducted， and finally modifications were made based on the opinions of the Center for Drug Evaluation to complete the revision of the safety information in the instructions of Xiaoke'an capsules. Result［Adverse reactions］ of Xiaoke'an capsules was revised to "monitoring data show that the following adverse reactions can be seen with this product：individual hypoglycemic reaction reports". ［Contraindications］ was revised to "contraindicated for those allergic to this product and its ingredients". ［Precautions］ was revised to "（1）pregnant women should use with caution， （2）elderly people should consult a physician， （3）people with spleen deficiency and dampness， spleen and stomach deficiency and cold， or those who eat less and have diarrhea should use with caution， （4）this product contains ginseng， should not be taken at the same time with TCM prescriptions or patent medicines containing veratrum and Wulingzhi， （5）pay attention to monitoring blood sugar during medication， （6）if any other discomfort occurs during medication， you should seek medical attention in time". The warning was revised to "use with caution by pregnant women， and pay attention to regular monitoring of blood sugar". ConclusionIn accordance with the content and process of the evidence body for the revision of safety information in the instructions， the revision of the safety information in the instructions of Xiaoke'an capsules has been completed， providing a strong basis for the rational and safe use of medication in the clinic.

Total Saponins of Dioscorea Mitigate Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Mice by Regulating AMPK/SREBP-1c/ACC Signaling Pathway / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the role and mechanism of total saponins of Dioscorea （TSD） in mitigating nonalcoholic steatohepatitis （NASH） in mice. MethodForty-eight C57BL/6J mice were randomized into a normal group and a modeling group. The mice for modeling were fed with a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet + 20% fructose solution for 16 weeks and randomized into model， atorvastatin （4 mg·kg-1·d-1）， and high-， medium-， and low-dose （200， 60， and 20 mg·kg-1·d-1） TSD groups. The mice were administrated with corresponding doses of drugs by gavage for 8 weeks. The mouse activity， liver index， levels of total cholesterol （TC）， triglycerides （TG）， and free fatty acids （FFAs） in the liver， and levels of TC， TG， aspartate aminotransferase （AST）， alanine aminotransferase （ALT）， γ-glutamyl transferase （GGT）， interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， and tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） in the serum were measured. Hematoxylin-eosin staining， Masson staining， oil red O staining， and transmission electron microscopy were employed to observe the pathological changes， lipid accumulation， and morphological changes of liver ultrastructure. Western blot was employed to determine the protein levels of AMP-activated protein kinase （AMPK）， sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c （SREBP-1c）， acetyl-CoA carboxylase （ACC）， and phosphorylated ACC （p-ACC） in the liver tissue. ResultCompared with the normal group, the activity of mice in the model group decreased(P<0.05， P<0.01), the levels of TC, TG, FFA and serum TC, TG, ALT, AST, GGT, IL-1β and TNF-α, liver coefficient and liver pathology scores were significantly increased, the expression of p-AMPK/AMPK and p-ACC proteins in liver tissues was significantly reduced, and the expressions of SREBP-1c and ACC proteins were significantly increased (P<0.01). Compared with the model group， atorvastatin increased the mouse activity （P<0.05）， while each dose of TSD caused no significant changed in the mouse activity. The levels of TC, TG, FFA in liver and serum TC, TG, ALT, AST, GGT, IL-1β, TNF-α, liver coefficient and liver pathological score in TSD and atorvastatin groups were significantly decreased, and the expressions of p-AMPK/AMPK and p-ACC in liver tissue were significantly increased. The expressions of SREBP-1c and ACC were significantly decreased (P<0.05,P<0.01). ConclusionTSD may alleviate NASH in mice by regulating the AMPK/SREBP-1c/ACC signaling pathway to reduce lipid synthesis.

