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Los terremotos de Turquía y Siria tuvieron lugar el 6 de febrero del 2023. El primer sismo ocurrió a 34 km al oeste de la Ciudad de Gaziantep a las 04:17 am hora local, con una magnitud de Mw 7.8 y una intensidad Mercalli máxima de XI. Hubo daños generalizados y decenas de miles de muertos. Al menos 52 000 personas murieron, 118, 626 resultaron heridos sin complicaciones de muerte y 2, 4 millones fueron desplazadas. La ayuda nacional e internacional no se hizo esperar. En este trabajo mostramos, de forma gráfica, como un grupo de la brigada médica Henry Reeve de Cuba, especialmente el equipo quirúrgico, brinda su apoyo solidario en las áreas afectadas por el sismo específicamente en el Hospital de Kahramanmarash.
The earthquakes in Turkey and Syria occurred on February 6, 2023. The first earthquake occurred 34 km west of Gaziantep City at 04:17 am local time, with a magnitude of Mw 7.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI. There was widespread damage and tens of thousands of deaths. At least 52,000 people died, 118,626 were injured without fatal complications, and 2.4 million were displaced. National and international aid did not wait. In this work we show, graphically, how a group of the Henry Reeve medical brigade of Cuba, especially the surgical team, offers its solidarity support in the areas affected by the earthquake, specifically in the Kahramanmarash Hospital.
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Abstract Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are among the important causes of mortality and morbidity in childhood. Early diagnosis and treatment of the underlying primary disease may prevent most of CKD patients from progressing to ESRD. There is no study examining chronic kidney diseases and dialysis modalities in Syrian immigrant children. We aimed to retrospectively research the etiologic, sociodemographic, and clinical factors in CKD among Syrian refugee children, and at the same time, to compare the clinical characteristics of patients with ESRD on peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis. Methods: Our study included a total of 79 pediatric Syrian patients aged from 2-16 years monitored at Hatay State Hospital pediatric nephrology clinic with diagnosis of various stages of CKD and with ESRD. Physical-demographic features and clinical-laboratory information were retrospectively screened. Results: The most common cause of CKD was congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tracts (CAKUT) (37.9%). Other causes were urolitiasis (15.1%), nephrotic syndrome (10.1%), spina bifida (8.8%), hemolytic uremic syndrome (7.5%), and glomerulonephritis (7.5%). Twenty-five patients used hemodialysis due to bad living conditions. Only 2 of the patients with peritoneal dialysis were using automatic peritoneal dialysis (APD), with 5 using continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Long-term complications like left ventricle hypertrophy and retinopathy were significantly higher among hemodialysis patients. There was no difference identified between the groups in terms of hypertension and sex. Conclusion: Progression to ESRD due to preventable reasons is very frequent among CKD patients. For more effective use of peritoneal dialysis in pediatric patients, the responsibility of states must be improved.
Resumo Histórico: Doença renal crônica (DRC) e doença renal em estágio terminal (DRET) estão entre as causas importantes de mortalidade e morbidade na infância. Diagnóstico precoce e tratamento da doença primária subjacente podem evitar que a maioria dos pacientes com DRC progrida para DRET. Não há estudos examinando doenças renais crônicas e modalidades de diálise em crianças imigrantes sírias. Visamos pesquisar retrospectivamente fatores etiológicos, sociodemográficos e clínicos na DRC entre crianças refugiadas sírias e, ao mesmo tempo, comparar características clínicas de pacientes com DRET em diálise peritoneal e hemodiálise. Métodos: Nosso estudo incluiu 79 pacientes pediátricos sírios com idades entre 2-16 anos monitorados na clínica de nefrologia pediátrica, Hospital Estadual de Hatay, com diagnóstico de vários estágios de DRC e com DRET. Características físico-demográficas e informações clínico-laboratoriais foram examinadas retrospectivamente. Resultados: A causa mais comum de DRC foram anomalias congênitas dos rins e trato urinário (CAKUT) (37,9%). Outras causas foram urolitíase (15,1%), síndrome nefrótica (10,1%), espinha bífida (8,8%), síndrome hemolítico-urêmica (7,5%), e glomerulonefrite (7,5%). 25 pacientes fizeram hemodiálise devido às más condições de vida. Apenas 2 dos pacientes em diálise peritoneal estavam usando diálise peritoneal automatizada (DPA), com 5 em diálise peritoneal ambulatorial contínua (DPAC). Complicações em longo prazo, como hipertrofia do ventrículo esquerdo e retinopatia, foram significativamente maiores entre pacientes em hemodiálise. Não identificou-se diferença entre grupos em termos de hipertensão e sexo. Conclusão: Progressão para DRET devido a razões evitáveis é muito frequente entre pacientes com DRC. Para utilização mais eficaz de diálise peritoneal em pacientes pediátricos, a responsabilidade dos estados deve ser aprimorada.
