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The liver reserve function refers to the compensatory ability to maintain liver function after damage, providing implication for the resection of hepatic malignant tumor. Hepatobiliary scintigraphy imaging can provide quantitative evaluation of liver blood perfusion, and has advantages on the evaluation of liver reserve function and the prediction of postoperative complications. 99Tc m-galactosyl serum albumin (GSA) and 99Tc m-mebrofenin are commonly used imaging agents for hepatobiliary scintigraphy imaging assessment of liver reserve function. This article reviews the application and progress of hepatobiliary scintigraphy in liver reserve function assessment.
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Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) using 99Tc m-macroaggregated albumin (MAA) pulmonary perfusion tomography imaging. Methods:Twenty-five patients (4 males, 21 females; age (56.5±12.3) years) with CTEPH who underwent BPA from January 2017 to April 2020 in Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University were enrolled retrospectively. Effect of BPA on the improvement of pulmonary lobe/pulmonary segment perfusion was analyzed, and the proportions of improved and unimproved pulmonary lobe/pulmonary segment perfusion by BPA were calculated. The percentages of perfusion defect scores (PPDs%) of lung perfusion tomography imaging before BPA and after 4-6 times BPA were compared and analyzed (paired t test). The correlations between PPDs% and mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) before BPA and after BPA were analyzed respectively, and the correlation between decreased percentage of PPDs% and decreased percentage of mPAP after BPA were also analyzed (Pearson correlation analysis). Results:Among 150 lobes of 25 patients, 96.00%(144/150) lobes showed perfusion abnormalities before BPA. After BPA, 11.11%(16/144) showed complete improvement, 57.64%(83/144) showed partial improvement, and 31.25%(45/144) showed no improvement. Among 450 pulmonary segments of 25 patients, 62.44%(281/450) showed perfusion abnormalities before BPA. After BPA, 30.60%(86/281), 37.37%(105/281), 32.03%(90/281) showed complete, partial and no improvement, respectively. The post-BPA PPDs% was significantly lower than that of pre-BPA ((39.08±10.88)% vs (57.88±10.46)%; t=10.40, P<0.001). The post-BPA mPAP was significantly lower than that of pre-BPA ((32.36±10.57) vs (49.08±10.23) mmHg; 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa; t=10.25, P<0.001). There was no significant correlation between PPDs% and mPAP either before BPA ( r=0.01, P=0.953) or after BPA ( r=0.27, P=0.199), but there was a positive correlation between the changes of PPDs% and mPAP ( r=0.40, P=0.045). Conclusions:BPA can significantly improve the pulmonary perfusion and reduce mPAP in CTEPH patients. Pulmonary perfusion tomography imaging can be used to evaluate the efficacy of BPA in CTEPH.
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Objective To study the diagnostic values of pulmonary ventilation-perfusion (V/Q)planar imaging,pulmonary ventilation/perfusion SPECT/CT (V/Q SPECT/CT) imaging and CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) for pulmonary embolism (PE).Methods From October 2016 to June 2018,54 patients (27 males,27 females,age:(62.0± 12.8) years) with suspected PE underwent V/Q planar imaging,V/Q SPECT/CT imaging and CTPA in the General Hospital of Northern Theater Command.The results of the above imaging methods were classified as definite PE,no PE and uncertain diagnosis according to the refined modified prospective investigation of pulmonary embolism diagnosis (PIOPED Ⅱ) criteria,European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) diagnosis criteria (2009) and the direct and indirect signs of PE,respectively.Based on the final clinical diagnosis,receiver operating characteristic (ROC)curves were drawn and the area under curves (AUCs) were compared to assess the diagnostic efficacies for PE.Kruskal-Wallis test and Wilcoxon rank sum test were used to analyze the difference of pulmonary segment and subsegment number detected by the above methods.Results Among 54 patients,26 were definitely diagnosed as PE,and 28 were excluded.Patient numbers of uncertain diagnosis in V/Q planar imaging,V/Q SPECT/CT imaging and CTPA were 5,1 and 4,respectively.The sensitivity,specificity,accuracy,positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the above imaging methods were 66.67％ (16/24),88.00％(22/25),77.55％(38/49),16/19,73.33％(22/30);92.31％(24/26),92.59％ (25/27),92.45％(49/53),92.31％ (24/26),92.59％ (25/27);69.57％ (16/23),96.30％ (26/27),84.00％(42/50),16/17,78.79％(26/33),respectively.The AUCs were 0.757,0.926,and 0.809,respectively,there was a significant difference between the AUC of V/Q planar imaging and V/Q SPECT/CT (z =2.641,P＜0.05).There was no significant difference of cumulative number of pulmonary segments detected by the three methods (H=1.637,P＞0.05).Numbers of subsegments detected by V/Q planar imaging,V/Q SPECT/CT imaging and CTPA were 2.00(0.00,5.25),4.00(2.75,7.00) and 0.50(0.00,3.25),respectively,and V/Q SPECT/CT detected more than others (z values:-3.700,-3.570,both P＜0.05).Conclusion Pulmonary V/Q SPECT/CT imaging has a higher diagnostic efficacy in PE,especially in subsegmental PE.