Effects of diisononyl phthalate on lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells / 环境与职业医学

Background Exposure to diisononyl phthalate (DINP), an endocrine disruptor associated with metabolic diseases and widely used in plastic products, has been linked to the development of several adverse health outcomes in the liver, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Objective To investigate the effects and the possible molecular mechanisms of DINP exposure on lipid metabolism in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2 cells). Methods First, HepG2 cells were treated with DINP at three time spots (24, 48, and 72 h) and eleven doses (0, 0.003, 0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 30, and 100 mmol·L−1). Cell viability were detected using cell counting kit 8 (CCK8). Intracellular lipid deposition was determined by oil red O staining and lipid content detection, and triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (TC) were further detected. Finally, the mRNA expression levels were detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR, including fatty acid synthesis related genes [acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (Accα), fatty acid synthase (Fasn), malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (Mlycd), and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (Srebp1)] and β-oxidation related genes [peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (Pparα), AMP-activated protein kinase (Ampk), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (Cpt-1a), transcription factor A, mitochondrial (Tfam), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (Nrf1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and coactivator 1 alpha (Pgc1-α)]. Results Compared with the control group (0 mmol·L−1), the no observed adverse effect levels (NOAEL) of HepG2 cell viability were 0.3, 0.1, and 0.1 mmol·L−1 after 24, 48, and 72 h exposure to DINP, respectively, and the corresponding lowest observed adverse effect levels (LOAEL) were 1, 0.3, and 0.3 mmol·L−1, respectively (P<0.05). After exposure to 30 mmol·L−1 and 100 mmol·L−1 DINP for 24 h, the intracellular lipid content, lipid deposition, TG, and TC levels were increased significantly compared with the control group (P<0.01). Compared with the control group, the mRNA expression levels of genes related to fatty acid synthesis, such as Mlycd, Srebp1, Fasn, and Accα, were down-regulated after the 100 mmol·L−1 DINP exposure for 24 h, while the mRNA expression level of Mlycd was up-regulated in the 30 mmol·L−1 group. The β-oxidation related genes such as Ampk, Pparα, and Tfam were up-regulated significantly after the 100 mmol·L−1 DINP exposure, while Cpt-1a mRNA expression level was down-regulated (P<0.05). Conclusion Exposure to DINP at 30 mmol·L−1 and 100 mmol·L−1 can interfere with fatty acid synthesis and β-oxidation in lipid metabolism of HepG2 cells, resulting in lipid deposition.

Synthesis and antibacterial activities of phosphonate derivatives containing aminothiazoloxime fragment / 药学学报

Based on the principle of molecular hybridization, fifteen compounds were designed and synthesized through the combination of aminothiazoloxime and phosphonate fragment. The results showed that these compounds had better inhibitory effects on the tested bacteria. In particular, the activities of compounds Ⅲf and Ⅲi against S. aureus, E. coli, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli (FREC) were the most significant, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Ⅲf was 1, 8, 4, 16 μg·mL-1 respectively, and the MIC of Ⅲi was 4, 4, 16, 8 μg·mL-1 respectively, which were slightly lower than that of the control drug oxacillin, and their anti-E. coli, MRSA and FREC activities were superior to that of the control drug oxacillin. Their activities to S. aureus were close to that of oxacillin, and to E. coli, MRSA and FREC were superior to that of oxacillin, which is worthy of further study.

Kinase modulators approved by FDA in 2022 / 药学学报

The FDA approved a total of 37 new drugs in 2022, including 22 new molecular entities and 15 new biological products. This is the year with the lowest number of new drugs approved by the FDA since 2017. Among these approved drugs, 21 new drugs belong to the "first-in-class" category, accounting for 56% of the total approved drugs, which is the highest ratio in the past 10 years. Among the drugs approved in 2022, there are 5 small molecule kinase modulators, including the tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) allosteric inhibitor deucravacitinib, the first oral pyruvate kinase (PK) activator mitapivat, the Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) selective inhibitor abcrocitinib, the JAK2 selective inhibitor pacritinib and the broad-spectrum fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitor futibatinib. This review briefly describes the discovery background, research and development process, synthesis routes and clinical efficacy and safety of small molecule kinase modulators approved by the FDA in 2022, hoping to provide ideas and methods for further research on kinase modulators.