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Abstract Background: Turkey is the leading refugee-hosting country in the world. However, there are few studies which investigate mental wellbeing of refugee children in Turkey. Objective: The paper aims to examine the prevalence of emotional and behavioural problems and associated risk factors among Syrian refugee minors in Turkey. Methods: The research involved 85 students from 2 th to 8 th grades. We investigated emotional and behavioural problems with parent-reported Arabic form of Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Socio-demographical findings and children's war-related experiences were also examined. Results: The study sample consisted of 49 (63.6%) girls, and 28 (36.4%) boys (total 77) from age 7 to 17. Average time after resettlement was 29.8 ± 11.2 (5 to 50 months) months. 66 (85.7%) children reported to had lost at least one familiar person due to the war. The mean experienced war-related traumatic events were calculated as 2.92 ± 1.86. Total difficulty scores of 30 (39.0%) children were above the cut off values. The rates of children whose SDQ problem scores exceeded the cut-off values were as high as 45.5% (35) for Emotional problems, 64.9% (50) for Peer, 27.3% (21) for conduct and 19.5% (15) for Hyperactivity problems. Discussion: Results indicate high prevalence rates of severe traumatic experiences and possible psychiatric disorders among child survivors of Syrian war which in its seventh year now.
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O conflito sírio gerou, até julho de 2016, 4,8 milhões de deslocados em países vizinhos (Iraque, Egito, Jordânia, Líbano e Turquia) e 900 mil na Europa. Internamente, 6,6 milhões de pessoas encontram-se deslocadas. Conforme o Alto Comissariado das Nações Unidas para Refugiados (ACNUR), 3 em cada 4 sírios vive abaixo da linha da pobreza. A guerra na Síria completou em 2016, 5 anos, e não vê perspectiva de apaziguamento e reestabelecimento da paz. Diante da maior crise de refugiados do nosso tempo, este artigo propõe analisar, de um lado, a internacionalização do conflito sírio e os motivos que levaram a um crescimento no número de refugiados internacionais, bem como os problemas por esses enfrentados em sua região e no continente europeu; e, de outro lado, a posição do Brasil como baluarte de uma política mais aberta ao recebimento de refugiados, visto ser o primeiro país das Américas a adotar procedimento especial que agilizou a concessão de vistos aos sírios. Tal procedimento deu-se através da resolução normativa número 17 do CONARE (Comitê Nacional para Refugiados), de 20/09/2013, o qual confere o visto humanitário a solicitantes oriundos da República Árabe da Síria, com fundamento em razões humanitárias. A resolução vigorou pelo prazo de 2 (dois) anos, sendo renovada, por igual período, em 21/09/2015 (Resolução Normativa CONARE nº 20). Assim, até 21/09/2017, tal resolução permanece em vigor. No desenvolvimento da presente análise, questiona-se a postura do Estado brasileiro e a efetividade de tal procedimento, analisando-se as diferenças entre o status de refugiado respaldado pelo Estatuto dos Refugiados (Lei 9.474/1997) e o visto por razões humanitárias, concedido aos indivíduos afetados pelo conflito da República Árabe da Síria.
The Syrian conflict has generated, until July 2016, 4.8 million displaced people in neighboring countries (Iraq, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey) and 900,000 in Europe. Internally, 6.6 million people are displaced. According to the High Commissioner of the United Nations for Refugees (UNHCR), 3 out of 4 Syrians live below the poverty line. The war in Syria completed in 2016, five years, and dont see the perspective of reestablishment of peace. Facing the greatest crisis of our time refugees, this article aims to analyze, on the one hand, the internationalization of the Syrian conflict and the reasons that led to an increase in the number of international refugees and the problems those faced in the region and the European continent; and on the other hand, Brazil's position as a bulwark of a more open policy on receiving refugees, as it is the first country in the Americas to adopt special procedures that facilitated the granting of visas to Syrians. This procedure was made through the normative resolution number 17 of CONARE (National Committee for Refugees) of 09.20.2013, which provides humanitarian visa to applicants coming from the Syrian Arab Republic, based on humanitarian grounds. The resolution was launched for a period of two (2) years, and renewed for an equal period, on 21.09.2015 (Normative Resolution CONARE No. 20). So until 09/21/2017 such resolution remains in force. In the development of this analysis, it questions the position of the Brazilian state and the effectiveness of such a procedure, analyzing the differences between the refugee status supported by the Status of Refugees (Law 9.474 / 1997) and the visa on humanitarian grounds, granted individuals affected by the conflict of the Arab Republic of Syria.
