Ponderations around Akamon: from Chinese visiting scholars in the Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery of Tokyo University Hospital / 中华消化外科杂志

It is well known that Tokyo University Hospital (TUH) is one of the most famous medical centers around the world in Japan. Among several departments in TUH, the Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Artificial Organ and Transplantation Division are representative predominant divisions, which have high-quality diagnostic and treatment service systems being at the leading position in the world. The authors visit the Department of Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery and Artificial Organ and Transplantation Division in 2022. When studying and working in TUH, the authors make a multi-angle comparisons of the development status and technical levels of hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery among TUH, western countries and China. It aims to share and exchange with fellow surgeons at home and abroad, and bring benefits or enlightenment to the professional advancement of them.

Multi-source surveillance conducted by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government during the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games

@#The Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games (the Games) were held from 23 July to 5 September 2021 in Tokyo, Japan, after a 1-year delay due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government was responsible for monitoring and responding to infectious disease outbreaks other than COVID-19 during the Games. A multi-source surveillance system was used from 1 July to 12 September 2021 for the early detection and rapid response to infectious diseases. This included routine notifiable disease surveillance, sentinel surveillance, syndromic surveillance, cluster surveillance, ambulance transfer surveillance and the Tokyo Infectious Alert system. Daily reports were disseminated summarizing the data collected from the multi-source surveillance system. No case of infectious disease under the Tokyo Metropolitan Government system required a response during the Games. The multi-source surveillance was useful for providing intelligence during the Games and, if required, could contribute to the early detection and rapid response to outbreaks during other mass gatherings. The system could be improved to overcome the challenges implied by the findings of this multi-source surveillance.

Aplicación de guías tokio 2018 para diagnóstico y tratamiento de colangitis aguda en hospital escuela, honduras / Application of the Tokyo guidelines 2018 for the diagnosis and treatment of acute cholangitis at Hospital Escuela, Honduras

Antecedentes: Las Guías Tokio 2018 son un conjunto de directrices médicas actualizadas y reconocidas que ofrecen recomendaciones detalladas para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la colangitis aguda, una inflamación aguda de los conductos biliares que puede ser potencialmente grave. Objetivo: Examinar la utilidad de la aplicación de las Guías Tokio 2018 para el diagnóstico y tratamiento en pacientes con Colangitis Aguda ingresados al Hospital Escuela durante 2018-2019. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal, se revisaron 54 expedientes clínicos que registraron datos sociodemográficos, antecedentes personales y patológicos, laboratoriales e imagenológicas. Los resultados se presentaron como frecuencias, porcentajes, promedios y rangos. Resultados: Las Guías de Tokio 2018 (TG18) fueron implementadas en un 94%. La colangitis aguda leve fue más frecuente en 48.1%. La concordancia en la estatificación de los casos según TG18 erró con mayor proporción en las colangitis grado 2 (15% No, 7% Si); la lesión renal siendo la falla orgánica más frecuente 25.9% (14). El manejo antibiótico concordó en el 70.0%. El drenaje biliar se realizó de forma oportuna en 14.0%. La causa más frecuente de colangitis fue la litiasis en un 48.2%. El promedio de hospitalización fue de 5-9 días en 31.5%. El 63.0% (34) de los pacientes egresó mejorado y el 24.0% (13) fallecieron. Conclusión: La utilización de lasTG18 por parte del Hospital Escuela demostró un enfoque en mejorar la precisión del diagnóstico y optimizar la administración de antibióticos. Sin embargo, su eficacia parece comparativamente disminuida cuando se aplica al aspecto fundamental del drenaje de los conductos biliares.