Synthesis and biological activities of chlorin e6-based conjugate of fluorouracil as dual-mode antitumor photosensitizer / 药学实践杂志

Objective To design and synthesize the conjugate (compound 1) of chlorin e6 (compound 3) with fluorouracil (5-Fu) as novel pH-responsive dual-mode antitumor photosensitizer by acyl hydrazone bond coupling, based on literature reports that combination of 5-Fu and photosensitizer possess synergistic anti-tumor effect, and investigate its photodynamic antitumor activity and mechanism. Methods Lead compound 3 was obtained by alkali degradation with 25% KOH-CH3OH on pheophorbide a (compound 4) which was prepared through acid hydrolysis of chlorophyll a in crude chlorophyll extracts from silkworm excrement. Reflux reaction of 5-Fu with P2S5 in pyridine formed crude 4-thio-5-fluorouracil which was followed to react with hydrazine hydrate (N2H4·H2O) in CH3OH to give 5-fluorouracil-4-hydrazone (compound 2). Then, treatment of compound 3 i.e. acid alkali degradation product of chlorophyll a in silkworm excrement with EDC·HCl generated its 171- and 152 cyclic anhydride which was followed to directly react with intermediate compound 2 to successfully get title compound 1. In addition, its pH-responsive 5-Fu release and photodynamic antitumor activity and their mechanisms in vitro were investigated. Results Compound 1 could responsively release 5-Fu at pH 5.0, with a cumulative release rate of 60.3% within 24 h. It exhibited much higher phototoxicity against melanoma B16-F10 and liver cancer HepG2 cells than talaporfin and its precursor compound 3, with IC50 value being 0.73 μmol/L for B16-F10 cells and 0.90 μmol/L for HepG2 cells, respectively. Upon light irradiation, it also could significantly induce cell apoptosis and intracellular ROS level and block cell cycle in S phase. Its structure was confirmed by UV, 1H-NMR, ESI-MS and elemental analysis data. Conclusion The conjugate compound 1 of compound 3 and 5-Fu has the advantages of strong PDT anticancer activity, high therapeutic index (i.e. dark toxicity/phototoxicity ratio) and responsively release 5-Fu at pH 5.0 etc. which shows “unimolecular” dual antitumor effects of PDT and chemotherapy and is worthy of further research and development.

Methodology for the Development of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chinese Patent Medicine（Part 4）： Evidence Retrieval and Evaluation / 中医杂志

The retrieval and evaluation of evidence is the basis for the development of clinical practice guidelines for Chinese patent medicine. As traditional Chinese medicine has a different development trajectory and utilization characteristics from modern medicine， there is certain differences in terms of evidence composition， retrieval and integration.This paper discussed multi-source body of evidence on Chinese patent medicine based on modern evidence-based medicine and ancient medical literature， and summarized the retrieval strategy as well as the possible problems and solving methods. For different types of evidence on Chinese patent medicine， the corresponding evaluation tools have been recommended， and the order to integrate the evidence based on the quality of the evidence from high to low is suggested. Finally， a multi-source based evidence retrieval-evaluation-integration scheme for Chinese patent medicine has been formed， which will provide a methodological reference for practitioners in the development of clinical practice guidelines for Chinese patent medicine.

Evolution of chemistry and selection technology for DNA-encoded library

DNA-encoded chemical library (DEL) links the power of amplifiable genetics and the non-self-replicating chemical phenotypes, generating a diverse chemical world. In analogy with the biological world, the DEL world can evolve by using a chemical central dogma, wherein DNA replicates using the PCR reactions to amplify the genetic codes, DNA sequencing transcripts the genetic information, and DNA-compatible synthesis translates into chemical phenotypes. Importantly, DNA-compatible synthesis is the key to expanding the DEL chemical space. Besides, the evolution-driven selection system pushes the chemicals to evolve under the selective pressure, i.e., desired selection strategies. In this perspective, we summarized recent advances in expanding DEL synthetic toolbox and panning strategies, which will shed light on the drug discovery harnessing in vitro evolution of chemicals via DEL.