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Humanos , Emigración e Inmigración , Migración Humana , MigrantesRESUMEN
This work investigated the genetic diversity and relationships among Capparis species growing in Syria using IRAP and ISSR techniques. Forty-seven samples of three Capparis species genotypes were collected from 21 different locations in Syria. The genotypes were morphologically identified based on the descriptions available in the literature. When IRAP technique was used, an average of 71.5% of the amplified fragments were polymorphic compared to 82.04% in ISSR. Morphological characterization along with the cluster and PCoA analyses of the data divided the studied genotypes into three groups. The groups included genotypes identified as Capparis spinosa L, C. sicula Duh., and C. aegyptia Lam. Based on the morphological description, molecular studies and statistical analyses of this study, C. aegyptia could be suggested as a separate species and not a varietal rank of C. spinosa (C. spinosa var. aegyptia (Lam.). Two samples (Alep1 and Idl) were not placed in any of the three distinctive groups, despite their closeness morphologically to C. spinosa. In PCoA analysis, sample Alep1 came between C. sicula and C. spinosa and Idl was placed between C. sicula and C. aegyptia. Although hybridization between Capparis species could occur, it was not clear from the present study if these two genotypes were hybrids.
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Background: Exclusive breastfeeding is the situation where the infant has received only breast milk from his/her mother for the first 6 months after birth. Research had found that factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding practices in different countries are varied. Little is known about exclusive breastfeeding in Syria. Objective: To identify factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding practices among mothers in Syria. Methodology: A cross-sectional study on feeding practices during the first 6 months of infant’s life was conducted in Lattakia City, the northwest of Syria from July through October 2012. A total sample of 334 Syrian mothers of infants aged between 0 and 12 months were studied on socio-demographic variables, reproductive factors, sources of breastfeeding support, and exclusive breastfeeding practices. Results: About 83.5% of mothers were breastfeeding at the time of the study. At 4 months, 68.6% (229) of mothers were still exclusively breastfeeding, and 18.6% (62) continued to do so at 5 months. By 6 months, the breastfeeding prevalence rate fell to 12.9% (43). Binary logistic analysis for mothers who exclusively breastfed at 6 months and more showed that mothers who received husbands’ (P=0.027) and relatives’ (P=0.007) advice not to add formula to breastfeeding were significantly associated with continuation of exclusive breastfeeding. Mothers of husbands with lower education (P=0.029) and mothers who did not smoke (P=0.002) were more likely to complete exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusions: By 6 months of age, a large ratio of infants was not exclusively breastfed. Lower husband education, smoker mothers, husbands’ and relatives’ advice not to add formula to breastfeeding were identified as significant factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding among mothers in the study area in Syria.