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Objective To investigate the value of pulmonary ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) SPECT imaging in fibrosing mediastinitis (FM).Methods From January 2015 to July 2018,14 FM patients (6 males,8 females,average age 74 years) who underwent V/Q SPECT imaging in China-Japan Friendship Hospital were retrospectively studied.The data of V/Q SPECT imaging were analyzed and the defect extent was classified as mild (＜20％),moderate (20％-50％) and severe (＞50％) according to the percentage of pulmonary perfusion and ventilation defect in total lung volume (％).x2 test was used to analyze the incidence rates of the impaired blood perfusion of each lung lobe.Results According to the results of Q SPECT imaging,all 14 patients had impaired blood perfusion in the superior lobe of left lung,and the number of patients with/without impaired blood perfusion in the inferior lobe of left lung,superior lobe of right lung,middle lobe of right lung,inferior lobe of right lung were 11/3,14/0,13/1,12/2,respectively.The incidence rates of impaired blood perfusion in different lobes were not significantly different (x2=6.198,P=0.185).The range of lung perfusion defect was mild in 1,moderate in 7 and severe in 6 patients.The incidence rates of impaired blood ventilation in different lobes were not significantly different (x2 =1.587,P=0.811).The range of lung ventilation defeat was mild in 11,moderate in 2 and severe in 1 patients.The defect extent of lung segments and subsegments in Q SPECT imaging and V SPECT imaging were 119 and 41,respectively (x2=28.42,P＜0.05).There was more defect in Q SPECT imaging,but both methods showed segmental or subsegmental distribution.Conclusions The defect of V/Q SPECT imaging in FM patients is segmental in distribution,and more is observed in Q SPECT imaging.Pulmonary V/Q SPECT imaging can evaluate the defect range and extent of pulmonary perfusion and ventilation in FM patients.
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Objective@#To investigate the value of pulmonary ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) SPECT imaging in fibrosing mediastinitis (FM).@*Methods@#From January 2015 to July 2018, 14 FM patients (6 males, 8 females, average age 74 years) who underwent V/Q SPECT imaging in China-Japan Friendship Hospital were retrospectively studied. The data of V/Q SPECT imaging were analyzed and the defect extent was classified as mild (<20%), moderate (20%-50%) and severe (>50%) according to the percentage of pulmonary perfusion and ventilation defect in total lung volume (%). χ2 test was used to analyze the incidence rates of the impaired blood perfusion of each lung lobe.@*Results@#According to the results of Q SPECT imaging, all 14 patients had impaired blood perfusion in the superior lobe of left lung, and the number of patients with/without impaired blood perfusion in the inferior lobe of left lung, superior lobe of right lung, middle lobe of right lung, inferior lobe of right lung were 11/3, 14/0, 13/1, 12/2, respectively. The incidence rates of impaired blood perfusion in different lobes were not significantly different (χ2=6.198, P=0.185). The range of lung perfusion defect was mild in 1, moderate in 7 and severe in 6 patients. The incidence rates of impaired blood ventilation in different lobes were not significantly different (χ2=1.587, P=0.811). The range of lung ventilation defeat was mild in 11, moderate in 2 and severe in 1 patients. The defect extent of lung segments and subsegments in Q SPECT imaging and V SPECT imaging were 119 and 41, respectively (χ2=28.42, P<0.05). There was more defect in Q SPECT imaging, but both methods showed segmental or subsegmental distribution.@*Conclusions@#The defect of V/Q SPECT imaging in FM patients is segmental in distribution, and more is observed in Q SPECT imaging. Pulmonary V/Q SPECT imaging can evaluate the defect range and extent of pulmonary perfusion and ventilation in FM patients.