The ERF transcription factor LTF1 activates DIR1 to control stereoselective synthesis of antiviral lignans and stress defense in Isatis indigotica roots

Lignans are a powerful weapon for plants to resist stresses and have diverse bioactive functions to protect human health. Elucidating the mechanisms of stereoselective biosynthesis and response to stresses of lignans is important for the guidance of plant improvement. Here, we identified the complete pathway to stereoselectively synthesize antiviral (-)-lariciresinol glucosides in Isatis indigotica roots, which consists of three-step sequential stereoselective enzymes DIR1/2, PLR, and UGT71B2. DIR1 was further identified as the key gene in respoJanuary 2024nse to stresses and was able to trigger stress defenses by mediating the elevation in lignan content. Mechanistically, the phytohormone-responsive ERF transcription factor LTF1 colocalized with DIR1 in the cell periphery of the vascular regions in mature roots and helped resist biotic and abiotic stresses by directly regulating the expression of DIR1. These systematic results suggest that DIR1 as the first common step of the lignan pathway cooperates with PLR and UGT71B2 to stereoselectively synthesize (-)-lariciresinol derived antiviral lignans in I. indigotica roots and is also a part of the LTF1-mediated regulatory network to resist stresses. In conclusion, the LTF1-DIR1 module is an ideal engineering target to improve plant Defenses while increasing the content of valuable lignans in plants.

¿Cuáles son las medidas de aislamiento implementadas a nivel internacional tras el término de la emergencia de salud pública de importancia internacional por COVID-19?: síntesis rápida de evidencia: experiencias internacionales / What are the isolation measures implemented at the international level, after the end of the public health emergency of international concern by COVID-19?: rapid evidence synthesis: international experiences

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVO Tras 3 años de pandemia, la OMS ha declarado que el COVID-19 no constituye una Emergencia de Salud Pública de Importancia Internacional. En Chile, la Comisión Nacional de Respuesta Pandémica del Ministerio de Salud se ha propuesto reevaluar las medidas de aislamiento y las licencias laborales de casos positivos por COVID-19, para lo cual ha solicitado la presente Síntesis Rápida de Evidencia. METODOLOGÍA Para analizar las indicaciones internacionales de aislamiento de casos positivos de COVID-19 y la correspondiente licencia médica, se definieron las siguientes preguntas orientadoras: ¿Cuántos días de aislamiento se recomiendan para casos positivos de COVID-19?; ¿El aislamiento es obligatorio para los casos positivos de COVID-19?; ¿Cuáles son las indicaciones de cuidado de los casos positivos de COVID-19?; y ¿Cuáles son los criterios para entregar licencia médica a trabajadores que resulten positivos de COVID-19?. Selección de países de interés. Para definir los países de interés, se utilizó el Ranking de Resiliencia de COVID, el cual los jerarquiza en función de su desempeño y logros durante la pandemia. Este ranking se basa en 11 indicadores. Los países seleccionados fueron: Irlanda; Noruega; Arabia Saudita; Dinamarca; Países Bajos; Australia; Suiza; Colombia; Singapur; Bélgica; Israel; y Alemania. Se buscó información exclusivamente en las páginas web oficiales y en documentos elaborados por instituciones gubernamentales. RESULTADO - De los 12 países revisados, 10 no establecen el aislamiento como obligatorio para los casos positivos de COVID-19. - Colombia y Arabia Saudita mantienen indicaciones de aislamiento obligatorio a mayo del 2023, estableciendo periodos de 7 y de 7 a 21 días, respectivamente. - Ocho de los países actualizaron sus indicaciones de aislamiento durante el primer semestre del año 2023.

¿Cuál es el periodo de infección de la variante ómicron del SARS-CoV-2?: síntesis rápida de evidencia / What is the infection period of the omicron variant of SARS-Cov-2?: rapid evidence synthesis