Background: The Tokyo 2018 Guidelines are a set of recognized and up-to-date medical guidelines that provide detailed recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of acute cholangitis, an acute inflammation of the bile ducts that can be potentially serious. Objective: To examine the usefulness of the application of the Tokyo 2018 Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with Acute Cholangitis admitted to the Hospital Escuela during 2018-2019. Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study, reviewing 54 clinical records that recorded sociodemographic data, personal and pathological, laboratory and imaging history. Results were presented as frequencies, percentages, means, and ranges. Results: The Tokyo 2018 Guidelines (TG18) were implemented by 94%. Mild acute cholangitis was more frequent in 48.1%. The concordance in the staging of the cases according to TG18 erred with a greater proportion in grade 2 cholangitis (15% No, 7% Yes); kidney injury being the most frequent organic failure 25.9% (14). The antibiotic management agreed in 70.0%. Biliary drainage was performed in a timely manner in 14.0%. The most frequent cause of cholangitis was lithiasis in 48.2%. The average hospitalization was 5-9 days in 31.5%. 63.0% (34) of the patients discharged improved and 24.0% (13) died. Conclusion: The use of TG18 by the Hospital Escuela demonstrated a focus on improving diagnostic accuracy and optimizing the administration of antibiotics. However, its efficacy appears comparatively diminished when applied to the fundamental aspect of bile duct drainage.

Use of Epidemic Intelligence from Open Sources for global event-based surveillance of infectious diseases for the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games

@#The establishment of enhanced surveillance systems for mass gatherings to detect infectious diseases that may be imported during an event is recommended. The World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific contributed to enhanced event-based surveillance for the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games (the Games) by using Epidemic Intelligence from Open Sources (EIOS) to detect potential imported diseases and report them to the National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Japan. Daily screening of media articles on global infectious diseases was conducted using EIOS, which were systematically assessed to determine the likelihood of disease importation, spread and significant impact to Japan during the Games. Over 81 days of surveillance, 103 830 articles were screened by EIOS, of which 5441 (5.2%) met the selection criteria for initial assessment, with 587 (0.6%) assessed as signals and reported to NIID. None of the signals were considered to pose a significant risk to the Games based on three risk assessment criteria. While EIOS successfully captured media articles on infectious diseases with a likelihood of importation to and spread in Japan, a significant manual effort was required to assess the articles for duplicates and against the risk assessment criteria. Continued improvement of artificial intelligence is recommended to reduce this effort.

Comparison and progress of the Tokyo guidelines and the European World Association of Emergency Surgery guidelines for acute cholecystitis / 中华肝胆外科杂志

The Tokyo guidelines (TG) for acute cholecystitis, published in 2007, have been updated to the third edition of TG18, and the European World Association of Emergency Surgeons (WSES) Guidelines, published in 2016, has also been updated to the 2020 edition. Different guidelines have certain consensus and differences in diagnosis and treatment ideas. Better understanding the updated content in the guidelines and master the consensus among different guidelines can make the clinical diagnosis and treatment more standardized, safer and scientific. In this paper, the changes in the updating process of each version of the two guidelines and the consensus differences between the guidelines are summarized in order to provide a clear idea for clinical workers in the diagnosis and treatment of acute cholecystitis.

Impactos psicossociais e econômicos em atletas e treinadores olímpicos/paraolímpicos de modalidades aquáticas devido ao COVID-19: percepções, discursos e perspectivas / Psychosocial and economic impacts on olympic/paralympic athletes and coaches in aquatic sports due to COVID-19: perceptions, discourses and perspectives / Impactos psicosociales y económicos en atletas y entrenadores olímpicos/paralímpicos en deportes acuáticos debido a COVID-19: percepciones, discursos y perspectivas

Este artigo busca apresentar a perspectiva de 15 protagonistas do movimento olímpico e paraolímpico brasileiro sobre a forma como estão enfrentando o "Isolamento Social" devido ao COVID-19, como o adiamento de todas as competições esportivas no ano de 2020, sendo a mais importante delas os Jogos Olímpicos e Paraolímpicos de Tóquio 2020. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o ponto de vista dos 15 atletas e treinadores olímpicos e paraolímpicos das modalidades aquáticas que treinavam em São Paulo sobre diversos fatores do isolamento social, como treinamento, ansiedade, perspectivas. Está é uma pesquisa qualitativa, com coleta de dados virtuais e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Discussões: Adiamento dos Jogos; Bolsa Atleta; Treinamento. Considerações: Importância do Bolsa Atleta neste momento de pandemia por conta da redução de salário e suspensão de contratos com patrocinadores; Diferença de Discurso entre o sujeito coletivo atleta e treinador sobre os impactos do COVID no treinamento; Posicionamento Político contra ações do governo federal, principalmente o Presidente da República Jair Bolsonaro.