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Objective To investigate the value of pulmonary ventilation/ perfusion (V/ Q) SPECT in evaluation of anticoagulant therapy for patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) and identify factors which may affect the therapy. Methods From July 2014 to December 2016, sixty-three patients (23 males, 40 females, age (60±14) years), who were clinically diagnosed as PE and underwent V/ Q SPECT before and after anticoagulant therapy, were recruited retrospectively in this study. According to the percentage of lung perfusion defect (PD) out of total lung volume, the patients were divided into mild (<20％) PE, moderate (20％-50％) PE, and severe (>50％) PE groups. The lung PD decreased≥50％ after anticoagulant thera-py and no new PD detected was defined as the standard of effective therapy, otherwise the treatment were defined as ineffective. Data of different groups were compared. Factors that may predict the severity of PD or affect the treatment were analyzed. χ2 test and logistic regression were used for data analysis. Results PE were detected in 476 pulmonary segments and sub segments. The distribution of PE in different lung lobes had no statistically significant difference ( χ2 = 4. 995, P > 0. 05). More pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) were detected in patients with severe PE (80％, 12/ 15) and moderate PE (66.7％,16/ 24) in comparison with patients with mild PE (41.7％,10/ 24; χ2 = 7.062, P<0.05). The occurrence of PAH was related to the severity of PD, with odds ratio (OR) value of 2.680 (95％ CI: 1.115-6.446, P<0. 05).PAH was an independent risk factor for treatment effect (OR value: 3.134(95％ CI: 1.341-7. 324), P<0. 05). Conclusions V/ Q SPECT has an important value for evaluating the effect of anticoagulant therapy and guiding individual therapy. The more extent of PE involved, the higher prevalence of PAH. Anticoagu-lant therapy may be ineffective in PE patients with moderate or severe PAH.
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Objective To evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of the pulmonary perfusion tomography combined with low dose CT scan (Q SPECT/ CT) in detecting acute pulmonary embolism (PE) by compa-ring with pulmonary ventilation/ perfusion (V/ Q) SPECT imaging. Methods A total of 203 patients sus-pected with acute PE (88 males, 115 females, age range 19-94 years) from January 2013 to December 2015 were enrolled in this retrospective study. All patients underwent V/ Q SPECT and low dose CT scan. Final clinical diagnosis was regarded as the gold standard. The diagnostic consistency and diagnostic efficacy of Q SPECT/ CT were compared with those of V/ Q SPECT. χ2 test was used to compare the differences be-tween the two methods. Kappa analysis was used to analyze the agreement of them. Results The coinci-dence rate of Q SPECT/ CT and V/ Q SPECT was 94.09％(191/ 203), Kappa= 0.882, P<0.001. Among the 12 cases with inconsistent diagnosis, 9 were finally diagnosed as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of Q SPECT / CT in the diagnosis of PE were 95. 12％(78/ 82), 80.99％(98/ 121), 77.23％(78/ 101), 96.08％(98/ 102), 86. 70％ ( 176/ 203). The counterpart parameters of V/ Q SPECT were 95. 12％ ( 78/ 82), 90. 91％(110/ 121), 87.64％ (78/ 89), 96.49％ (110/ 114), 92.61％ (188/ 203). Compared with V/ Q SPECT, Q SPECT/ CT had the same sensitivity but lower specificity (χ2 = 4.928, P = 0.026). The positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of Q SPECT/ CT were lower than those of V/ Q SPECT, but there was no significant difference (χ2 values: 3.491, 0.000, 3.824, all P>0.05). Conclusion In the majority of patients with suspected acute PE, V/ Q SPECT scan can be replaced by Q SPECT/ CT, but it must be careful to select Q SPECT/ CT for patients with COPD history.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of anticoagulant therapy by pulmonary ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) imaging in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) patients.Methods Thirtysix CTEPH patients (16 males,20 females,average age:(53.8±13.8) years) diagnosed by pulmonary angiography from January 2013 to December 2015 were included in this retrospective study.All patients received anticoagulant therapy for more than 6 months.They underwent pulmonary V/Q imaging before and 6 months after anticoagulant therapy.The numbers of pulmonary segments with perfusion defect,percentage of perfusion defect score (PPDs) and pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP) before and after anticoagulant therapy were measured by echocardiography.Pair t test was used for data analysis.Results Before anticoagulant therapy,there were 319 pulmonary segments with perfusion defect in 36 CTEPH patients,8.9± 3.4 on average,and reduced to 8.4+3.6 after anticoagulant therapy (t =3.101,P＜0.01).The PPDs before and after anticoagulant therapy were (43.3±19.7)％ and (40.8±+20.5)％ (t=2.364,P＜0.05).In the subgroup of 9 patients with improved pulmonary perfusion,the PASP significantly decreased from (68.7±27.3)to (56.1 +±34.8) mmHg (1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa;t =2.465,P＜ 0.05) after anticoagulant therapy.In contrast,in the subgroup of 27 patients with no improved pulmonary perfusion,the PASP before and after anticoagulant therapy were (71.3±26.9) and (76.7±35.0) mmHg respectively (t=-1.511,P＞0.05).Conclusion Pulmonary V/Q imaging is a reliable method for evaluating the changes of pulmonary perfusion before and after anticoagulant therapy,and it is valuable for assessing the effect of anticoagulant therapy in CTEPH patients.