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVO Tras 3 años de pandemia, la OMS ha declarado que el COVID-19 no constituye una Emergencia de Salud Pública de Importancia Internacional. En Chile, la Comisión Nacional de Respuesta Pandémica del Ministerio de Salud se ha propuesto reevaluar las medidas de aislamiento y las licencias laborales de casos positivos por COVID-19, para lo cual ha solicitado la presente Síntesis Rápida de Evidencia. METODOLOGÍA Se realizó una estrategia de búsqueda amplia en EMBASE y MEDLINE, a través de OVID, y una búsqueda específica en GOOGLE, sin filtrar por estudios primarios o secundarios. Se identificaron 2.128 referencias, de las cuales se incluyeron 3 estudios tras eliminar los duplicados y aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Se utiliza la metodología de la certeza de evidencia GRADE. RESULTADOS Se describen normativas de 12 países - La variante ómicron tiene un periodo medio de contagio de 3,6 días, IC 95%: 3,5 a 6,6 días (certeza de la evidencia alta). - El 81% de los contagios ocurren antes del 5to día desde el inicio de síntomas (certeza de la evidencia alta). - No se identificó evidencia respecto al impacto del aislamiento obligatorio en la morbi-mortalidad asociada al COVID-19, en los estudios incluidos.

Ecological and biological patterns of stream fish studies from the Piracicaba-CapivariJundiaí Basin (PCJ Basin, SP) assessed through a systematic review / Padrões ecológicos e biológicos de estudos de peixes de riachos da Bacia PiracicabaCapivari-Jundiaí (Bacia PCJ, SP) avaliados por meio de uma revisão sistemática

Tropical streams are among the most threatened ecosystems in the world. As such, studies carried out and compiled over spatial and temporal scales can provide useful information to examine patterns of species diversity and threats to their survival. Here we conducted a systematic review of published research on biological and ecological aspects of stream fish fauna found in the Piracicaba-Capivari-Jundiaí Basin, an industrial watershed of São Paulo State. We aimed to detect main patterns, trends and gaps in studies related to species composition, distribution, spatial and temporal scales, as well as in the covered topics. Results were related to main land uses, biomes and Conservation Units. A constant increase in published articles occurred from 2003 until 2016 with an average of 1.8 articles/year. Twenty-six publications were considered for the present study, reporting on fish samples obtained in 67 sites and resulting in 89 species. A high proportion of studies were concentrated in the Corumbataí sub-basin, and rarefaction curves indicated that stream fish richness in the PCJ Basin may be considerably higher than that shown by the actual numbers. Basin studies were unevenly distributed and did do not include such highly preserved areas as the Camanducaia, Jaguari and Jundiaí sub-basins. We emphasize the importance of further surveys in these regions, as well as in high priority conservation areas, which may lead to new insights for developing appropriate conservation strategies for this basin.

Riachos tropicais estão entre os ecossistemas mais ameaçados do mundo e a compilação de estudos temporais e espaciais pode fornecer informações úteis para examinar padrões de diversidade de espécies e ameaças nesses sistemas. Realizamos uma revisão sistemática das pesquisas publicadas sobre aspectos biológicos e ecológicos da ictiofauna de riachos da bacia do Piracicaba-Capivari-Jundiaí, uma bacia industrial do Estado de São Paulo. O objetivo foi detectar os principais padrões, tendências e lacunas em estudos relacionados à composição, distribuição de espécies, escalas espaciais, temporais e temas abordados. Os resultados foram relacionados aos principais usos do solo, biomas e Unidades de Conservação. Foi verificado um aumento constante de artigos entre 2003 e 2016, com média de 1,8 artigos/ano. Vinte e seis publicações foram consideradas para o estudo, que indicaram 67 locais amostrados, e o registro de 89 espécies. Uma alta proporção deles concentrou-se na sub-bacia de Corumbataí e curvas de rarefação indicaram que a riqueza de peixes de riacho na bacia do PCJ deve ser consideravelmente maior do que os números atuais. A distribuição desigual de estudos na bacia, que não inclui áreas altamente preservadas como as sub-bacias de Camanducaia, Jaguari e Jundiaí, enfatiza a necessidade de se obter mais informações nessas regiões, bem como em áreas de conservação de alta prioridade. Novas abordagens relacionadas a conceitos e teorias ecológicas em estudos futuros poderão fornecer informações que ajudem a desenvolver estratégias de conservação adequadas para esta bacia.