This article seeks to present the perspective of 15 protagonists of the Brazilian Olympic and Paralympic movement on the way they are facing "Social Isolation" due to COVID-19, as the postponement of all sports competitions in the year 2020, being the most important of them the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games. The objective of this work was to investigate the point of view of the 15 Olympic and Paralympic athletes and coaches of the aquatic modalities who trained in São Paulo on several factors of social isolation, such as training, anxiety, perspectives. This is a qualitative research, with virtual data collection and semi-structured interviews. Discussions: Postponement of the Games; Athlete Scholarship; Training. Considerations: Importance of Bolsa Atleta at this time of pandemic due to reduced wages and suspension of contracts with sponsors; Difference of Discourse between the collective subject athlete and trainer on the impacts of COVID in training; Political positioning against actions of the federal government, mainly the President of the Republic Jair Bolsonaro.

Este artículo busca presentar la perspectiva de 15 protagonistas del movimiento olímpico y paralímpico brasileño sobre la forma en que se enfrentan al "aislamiento social" debido a COVID-19, como el aplazamiento de todas las competiciones deportivas en el año 2020, siendo la más importante de ellas. Juegos Olímpicos y Paralímpicos de Tokio 2020. El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar el punto de vista de los 15 atletas y entrenadores olímpicos y paralímpicos de las modalidades acuáticas que entrenaron en São Paulo en varios factores de aislamiento social, como el entrenamiento, la ansiedad, las perspectivas. Esta es una investigación cualitativa, con recolección virtual de datos y entrevistas semiestructuradas. Discusiones: aplazamiento de los juegos; Beca de atleta; Formación. Consideraciones: Importancia de la Bolsa Atleta en este momento de pandemia debido a la reducción de salarios y la suspensión de contratos con patrocinadores; Diferencia de discurso entre el sujeto colectivo atleta y entrenador sobre los impactos de COVID en el entrenamiento; Posicionamiento político frente a acciones del gobierno federal, principalmente el Presidente de la República Jair Bolsonaro.

Diagnosis and treatment strategies for acute biliary infection during the epidemic period of COVID-19 / 解放军医学杂志

Acute biliary infection is one of the common causes of acute abdomen, easily causes severe infection and even death. The reasonable treatment of the acute phase is very important. The sudden outbreak of corona virus disease (COVID-19) has posed severe challenges to the country's economic and social life, and has also led to an extreme shortage of medical resources. The diagnosis and treatment of acute biliary infections disease also face challenges. In order to control the epidemic of infectious diseases, we write this article from the perspective of prevention and controlling of COVID-19, referring to the Tokyo Guidelines 2018 to express our views on the diagnosis and treatment strategies for acute biliary infection, hoping to do our best to prevent and control the epidemic of COVID-19.

Boxeo amateur español: origen y evolución hasta los juegos olímpicos de Tokio-1964 / Boxe amador espanhol: origem e evolução até os jogos olímpicos de Tokyo-1964 / Spanish amateur boxing: origin and evolution until the 1964 Tokyo olympic games

Esta investigación recupera los hechos y circunstancias históricas que envolvieron el boxeo desde su origen en las estructuras federativas españolas hasta la participación española en los Juegos Olímpicos de Tokio en 1964. Este trabajo historiográfico utilizó el análisis documental y la entrevista semiestructurada para recuperar y contrastar información de archivos institucionales, personales y hemerográficos, rescatando contenidos inéditos del archivo personal y de la entrevista a un boxeador participante en Tokio-64. Madrid y Barcelona impulsaron la práctica pugilística en España en las primeras décadas del siglo XIX. La llegada de púgiles extranjeros propició la estructuración y regulación del boxeo y, como resultado, en 1922 se fundó la Federación Española de Boxeo, que formó parte de las estructuras olímpicas. La Guerra Civil española supuso un receso, pero en los años 60 surgió una generación de boxeadores que, a pesar de precarias circunstancias, lograron asistir a los Juegos Olímpicos y pródigas victorias posteriores.

