RESUMEN
Introduction@#It is important to study old medical books written by the afore time doctors and deeply realize scientific based concepts in these books and understand the reference and deep meaning medical secret of the traditional doctors which are the basis of the traditional medical development of 21st century. The main research direction to address this issue is to study and develop traditional medicines. @*Goal@#The goal of the research is to study Biography and writing of Hambo Shivatso, and features of “Hundred thousand herbs of Tara”.@*Objectives@#</br> 1. To clarify biography of Khambo Shiva Tso </br> 2. To clarify contribution and scripts of Khambo Shiva Tso to Medicine. </br> 3. To identify some of advantages and individuality of “The hundred thousand herbs of Tara”. @*Materials and Methods@#We conducted the study by using original manuscript analysis, biographical research method, checklist method and analysis and synthesis method. We have used following materials as main resourse: “The hundred thousand herbs of Tara” which is “།སྒྲོལ་མ་སྔོ་འབུམ།” written by Khambo Shiva Tso in Tibetan-Chinese publishing was used as a main material and “The Wonderful Illumination To The Understanding Of Knowledge” by Jambaldorj, “Crystal rosary” by Danzanpuntsag, “White Crystal Dictionary Of Medicie” by Sumbe Khambo Ishbaljir and “Blue Annals” by Shonnupel Goy-Lotsava were used as an auxiliary material in current study. Furthermore, we used “Tibetan-Mongolian Medical dictionary” by Galsan.S and “Tibetan-Mongolian complex dictionary” for translating study materials from Tibetan. </br> We took a permission to conduct the current study from the National University of Inner Mongolia and the study subject and methods were confirmed. Due to the study was conducted by historical source method, in each and every citation we took from scripts, we put the author’s name to not infringe any copyright. @*Result@#</br> 1. The Khanchen Shiva Tso was born as a prince in 725 of Common era in Sakhor which is now Rewalsar at Himachal Pradesh, India. He spent his youth to study in Nalandra monastery. Furthermore, he was invited to Tibet by invitation of Tisron Devzan king in 767. He contributed to translate The Great Tibetan Buddhist sutra (Ganjur), main scripts of buddhism, Major and Minor ten scripts from Hindu to Tibetan. </br> 2. His creatures and scripts have become the fundament of all yoga types and meditation nowadays. In other words, his scripts made the beginning of non-drug therapy. And from“Hundred thousand herbs of Tara” we can know the Khambo Shiva Tso was owned great knowlegde regarding buddhist major and minor ten wisdoms, in particular pharmacology and nutrition.</br> 3. In “Hundred thousand herbs of Tara” script outer features, taste, medicinal usage of more than 200 herbs as well as the appropriate time of collecting and preparing these herbs were written comprehensively. Furthermore much more detailed explanations were written in this script and it is assumed that Mongolian scientist used these scripts for their creatures and books.@*Conclusion@#The Khambo Shiva Tso is popular scientist in Tibet and he wrote number of scripts and books regarding middle path, meditation and contributed to translate scripts from Sanskrit to Tibetan. The main creature he wrote by his own and made him to connect Medicine is the reference book “Hundred thousand herbs of Tara” which was about medicinal raw materials of herb, this is the most ancient reference book of pharmacology translated from Sanskrit to Tibetan.
RESUMEN
RESUMEN El endospermo de semilla de tara (EST) y polvo de las hojas de Agave americana (HAA) fueron evaluados como nuevas fuentes de fibra dietética teniendo como referencia al salvado de trigo (ST). Mediante experimentos in vitro se determinaron las propiedades funcionales y con experimentos in vivo, en ratas Holtzman, los efectos fisiológicos de las dietas alimentadas con 6% de fuente de fibra. El EST tuvo 32,2% de solubilidad; 45,0 g/g de capacidad de absorción; 47,9 g/g retención de agua y 46 ml/g de hinchamiento; valores significativamente superior al ST (p< 0,01). En cambio, el HAA presentó 6,38 g/g de capacidad de adsorción del aceite respecto al 5,27 del ST (p< 0,01). La dieta con EST, tuvieron 8,76% de grasa fecal, valor que supera al ST (p< 0,01). Sin embargo, no hubo efecto sobre el peso corporal de las ratas. El HAA incrementó el volumen fecal y redujo de 14,9 a 10,4 h el tiempo de tránsito intestinal (p< 0,01). El endospermo de semilla de tara, retiene la grasa de la dieta y la elimina a través de las heces; en cambio, el polvo de las hojas de Agave americana, reduce el tiempo de tránsito intestinal.