¿Qué intervenciones se han realizado en el sistema de salud con impacto en las atenciones de morbilidad y urgencia en APS?: síntesis rápida de evidencia / What interventions have been carried out in the health system with an impact on morbidity and emergency care in PHC?: rapid evidence synthesis

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVO En Chile la atención primaria de salud (APS) cuenta con un servicio de urgencia (SAPU) y los Servicios de Atención Primaria de Urgencia de Alta Resolutividad (SAR) que ofrecen atenciones de emergencia de baja complejidad durante el horario no hábil. Estos servicios se suelen utilizar como sustituto de la atención de morbilidad, significando que el beneficiario recibe solo una atención por el episodio agudo, sin considerar la continuidad de los servicios de APS. En este contexto, la División de Atención Primaria (DIVAP) solicita esta síntesis de evidencia, con el objetivo de conocer las intervenciones realizadas en el sistema de salud que tienen impacto en el número de atenciones de urgencia y morbilidad de la atención primaria. METODOLOGÍA Se formuló una estrategia de búsqueda para ser utilizada en las bases de datos MEDLINE, EMBASE y en Epistemonikos, con fecha 06 de marzo. Se incluyen documentos que contemplen intervenciones realizadas en APS, en el sistema de salud, que reporten efecto en la atención de urgencia y ambulatoria. Se excluyen intervenciones que reportan impacto en contextos hospitalarios, estudios enfocados en la percepción y razones sobre el uso de urgencias en APS. RESULTADOS Se recuperaron 13 revisiones sistemáticas -Se han propuesto diferentes modelos de organización de la atención para enfrentar la problemática de consultas fuera del horario en atención primaria. Solo 2 de estos modelos reportan resultados en el número de atención de morbilidad y fuera de horario en APS. -No se encontraron RS enfocadas en el impacto de la calidad de la atención de morbilidad ni fuera de horario en APS. -Las intervenciones identificadas que miden el impacto en atención fuera de horario en APS corresponden a educación, programas clínicos e intervenciones a nivel de sistema. -Las intervenciones que miden el impacto en la atención de morbilidad corresponden a triage en el horario de extensión de APS e intervenciones a nivel de sistema. -La mayoría de las intervenciones encontradas se centran en intervenciones o cambios en el sistema de salud realizadas durante la década de 1990 y 2000 en países europeos como Países Bajos y el Reino Unido.

¿Qué intervenciones se han realizado en el sistema de salud con impacto en las atenciones de morbilidad y urgencia en APS?: síntesis rápida de evidencia / What interventions have been implemented in the health health system with an impact on morbidity and emergency care in PHC?: rapid evidence synthesis

A nivel de atención primaria, Chile cuenta con un servicio de urgencia (SAPU) y Servicios de Atención Primaria de Urgencia de Alta Resolutividad (SAR) que ofrecen atenciones de emergencia de baja complejidad durante el horario no hábil. En muchas ocasiones, estos servicios se utilizan como sustituto de la atención de morbilidad, lo que significa que el beneficiario recibe solo una atención por el episodio agudo, sin considerar la continuidad e integralidad de los servicios de APS.

¿Cuál es el efecto de la actividad docente asistencial en establecimientos formadores en comparación con establecimientos no formadores sobre la productividad asistencial y la satisfacción usuaria?: síntesis rápida de evidencia / What is the effect of the teaching assistance activity in training establishments compared to non-training establishments on assistance productivity and non-user satisfaction?: rapid evidence synthesis

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVO En Chile la relación asistencial-docente (RAD) está regulada por la norma técnica N°254. La RAD se define como un vínculo estratégico y de largo plazo, que une al Sector Público de salud con instituciones de educación superior. Ésta tiene como objetivo formar y disponer de profesionales y técnicos competentes para satisfacer las necesidades de salud de la población, beneficiando la calidad de atención que reciben los usuarios del Sistema Nacional de Salud (SNSS). En esta norma, se considera a la RAD como un eje estratégico para el sistema de salud. En este contexto el departamento de Formación, Capacitación y Educación Continua ha solicitado el desarrollo de una síntesis de evidencia, con el objetivo de conocer el efecto que tiene la formación académica sobre la productividad asistencial, y de esta manera entregar información actualizada y relevante para el proyecto de ley que regula la RAD. METODOLOGÍA Se buscaron revisiones sistemáticas que respondieron la pregunta en las bases de datos MEDLINE y EMBASE a través de OVID y en Epistemonikos, con fecha 01 de marzo. Se utiliza la metodología de la certeza de evidencia GRADE. Se incluyen estudios que evalúen la relación docente-asistencial sobre parámetros de productividad o satisfacción usuaria. Se excluyen estudios que evaluaron el efecto sobre educación al usuario, producción en investigación o percepciones de profesionales de salud, sobre el efecto de la educación virtual o de simulación y estudios de RAD exclusivo en pasantías internacionales. RESULTADOS La cantidad de revisiones sistemáticas recuperadas fueron 2, de las que se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: - Existe alta incertidumbre de la evidencia sobre el efecto de la RAD en desenlaces de productividad o satisfacción usuaria. - De manera general, los datos sugieren que no habría diferencias importantes en la atención o satisfacción usuaria, cuando hay o no presencia de estudiantes. - La docencia asistencial es considerada fundamental para la capacitación y formación de recursos humanos en salud, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional.