Esta investigação recupera os factos e circunstâncias históricas que envolveram o boxe desde a sua origem nas estruturas federativas espanholas até a participação espanhola nos Jogos Olímpicos de Tóquio, em 1964. Este trabalho historiográfico utilizou análise documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas para recuperar e contrastar informações dos arquivos institucionais, pessoais e jornalísticos, recolhendo informação inédita do arquivo pessoal e da entrevista de um boxeador participante em Tóquio-64. Madrid e Barcelona promoveram a prática pugilística na Espanha nas primeiras décadas do século XIX. A chegada dos boxeadores estrangeiros levou à estruturação e à regulamentação do boxe e, em consequência, em 1922, foi fundada a Federação Espanhola de Boxe, que passou a fazer parte das estruturas olímpicas. A Guerra Civil espanhola significou uma pausa, mas nos anos 1960 surgiu uma geração de boxeadores que, apesar das circunstâncias precárias, conseguiram comparecer aos Jogos Olímpicos e ter muitas vitórias subsequentes.

This research revisits the historical facts and circumstances that involved boxing from its origin in the Spanish federative structures to Spain's participation in the 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games. This historiographic study used documentary analysis and semi-structured interviews to revisit and contrast information from institutional, personal and newspaper archives, gathering unpublished content from the personal archive and from the interview with a boxer who participated in Tokyo '64. Madrid and Barcelona promoted pugilistic practice in Spain in the first decades of the nineteenth century. The arrival of foreign fighters favored the structuring and regulation of boxing and, as a result, in 1922 the Spanish Boxing Federation was founded and became part of the Olympic structures. The Spanish Civil War was a setback, but in the 1960s a generation of boxers emerged who, despite precarious circumstances, managed to attend the Olympic Games and win many subsequent victories.

Building Process and Architectural Planning Characteristics of Daehan Hospital Main Building / 의사학

This paper explores the introduction process of Daehan Hospital from Japan as the modern medical facility in Korea, and the architectural planning characteristics as a medical facility through the detailed building process of Daehan Hospital main building. The most noticeable characteristic of Daehan Hospital is that it was designed and constructed not by Korean engineers but by Japanese engineers. Therefore, Daehan Hospital was influenced by Japanese early modern medical facility, and Japanese engineers modeled Daehan Hospital main building on Tokyo Medical School main building which was constructed in 1876 as the first national medical school and hospital. The architectural type of Tokyo Medical School main building was a typical school architecture in early Japanese modern period which had a middle corridor and a pseudo Western-style tower, but Tokyo Medical School main building became the model of a medical facility as the symbol of the medical department in Tokyo Imperial University. This was the introduction and transplantation process of Japanese modern 'model' like as other modern systems and technologies during the Korean modern transition period. However, unlike Tokyo Medical School main building, Daehan Hospital main building was constructed not as a wooden building but as a masonry building. Comparing with the function of Daehan Hospital main building, its architectural form and construction costs was excessive scale, which was because Japanese Resident-General of Korea had the intention of ostentation that Japanese modernity was superior to Korean Empire.

The Incidence Rate of Lymphadenitis after Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccination

PURPOSE: Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) lymphadenitis is a relatively frequent local adverse reactions after BCG vaccination. Its incidence rate is usually <1%. However, this rate may be different according to BCG strain, vaccination method or skill, etc. In the Republic of Korea, two BCG strains are used: intradermal Danish-1331 or percutaneous Tokyo-172. We surveyed the incidence rates of BCG lymphadenitis. METHODS: This survey was performed in total 25 centers (5 general hospitals, 20 private pediatric clinics). Immunized type of BCG strain in study subjects was verified by directly observing the scar. The occurrence of BCG lymphadenitis was asked to their parent. In cases of BCG lymphadenitis, location, diameter size, progression of suppuration, and treatment method were investigated, as well. RESULTS: The total number of study subjects was 3,342. Among these, the subjects suitable for enrollment criteria (total 3,222; Tokyo strain 2,501, Danish strain 721) were analyzed. BCG lymphadenitis regardless of its size developed in each five of subjects per strains, therefore, its incidence rate was 0.20% in Tokyo and 0.69% in Danish strain, respectively (P=0.086). However, when applying the WHO criteria - the development of lymph node swelling with diameter 1.5 cm or more, the incidence rate of BCG lymphadenitis was 0.16% (4 cases) in Tokyo and 0.42% (3 cases) in Danish strain, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence rate of lymphadenitis in two BCG types, percutaneous Tokyo and intradermal Danish strain BCG, is 0.20% and 0.69%, respectively. Both rates are acceptable.