ABSTRACT The endosperm of tara seeds (EST) and powder from the leaves of Agave americana (HAA) were evaluated as new sources of dietary fiber, using wheat bran (ST) as a reference. In vitro experiments were carried out to determine functional properties and in vivo experiments were used to determine the physiological effects of fed Holtzman rats with diets with 6% of each fiber source. Endosperm of tara had 32.2% solubility, 45.0 and 47.9 g/g absorption and water retention capacity, respectively, and 46 ml/g swelling, values significantly higher than wheat bran (p< 0.01). On the other hand, Agave had higher adsorption capacity of oil than wheat bran (6.38 g/g vs. 5.27 g/g; p< 0.01). Diets with endosperm of tara, were 8.76% of fecal fat, a value that exceeded that of wheat bran (p< 0.01); however, there was no effect on body weight of the rats. Agave increased fecal volume and reduced (p< 0.01) intestinal transit time from 14.9 to 10.4 h. Endosperm of tara retained and eliminated fat from the diet through the feces; on the other hand, the powder of Agave leaves reduced intestinal transit time.
Asunto(s)
Semillas , Fibras de la Dieta , Alimentos Funcionales , Agave americana , FabaceaeRESUMEN
Objetivo. Determinar el efecto protector del extracto acuoso de las vainas de tara Caesalpinia spinosa (Molina) Kuntze, en la mucosa gástrica de animales de experimentación. Diseño. Experimental. Institución. Centro de Investigación de Bioquímica y Nutrición, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú. Material biológico. Extracto acuoso de las vainas de tara (EAVT) y 36 ratas albinas macho (217g ± 22 g). Intervenciones. Las ratas albinas previo ayuno de 24 h fueron divididas en 6 grupos: GI y GII, NaCl 0,9% a 20 mL/kg; GIII, GIV y GV, EAVT en dosis de 100, 400 y 800 mg/kg, respectivamente; y, GVI hidroflat 500 mg/kg. Una hora después, se provocó la injuria gástrica con etanol 70° para luego realizar la gastrectomía. Principales medidas de resultados. Porcentaje de protección de la mucosa, empleando el software ImageJ 1.48v, y para la actividad antioxidante el método 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidracil (DPPH). Resultados. El EAVT presentó compuestos fenólicos y taninos en mayor cantidad. Exhibió alta actividad antioxidante (IC50 = 1,12 ± 0,04 μg/mL). El mayor porcentaje de protección se observó a las dosis de 800 mg/kg (99,7%) y 400 mg/ kg (73,1%) p<0,01, lo cual fue confirmado por el análisis histopatológico. Conclusiones. El EAVT mostró actividad antioxidante y protectora en el modelo experimental de lesión gástrica inducida por etanol de 70°, de manera dosis dependiente.
Objective: To determine the protective effect of the aqueous extract of the pods of Caesalpinia spinosa (Molina) Kuntze "tara" in the gastric mucosa of experimental animals. Design: Experimental. Institution: Research Center on Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru. Biological material: Aqueous extract tara pods (AETP) and 36 albino male rats (217g ± 22 g). Interventions: After a 24-hour fast, the albino rats were divided into 6 groups: GI and GII, NaCl 0.9% to 20 mL/kg; GIII, GIV and GV, AETP at doses of 100, 400 and 800 mg/kg respectively; and GVI, Hidroflat 500 mg/kg. An hour later, gastric injury was caused with 70° ethanol and then gastrectomy was performed. Main outcome measures: Percentage of mucosal protection, using the software ImageJ 1.48v, and the antioxidant activity method 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Results: AETP presented tannins and phenolic compounds in large amounts. High antioxidant activity (IC50 = 1, 1 ± 0.04 μg/mL) was exhibited. The highest percentage of protection was observed at doses of 800 mg/kg (99; 7%) and 400 mg/kg (73; 1%), p<0, 01, confirmed by histopathological analysis. Conclusions: AETP exhibited antioxidant and protective activity in the experimental model of gastric injury induced by ethanol 70°, in a dose-dependent manner.