En casos de escabiosis ¿Cuál es la efectividad de tratar farmacológicamente al grupo familiar y contactos comunitarios versus tratar solo al grupo familiar?: síntesis rápida de evidencia / In cases of scabies, what is the effectiveness of pharmacologically treating the family group and community contacts versus treating only the family group?: rapid evidence synthesis

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVO La escabiosis tiene una prevalencia estimada en 200 millones de personas alrededor del mundo. Su tratamiento consiste en alternativas de uso tópico y administración oral. Sin embargo, la prevención de contagios se dificulta cuando la escabiosis es endémica, ya que las condiciones de higiene y de hacinamiento favorecen la reinfección incluso cuando los contactos familiares han sido tratados previamente. Considerando lo anterior, ha cobrado relevancia como estrategia de control de la escabiosis, la administración masiva de medicamentos, que consiste en la administración del agente farmacológico a comunidades completas, independiente de si las personas presentan o no la enfermedad. En este contexto, el Departamento de Enfermedades Transmisibles ha solicitado el desarrollo de una síntesis de evidencia, con el objetivo de informar sobre el efecto que puede tener tratar a la comunidad versus solo a los contactos familiares. METODOLOGÍA Se formuló una estrategia de búsqueda para ser utilizada en las bases de datos MEDLINE y EMBASE a través de OVID y en Epistemonikos, Pubmed, BEIC, JBI y BVS con fecha 23 enero 2023. Se utiliza la metodología de la certeza de evidencia GRADE. Se incluyen documentos que aborden a la población general, el efecto de tratar farmacológicamente a contactos versus contactos comunitarios en Sarna/Escabiosis, outcomes de infección o reinfección. Se excluyen estudios que comparen la efectividad de medicamentos. RESULTADOS La cantidad de revisiones sistemáticas recuperadas fueron 2, de las que se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados - No se encontró evidencia que respondiera directamente a la pregunta por lo que se incluyeron estudios que evaluaban la efectividad de la Administración Masiva de Medicamentos. - No es posible establecer el efecto de tratar a los contactos comunitarios y familia sobre la prevalencia de escabiosis en comparación al tratamiento solo al grupo familiar, debido a que la certeza de la evidencia existente es muy baja. - La escasa evidencia identificada proviene de contextos endémicos de escabiosis, de comunidades pequeñas y aisladas por lo que la aplicabilidad de la evidencia a un contexto más amplio habría que evaluarla con precaución.

¿Cuál es la efectividad de las medidas ambientales para el manejo de escabiosis para prevenir el contagio o la reinfección en la población general?: síntesis rápida de evidencia / How effective are environmental measures for scabies management in preventing infection or reinfection in the general population?: rapid evidence synthesis