Series:Conveying Japan acupuncture to the future -in response to the Tokyo Declaration Past, present, and future of Japanese acupuncture / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

As a characteristic of traditional medicine, the direction of development of acupuncture and moxibustion would be headed towards localization. Whereas Western medicine has been developed along the road of globalization, traditional medicine has developed along the path of localization. <BR>So what are the characteristics of Japanese acupuncture and moxibustion, which have been developed locally in Japan?Very delicate procedures for acupuncture and moxibustion, a variety of equipment, diagnosis that emphasizes heart pulse, and combination and compromise of various treatment methods are all such characteristics. These characteristics have been strongly influenced by Japanese culture, spirit, feelings, and mentality.<BR>It has been reported that acupuncture and moxibustion, as traditional medicine, were cultivated in close association with the people of each era. Since they are medical treatments that connote tradition, acupuncture and moxibustion should be able to meet the needs of people in any era. We need to reconfirm this and survey the future of acupuncture and moxibustion.

Report on WFAS Houston 2014 / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

The WFAS Houston 2016 annual conference was held in the Royal Sonesta Hotel, Houston, Texas, USA from 31 October to 2 November 2014. The theme of the conference was "East Meets West -Shaping the Future of Healthcare", and more than 900 acupuncture practitioners and scientists participated. The number of papers presented was 216, including 6 keynote lectures. Papers from Japan numbered 11.<BR>At the Executive Committee (EC) meeting, 39 of the 76 EC members were present (10 EC members sent a letter of attorney in advance), including 3from Japan. Although Tokyo was approved as a host city of WFAS 2016 last year, we proposed changing the venue to the Tsukuba International Congress Center, which was approved.

Drastic Change Needed Now For Japanese Acupuncture and Moxibustion of Tomorrow / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

At the Tokyo Proclamation Symposium, I was responsible for the study of Characteristics of Japanese Acupuncture and Moxibustion from the clinical viewpoint. The subject was based on an analysis of the discussion of the drafting committee and the results of a survey concerning the acupuncture-moxibustion business conducted by Ido-No-Nihon magazine.<BR>The characteristics of Japanese acupuncture-moxibustion differing from those of general medicine are:<BR>1 st In both diagnosis and treatment "touch"is extremely important<BR>2 nd The development of treatment and diagnostic implements based on Western medical concepts<BR>3rd The development of weak stimulation treatment using insertion tubes and various fine minute needles<BR>4 th Therapy based on a blending of Western medical concepts and classical teachings<BR>5 th The popularity of moxibustion therapy<BR>6 th The importance placed on preventative therapy<BR>7 th Individualized treatment not limited to the main complaint<BR>There is a great diversity of characteristics in Japanese acupuncture-moxibustion but this should not be taken advantage of or lead to complacency.<BR>As individualization is not adaptable to Cartesian science, Western medicine aims for standardization. Also in spite of the fact that the patient's condition is grasped in terms of causes, therapy begins and ends with what is known as allopathic or symptomatic therapy, as analysis of the functions of the whole body systemically and dynamically is impossible. As allopathy applies opposition therapy, when the body temperature is elevated, regardless of the cause, the aim of treatment is to reduce the temperature. Likewise in cases of high blood pressure or glucose count. With Eastern medicine, in order to increase immune power and restrict the activity of bacteria and viruses, treatment is administered to increase the body temperature. Which type of treatment is more substantial is obvious.<BR>With the decreasing birthrate and the aging population one would expect that hereafter the demand for economical acupuncture-moxibustion therapy which safely promotes the natural healing powers of the body and is useful in the prevention of disease should increase. However the reality is, the demand is declining, not only among the general population but also at medical facilities which proves our neglect to analyze the customers'(population and medical facilities) needs and our failure to revolutionize. To rectify this situation, educational reform before and after graduation is a necessity