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INTRODUÇÃO: A artrite reumatoide (AR) é uma doença crônica multifatorial complexa. A importância do sistema de antígenos leucocitários humanos (HLA) como fator significativo de risco genético para AR foi estudada no mundo. Embora amplamente distribuídos em diferentes áreas na Síria, faltam estudos sobre o papel dos HLA. OBJETIVO: O objetivo de nosso estudo foi determinar a associação dos alelos HLA-DRB1 com a suscetibilidade a AR e sua gravidade na Síria. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Foram genotipados 86 pacientes com AR e 200 controles normais, usando-se reação em cadeia da polimerase com sequência de primer específico (PCR-SSP). Anticorpos anti-CCP foram determinados por ELISA. Fator reumatoide (FR), proteína C-reativa (PCR), velocidade de hemossedimentação (VHS) e o índice de atividade da doença (DAS-28) foram obtidos nos registros médicos e utilizados para avaliar a gravidade clínica dos pacientes. RESULTADOS: Os alelos HLA-DRB1 *01, *04 e *10 mostraram forte associação com suscetibilidade à doença (OR = 2,29, IC 95% = 1,11-4,75, P = 0,022; OR = 3,16, IC 95% = 2,08-4,8, P < 0,0001; e OR = 2,43, IC 95% = 1,07-5,51, P = 0,029, respectivamente), enquanto a frequência dos alelos HLA-DRB1 *11 e *13 foi significativamente mais baixa nos pacientes com AR do que nos controles (OR = 0,49, IC 95% = 0,3-0,8, P = 0,004; OR = 0,32, IC 95% = 0,15-0,69, P = 0,002, respectivamente). Os outros alelos HLA-DRB1 mostraram diferença significativa. A frequência dos anticorpos anti-CCP foi maior em pacientes epítopo compartilhado (EC) positivos do que em pacientes EC-negativos (OR = 5,5, IC 95% = 2-15,1, P = 0,00054). O índice DAS-28 de pacientes com AR não mostrou diferença significativa entre os grupos EC-negativo e EC-positivo. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados indicam que os alelos HLA-DRB1 *01, *04 e *10 estão relacionados com AR, enquanto os alelos HLA-DRB1 *11 e *13 protegem a população síria contra a AR.
INTRODUCTION: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex multifactorial chronic disease. The importance of human leukocyte antigen as a major genetic risk factor for RA was studied worldwide. Although it is widely distributed in different Syrian areas, studies of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles' role are absent. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to determine the association of HLA-DRB1 alleles with the susceptibility and severity of RA in Syria. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eightysix RA patients and 200 healthy controls from Syria were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction with sequencespecific primer (PCR-SSP). Anti-CCP antibodies were measured by ELISA. Rheumatoid factor (RF), C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and disease activity score 28 (DAS-28) values were obtained from patients' medical records. DAS-28 was used to assess the clinical severity of the patients. RESULTS: The HLA-DRB1*01, *04, and *10 frequencies showed a strong association with the disease susceptibility (OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.11-4.75, P = 0.022; OR = 3.16, 95% CI = 2.0 -4.8, P < 0.0001; OR = 2.43, 95% CI = 1.07-5.51, P = 0.029 respectively), while the frequencies of HLA-DRB1*11, and *13 were signifi cantly lower in RA patients than in controls (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.3-0.8, P = 0.004; OR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.15-0.69, P = 0.002, respectively). The other HLA-DRB1 alleles showed no signifi cant difference. The frequency of anti-CCP antibodies was higher in shared epitope (SE) positive patients compared with SE-negative patients (OR = 5.5, 95% CI = 2-15.1, P = 0.00054). DAS-28 of RA patients didn't show signifi cant difference between the SE negative and the SE positive groups. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that HLA-DRB1*01, *04, and *10 alleles are related with RA, while HLA-DRB1*11 and *13 protect against RA in the Syrian population.
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Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Artritis Reumatoide/genética , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Cadenas HLA-DRB1/genética , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Estudios de Casos y Controles , SiriaRESUMEN
Objective: To study immune tolerance state to heterologous- transplanted tumor of human stomach cancer in Syria Hamsters. Methods: Syria hamsters within 24 hous after bom were intraperitoneally inoculated primary BCC-823 cells of human stomach cancer to establish the tumor model.Lymphocyte transformation test and complement dependent cytotoxicity test were performed. Lymphocytic infiltration from host in tumor transplanted was observed.Some neonatal Syria Hamsers were intraperitoneally inoculated dead primary cells of human stomach cancer to induce immune tolerance, and then re-inoculated subcutaneously live cells at three-week age. Tumor growth was observed and its relationship to immune inhibitory factor secreted from the tumor transplanted was studied.Results:Tumor cells from transplantation failed to induce the lymphocyte transformation of tumor-carrying Syrian hamsters and the serum from tumor-carrying Syrian hamsters couldn't cause complement dependent cytotoxicity to tumor cells of transplantation.The infiltration of of lymphocyte from host was not found in the tumor transplanted.The re-inoculation with live human stomach cancer cells in Syria hamsters at three-week age succeeded in inducing tumor after immune tolerance was induced by inoculatin dead cells. Conclusion: The Syria hamster after the inoculation of tumor cells has produced specific immune tolerance to transplanted tumor.