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVO La escabiosis, popularmente conocida como sarna, es un cuadro parasitario categorizado como una enfermedad desatendida. Se estima que a nivel mundial existen más de 100 millones de personas con esta enfermedad. Suele ser más susceptible en personas inmunocomprometidas o quienes viven en condiciones de hacinamiento o poco sanitizados, ambiente propicio para el parásito. Existen distintas estrategias para el manejo de brotes por escabiosis, entre las que se encuentran medidas de prevención no farmacológicas llamadas también ambientales, que pueden servir para la prevención de la diseminación de la enfermedad y reinfección. En este contexto, el Departamento de Enfermedades Transmisibles ha solicitado el desarrollo de una síntesis de evidencia con el objetivo de conocer las medidas ambientales y su potencial efectividad en el control de brotes y prevención de infección. METODOLOGÍA Se formuló una estrategia de búsqueda para ser utilizada en las bases de datos MEDLINE y EMBASE a través de OVID y en Epistemonikos y Pubmed, con fecha 12 enero 2023. Se utiliza la metodología de da certeza de evidencia GRADE. Se incluyen documentos que contemplen efectos de medidas ambientales, Sarna/Escabiosis, y en la población general. Se excluyen documentos que aborden otras enfermedades y medidas farmacológicas. RESULTADOS La cantidad de revisiones sistemáticas recuperadas fueron 2, de las cuales se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados -La evidencia sobre medidas ambientales para el tratamiento de escabiosis no se han evaluado por sí solas, pero sí han sido consideradas como coadyuvantes de los tratamientos farmacológicos para la escabiosis. - Con moderada certeza de la evidencia, se observa que incorporar programas educativos de higiene personal, podría contribuir en disminuir la prevalencia de escabiosis en escolares. - Existe incertidumbre de la evidencia sobre el efecto de la incorporación de programas de detección temprana (screening), sobre la prevalencia de escabiosis durante periodos de 7 meses a 5 años en población rural e indígena.

Keratinase mediated fabrication and partial characterization of gold nanoparticles and its antibacterial potential

Keratinase is mainly involved in recycling of keratin waste. Of late, researchers extended its application to nanotechnology. In the present study, we have made an attempt to fabricate and characterize gold nanoparticles using crude keratinase enzyme from Serratia ficaria and also study their biological application, particularly antibacterial activity. The formation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was first verified by UV-Visible Spectroscopy. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of responsible secondary metabolites for stabilization of nanoparticles. The morphological characteristics and particle size of synthesized nanoparticles were analyzed. The AuNPs showed significant antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. The highest radical scavenging activity, 60.62% for AuNPs was observed at 500 µg/mL. Results of this study reveals significance of keratinase application in nano-based biological applications.

Design, synthesis, and activity of 5-cyano-2-thiacetyl aromatic pyrimidinone as DENV NS5 RdRp inhibitors / 药学学报

To screen novel anti-dengue virus (DENV) NS5 RdRp enzyme inhibitors, a series of 5-cyano-2-thiacetoaryl pyrimidinone compounds were designed and synthesized by molecular hybridization method with HCV NS5B RdRp inhibitor 3jc and ZIKV NS5 RdRp inhibitor 4w as lead compounds. The anti-DENV activity of these compounds was evaluated by MTT assay and plaque assay and five compounds showed anti-DENV activity. The most active compound 7a'k showed better anti-DENV activity than that of the positive control ribavirin (EC50 = 7.86 μmol·L-1 vs EC50 = 18.07 μmol·L-1), and the other four compounds showed almost the same anti-DENV activity as ribavirin. Finally, the prediction and simulation of the binding mode through molecular provided new ideas for the further development of this new DENV NS5 RdRp inhibitor.

Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles from Sophora flavescens extract and their antibacterial effect against some pathogenic bacteria

Aims@#The current study was aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of biogenic synthesized golden nanoparticles from Sophora flavescens Aiton roots aqueous extract against multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical bacterial isolates.@*Methodology and results@#The green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was accomplished using S. flavescens roots aqueous extract and examined using many accepted techniques. The antibacterial activity of S. flavescens extract and the aqueous AuNPs at concentrations (7% and 9%) ppm were investigated against two clinical MDR bacteria, including Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The findings demonstrate inhibitory activity against the selected MDR bacterial isolates for the aqueous extract of S. flavescens and the aqueous AuNPs noted by the significant decrease in the number of bacteria after treatment with highly significant differences (P≤0.01) compared to the untreated control.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#Sophora flavescens root extracts and their biosynthesized AuNPs with antibacterial activity may find broad applications in fighting MDR pathogenic bacteria and therapeutic manufacturing.