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Objective To evaluate the clinical application of pulmonary high-resolution CT (HRCT) and radionuclide pulmonary V/Q scan in pediatric patients with bronchiolitis obliterans (BO).Methods From February 2005 to April 2011,30 BO pediatric patients (18 males,12 females,age range:7 months-14 years) in Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University were recruited for pulmonary HRCT and radionuclide pulmonary V/Q scan.Kappa test was used to describe the consistency between "Mosaic perfusion pattern" in pulmonary HRCT and radionuclide pulmonary ventilation abnormalities.Results "Mosaic perfusion patterns" in pulmonary HRCT were showed in 30 cases (100％).Ventilation defects were found in 27 cases (90.0％) and perfusion defects in 25 cases (83.3％).The Kappa value between "Mosaic perfusion pattern" in pulmonary HRCT and pulmonary ventilation defects was 0.201 (0.1340.268),which was slightly higher than that between "Mosaic perfusion pattern" in pulmonary HRCT and pulmonary perfusion defects (0.147 (0.061-0.233)),but there was no statistical difference.Conclusions " Mosaic perfusion pattern" in pulmonary HRCT cannot distinguish between pulmonary ventilation and perfusion abnormalities.V/Q scan could be a useful tool for BO.
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Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) or South American Blastomycosis is a systemic fungal infection caused by a dimorphic fungus, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. It represents the most important systemic mycosis in South America and with higher prevalence among male inhabitants of the rural area. PCM usually affects the lungs, and rarely the intestines. The authors report three cases of PCM, treated at the University Hospital of Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul whose scintigraphy with technetium-99 labeled human albumin revead intestinal protein loss.
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Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Paracoccidioides/aislamiento & purificación , Paracoccidioidomicosis , Enteropatías Perdedoras de Proteínas , Antiinfecciosos/uso terapéutico , Itraconazol/uso terapéutico , Paracoccidioidomicosis/complicaciones , Paracoccidioidomicosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Enteropatías Perdedoras de Proteínas/tratamiento farmacológico , Enteropatías Perdedoras de Proteínas/microbiología , Combinación Trimetoprim y Sulfametoxazol/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Introdução: A pesquisa do linfonodo sentinela (LNS) tende a diminuir as comorbidades do tratamento desnecessário referentes ao esvaziamento cervical. Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade do LNS na detecção de metástases ocultas em pacientes com carcinoma espinocelular (CEC) de boca. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo com 25 pacientes com CEC de boca T1/T2 com pescoço N0. A linfocintigrafia pré-operatoria foi feita com 99mTc-fitato injetado peri-lesional. O local do LNS era marcado pela medicina nuclear. No peroperatório, era injetado azul patente peri-lesional e os LNS avaliados com um gama probe. Após a pesquisa do LNS, todos foram submetidos a esvaziamento cervical seletivo, conforme o padrão do serviço. Todos os LNS foram enviados para estudo anatomo-patológico para comparação. Resultados: O local mais frequente foi a língua, com 62% e o soalho, 38%. Em relação ao estadiamento, 56% eram T2 e 44% T1. Do total de pacientes, 25% tiveram LNS positivo, sendo todos detectados na pesquisa do LNS, com sensibilidade de 100%, especificidade de 8% e verdadeiros-negativo de 100%, porém, encontramos problemas como: interferência na detecção da radiação pela proximidade do tumor-LNS, múltiplos LNS, LNS pequenos, profundos, múltiplos níveis e não corados pelo azul. Conclusão: A pesquisa do LNS pode diminuir a morbidade do esvaziamento cervical. Em virtude de vários fatores, principalmente a alta taxa de interferência (tumor-linfonodo) essa técnica ainda não deve ser o padrão para o tratamento do pescoço nesses pacientes, devendo existir um estudo multicêntrico prospectivo avaliando sua eficácia oncológica em cinco anos.
Introduction: The management of the neck in oral cavity cancer is still a challenge for the head and neck surgeon. Objective: To assess the feasibility of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral cavity staging T1/T2. Methods: It was a prospective study with 25 patients with N0 SCC of the oral cavity. Lymphoscintigraphy with 99mT was done before the surgery and the lymph node spot was marked. In the operation room, blue dye was injected around the tumor and the sentinel lymph node evaluated with a gamma probe. After the research of the sentinel lymph node, all patients underwent the selective neck dissection. All lymph nodes were submitted for histopathological study. Results: The most frequent location was the tong (62%) followed by the floor of the mouth (38%). The stage was 56% for T2 and 44% for T1. A rate of 25% of the patients had positive SLN, but one of them had 4 other lymph nodes compromised. The sensibility was 100%, specificity 8% and true negative 100%, but there were problems, such as the interference in the detection of radiation next the tumor, multiples SLN, small, deep and multiples levels of SLN, does not colored for blue dye. Twelve patients (75%) had all the lymph nodes negative. Conclusion: Sentinel lymph node biopsy will get a great importance in reducing the comorbidity of neck dissection. However, because of many factors, mainly the great interference (tumor-lymph node) this technique must not be the gold standard for the treatment of the neck in early oral cancer up to now.