Presentación, diagnóstico y terapéutica de la colangitis aguda / Presentation, diagnosis and treatment of acute cholangitis

La colangitis aguda es una patología descrita primera vez en 1877 por Jean Marie Charcot quien la describió como una “fiebre hepática”. Su presentación es variable, por lo que su diagnóstico no siempre es sencillo. Debido a esto se desarrollaron las Guías de Tokio las cuales ayudan a hacer más objetivos y globales los criterios diagnósticos, y a su vez dar criterios de severidad. El pilar de su manejo es la descompresión adecuada de la vía biliar, siendo la primera opción la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica con esfinterotomía endoscópica, la cual no debe retrasarse en casos más severos.

The disease known as acute cholangitis was described for the first time in 1877 by Jean Marie Charcot as a “hepatic fever”. Its presentation varies, making its diagnostic difficult. Because of this the Tokyo Guidelines were developed. These guidelines help to make the diagnostic criteria more objective and global, giving at the same time severity criteria. The central stone of its management is the adequate bile drainage, being the first option the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancretography plus endoscopic sphincterotomy, which shouldn’t be delayed in the more severe cases.

Supraclavicular BCG Lymphadenitis Noted at 21 Months after BCG Vaccination Confirmed by a Molecular Method / 소아감염

Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) lymphadenitis is the most common complication of BCG vaccination. It commonly occurs in infants aged <6 months involving ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes. We described BCG lymphadenitis in a 22-month-old boy presenting swelling of left supraclavicular lymph node that was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the multiplex PCR targeting the region of difference (RD).

Medical Insight into the Hot Springs according to Comparisons of the Chemical Compositions of the Hot Springs in Tokyo 23 Wards with those of the Volcanic Hot Springs / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

  Recently, new hot springs are born in Tokyo one after another. Most of these are artificial hot springs by digging deep under the ground on the bowling, and pumping up the deep water warmed by the heat source of geothermal gradient. Maeda et al. have investigated the ingredients in these hot springs of Tokyo 23 wards, and concluded that they are medically effective to promote health. It is unclear, however, how much these hot springs are medically effective compared to the well-known volcanic hot springs.   Thus, sodium-chloride type hot springs (Tokyo-A & Atami) and sodium-hydrogen carbonate type hot springs (Tokyo-B & Naruko) were chosen, and their analytical tables of chemical compositions were obtained from each hot spring resort through the Internet. Comparisons of the ingredients shown in the analytical tables were carried out to clarify difference between the artificial hot springs and the volcanic hot springs.   Since Tokyo-A and Tokyo-B do not belong to volcanic hot springs, their source temperatures are lower than the source temperatures of Atami and Naruko, and they do not contain various pharmacologically effective chemicals, such as sulfur compounds, free carbonate, etc. Furthermore, the modulation effects by the environmental factors such as hot spring location, climate, landscape etc. cannot be expected for the hot springs in Tokyo. However, the physical effects of hydrostatic pressure and buoyancy are expected in Tokyo-A containing large amounts of seawater components.   The most important medical effects of hot springs are considered to be suppressing active oxygen species and their activities, and repairing the cells damaged by the active oxygen species. From these points, although Tokyo hot springs have some healing effects, the medical effects as observed in the volcanic hot springs cannot be expected in Tokyo hot springs. For the establishment of balneology, the evaluations of each hot spring based on scientifically accurate information are required.

Medical Insight into the Hot Springs according to Comparisons of the Chemical Compositions of the Hot Springs in Tokyo 23 Wards with those of the Volcanic Hot Springs / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