RESUMEN
El presente trabajo de investigación se ejecutó en los Laboratorios de la Escuela Profesional de Farmacia y Bioquímica de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad Nacional de San Cristóbal de Huamanga, en el Centro de Desarrollo, Análisis y Control de Calidad de Medicamentos y Fito medicamentos y se realizó con el objetivo de desarrollar una formulación de una crema a base del extracto atomizado .de Caesalpinia spinosa Malina Kuntze "Tara". Las muestras fueron recolectadas del distrito de Luricocha, provincia de Huanta del departamento de Ayacucho. Se desarrolló tres formulaciones de crema a base de extracto atomizado al 3%. Se realizó estudios de pre-estabilidad y estudio de estabilidad a largo y corto plazo durante un mes, durante eil cual se evaluó sus características organolépticas y fisicoquímicas, así como el porcentaje de ácido tánico por el método de Folin Ciocalteau. El extracto atomizado tuvo un olor característico, sabor amargo, es de colorbeige claro y tiene un aspecto de polvo fino homogéneo. Es muy soluble en agua, con pH es iguala 3,5 ± 0,06; con una humedad de 9,7%; cenizas 3,2%; un rendimiento de 11 ,89% y con un porcentaje de taninos de 79,84 ± 0,06%. La crema al 3%, elegida para el estudio estabilidad presentó un aspecto homogéneo, de color beis claro, astringente y sabor dulce, pH de 6.0. Del estudio de pre-estabilidad, la fórmula no presentó variación de sus características organolépticas después de su exposición a temperatura ambiente y a la luz, se mantuvo estable hasta los 30 días, a la exposición de temperatura de 30°C y 50°C, al cabo de este tiempo se observa la liberación de un líquido pardo. El pH varió de 5.86 a 5.80. Del estudio de estabilidad, durante un mes, no hubo variación estadísticamente significativa de los parámetros organolépticos, fisicoquímicos, ni en los porcentajes de ácido tánico. Del control de calidad microbiológico, la crema es estable. Por lo cual concluimos que la crema al 3% tiene buenos atributos de estabilidad.
Asunto(s)
Plantas Medicinales , Caesalpinia , Perú , FitoquímicosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a gum-containing thickener maintains its viscosity better during oral processing than a completely starch-based thickener. METHODS: Thirty-five healthy volunteers participated in a double-blind, cross-over study. Artificial tap water was thickened to honey-like consistency (effective viscosity of 1,300+/-100 mPa.s at a shear rate of 50 per second at 20degrees C) with a starch-based thickener (SB) or a gum-containing thickener (GC). Bolus viscosity was determined after standardized oral processing of the thickened water by the subjects for 10 and 20 seconds. Significant effects were determined by ANOVA analysis and pairwise comparisons. RESULTS: Both thickeners were susceptible to breakdown during oral processing. However, GC-thickened water retained its viscosity significantly better than SB-thickened water. CONCLUSION: The presence of gums has a protective effect on the starch hydrolysis by salivary amylase in thickened drinks, which may facilitate safer swallowing.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Amilasas , Estudios Cruzados , Deglución , Trastornos de Deglución , Encía , Voluntarios Sanos , Hidrólisis , Saliva , Almidón , Viscosidad , AguaRESUMEN
Objetivos: Comprobar la actividad antimicrobiana de tres biovariedades de tara frente a cepas de Staphylococcus aureus sensibles y resistentes a oxacilina. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, analítico. Institución: Instituto de Medicina Tropical Daniel A. Carrión, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú. Material biológico: Tres biovariedades de tara y cepas de Staphylococcus aureus. Intervenciones: Se evaluó 31 cepas de S. aureus oxacilina sensibles y 29 resistentes, aislados de muestras clínicas, frente a tres cocimientos de tara de las zonas de Huamanga, Huarochirí y Tarma. Se preparó el cocimiento de tara y se impregnó discos en blanco para utilizarlos como un antibiograma por disco difusión. Principales medidas de resultados: Diámetro de los halos de inhibición. Resultados: Los tres cocimientos presentaron actividad antimicrobiana frente a las cepas de Staphylococcus aureus; el cocimiento de Huamanga presentó mayor halo de inhibición frente a cepas sensibles y resistentes. El cocimiento de Huarochirí mostró mayor halo de inhibición en cepas oxacilino resistentes que sensibles; la diferencia fue significativa. El cocimiento de Huarochirí tuvo una actividad menor y fue significativa, frente a los cocimientos de Huamanga y Tarma. Conclusiones: El cocimiento de Huarochirí presentó menor actividad que los de Huamanga y de Tarma...
Objectives: To determine three taraÆs biovarieties antimicrobial activity against oxacillin sensitive and resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Design: Descriptive, prospective, analytical study. Setting: Instituto de Medicina Tropical Daniel A. Carrion, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru. Biologic material: Three tara biovarieties and Staphylococcus aureus strains. Interventions: Thirty-one S. aureus oxacillin-sensitive strains and 29 oxacillin-resistant strains isolated from clinical samples were studied against three tara varieties obtained in Huamanga, Huarochiri and Tarma. TaraÆs poaching was prepared and blank discs were soaked in to use as antibiogram by disc difussion. Main outcome measures: Inhibition halos diameter. Results: All three poachings showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus strains; HuamangaÆs poaching displayed larger inhibition halo against sensitive and resistant strains. HuarichiriÆs poaching showed significant larger inhibition halo in oxacillin-resistant strains than in sensitive ones. HuarochiriÆs poaching had less significant activity as compared with Huamanga and Tarma poachings. Conclusions: HuarochiriÆs poaching exhibited less activity compared with those from Huamanga and Tarma...