  Recently, new hot springs are born in Tokyo one after another. Most of these are artificial hot springs by digging deep under the ground on the bowling, and pumping up the deep water warmed by the heat source of geothermal gradient. Maeda et al. have investigated the ingredients in these hot springs of Tokyo 23 wards, and concluded that they are medically effective to promote health. It is unclear, however, how much these hot springs are medically effective compared to the well-known volcanic hot springs.<BR>  Thus, sodium-chloride type hot springs (Tokyo-A & Atami) and sodium-hydrogen carbonate type hot springs (Tokyo-B & Naruko) were chosen, and their analytical tables of chemical compositions were obtained from each hot spring resort through the Internet. Comparisons of the ingredients shown in the analytical tables were carried out to clarify difference between the artificial hot springs and the volcanic hot springs.<BR>  Since Tokyo-A and Tokyo-B do not belong to volcanic hot springs, their source temperatures are lower than the source temperatures of Atami and Naruko, and they do not contain various pharmacologically effective chemicals, such as sulfur compounds, free carbonate, etc. Furthermore, the modulation effects by the environmental factors such as hot spring location, climate, landscape etc. cannot be expected for the hot springs in Tokyo. However, the physical effects of hydrostatic pressure and buoyancy are expected in Tokyo-A containing large amounts of seawater components.<BR>  The most important medical effects of hot springs are considered to be suppressing active oxygen species and their activities, and repairing the cells damaged by the active oxygen species. From these points, although Tokyo hot springs have some healing effects, the medical effects as observed in the volcanic hot springs cannot be expected in Tokyo hot springs. For the establishment of balneology, the evaluations of each hot spring based on scientifically accurate information are required.

Life and Works of Heo Yeng-suk, the First Female Medical Practitioner in Modern Korea / 의사학

Heo Yongsuk (1897-1975) was the second female medical doctor to study Western medicine in a foreign country, the second female journalist, and the one of the representative 'new modern woman' in Korea. She is unfamiliar, however, to Korean people. Few historians of medicine and few researchers of the history of literature recall her for her own achievements, instead remembering her as a wife who saved her husband, Yi Gwangsu (1892~1950), the great novelist, from his dreadful tuberculosis. Removing her from the shadow of Yi Gwangsu, this paper tries to uncover her life and her contribution to Korean society during the Japanese colonial period. As a pioneer, she went to Japan to study medicine in 1914 for the purpose of breaking down the long-established custom of female patients, who abhorred showing their bodies to male doctors. After acquiring her license, she opened in Korea for women and children, though this clinic had a brief span of only two years owing to her devotion to caring for her husband as his disease worsened. She became a reporter in place of her husband for about two years. However, with her efforts, she gave women a considerable amount of useful medical information. She wrote many enlightening articles to awaken Korean women's 'nationalistic spirit' against Japanese colonial oppression. She is worthy of a favorable evaluation as the second female reporter and the first who specialized in medicine in the history of newspapers in Korea. As a 'new modern woman,' she presented her own thinking about the best role model for married females, by saying, "Be good mother and good wife in the family household, it is the best way to strengthen Korean race." When she became pregnant, she resigned her job as a reporter. She exerted herself by bringing up her children and nursing her sick husband, gaining fame as the representative of the conservative women's movement. Medical knowledge was always behind her various activities. She can be evaluated successfully as a medical doctor; after studying newly developed medical theory and skills for about two years in Japan, she established first the specialized hospital for delivery in 1937 and had great success. As a successful female doctor, she projected a positive image of a new modern woman who was loyal to her family household, unlike many famous modern females who pursued women's liberation during the Japanese colonial period.

Toward the Tokyo Declaration of Japanese Acupuncture and Moxibustion / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

Japanese acupuncture and moxibustion is characterized by its diversity, a diversity which has been created by accepting the knowledge and techniques of foreign origin and ingeniously applying Japanese mentality to convert those techniques to conform to the culture and climate of Japan. Because of its diversity, Japanese acupuncture and moxibustion are considered to be effective complements to and easily integrated with various kinds of modern medicine in such a way that they are considered to be suitable medicines for the 21st century. <BR>International standardization is progressing in the world in this age of globalization. This trend also affects standardization in the medical field, including acupuncture and moxibustion, as evident by the drafting of acupuncture standards for ISO. <BR>However, to promote sound development of acupuncture and moxibustion, it is more important to promote academic exchange that respects the characteristics of the therapy in each country than to promote standardization. Therefore, I believe that dispatching information on the characteristics of Japanese acupuncture and moxibustion both inside and outside the country will contribute to the overall improvement of medicine and blaze a new trail in the field of acupuncture and moxibustion. The Tokyo Declaration (draft) dispatches these concepts to the outside world as well as within Japan.