Research progress on ankylosis of primary molars / 口腔疾病防治

@#Ankylosis of primary molars is a kind of eruption abnormality of the teeth, where the periodontal membrane disappears, owing to a bony union between bone and root. Studies have shown that the common proportion of ankylosed primary molars is 1.3%~8.9% with an equal occurrence. In the primary dentition, the mandibular first primary molar is the most commonly affected tooth, while in the middle mixed dentition stage of development, the second primary molar is more affected. Its etiology may be related to genetics, signaling pathways of mineralization metabolism of local alveolar bone or cementum, cytokines secreted by epithelial rest cells of Malassez, and enhanced inflammatory reactions during physiological absorption of roots. Ankylosis of primary molars can be diagnosed by clinical symptoms and imaging and is classified as mild, moderate and severe according to the degree of infraocclusion. As it may cause a series of complications, such as occlusal disturbances, delayed exfoliation and incomplete alveolar process development, multidisciplinary treatment, including in the departments of pediatric dentistry, orthodontics, periodontics and prosthodontics, should be adopted, and long-term treatment is determined based on the patient's age, severity of infraocclusion, and presence of permanent teeth. This review summarizes the etiology, diagnosis, complications and treatment of ankylosed primary molars to provide a reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of decidual molar fixation.

Management of ankylosed teeth using the decoronation technique: integrative literature review and case report

ABSTRACT Introduction: The decoronation technique has been described in literature since 1984 and, based on the available results, it can lead to considerable benefits for the repair and rehabilitation of ankylosed teeth. Based on these reports, one could expect that this procedure would be well known by the dental community. However, this fact does not seem to be true, and this procedure is not widely used. Methods: The objective of this paper is to present appropriate literature that discusses decoronation and evaluate the perspectives of the procedure, both in relation to the technique and the long-term benefits for the patient. An integrative literature review at PubMed, ScieELO, and Lilacs databases was performed using the keywords "decoronation", "ridge preservation decoronation", "decoronation ankylosis". In addition, a case report will be presented to demonstrate the technique in a systematic and detailed manner. Results: Considering the inclusion criteria, 27 articles that present consistency regarding decoronation were selected. Conclusion: There is scarce availability of scientific works related to the topic, to corroborate and discuss the technique. The present paper reinforces the benefits of this procedure, and revisit decoronation, attempting to provide a possible treatment for ankylosed teeth in growing patients.

RESUMO Introdução: A técnica de decoronação é descrita na literatura desde 1984 e, com base nos resultados disponíveis, pode trazer benefícios consideráveis para o reparo e reabilitação de dentes anquilosados. Com base nesses relatos, seria esperado que esse procedimento fosse bem conhecido pela comunidade odontológica. No entanto, isto não parece ser verdadeiro e esse procedimento não é amplamente utilizado. Objetivo: O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar literatura adequada que discuta a decoronação e avalie as perspectivas do procedimento, tanto em relação à técnica quanto aos benefícios em longo prazo para o paciente. Métodos: Foi realizada revisão integrativa da literatura nas bases de dados PubMed, SciELO e Lilacs, utilizando as seguintes palavras-chave: "decoronation", "ridge preservation decoronation", "decoronation ankylosis". Além disso, um relato de caso demonstrará a técnica de maneira sistemática e detalhada. Resultados: Considerando os critérios de inclusão, foram selecionados 27 artigos que apresentam consistência quanto à decoronação. Conclusão: Há escassa disponibilidade de trabalhos científicos relacionados ao tema para corroborar e discutir a técnica. Esse artigo reforça os benefícios desse procedimento e revisa a decoronação na tentativa de fornecer um possível tratamento para dentes anquilosados em pacientes em crescimento.

Research progress on factors related to the difficulty of orthodontic tooth movement / 口腔疾病防治

@#Orthodontic tooth movement is a complex physiological process based on periodontal tissue remodeling. Numerous factors, such as the anatomical characteristics of oral and maxillofacial complications, occlusal interference, mechanical factors and systematic factors, may play critical roles in orthodontic tooth movement, leading to tooth movement difficulty. In recent years, many scholars have focused on factors related to tooth movement difficulty, but current research mostly involves animal experiments and retrospective studies. Clinical trials of high-quality and evidence-based medicine studies are required. Although no sound theory system is available that is universally recognized and the mechanism of many factors remains debatable, alveolar bone defects, the maxillary sinus, the gingiva, tooth ankylosis, bone islands and friction may cause orthodontic tooth movement. Understanding the factors related to the difficulty of orthodontic tooth movement is advantageous to develop a more comprehensive personalized treatment plan for patients and achieve more efficient and safer tooth movement. In this paper, the current factors related to orthodontic tooth movement are reviewed to provide references for clinical orthodontic treatment.

Effect of calcium hydroxide on inflammatory root resorption and ankylosis in replanted teeth compared with other intracanal materials: a review

Calcium hydroxide (CH) is the gold-standard intracanal dressing for teeth subjected to traumatic avulsion. A common complication after the replantation of avulsed teeth is root resorption (RR). The current review was conducted to compare the effect of CH with that of other intracanal medications and filling materials on inflammatory RR and replacement RR (ankylosis) in replanted teeth. The PubMed and Scopus databases were searched through June 2018 using specific keywords related to the title of the present article. The materials that were compared to CH were in 2 categories: 1) mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and endodontic sealers as permanent filling materials for single-visit treatment, and 2) Ledermix, bisphosphonates, acetazolamide, indomethacin, gallium nitrate, and enamel matrix-derived protein (Emdogain) as intracanal medicaments for multiple-visit management of avulsed teeth prior to the final obturation. MTA can be used as a single-visit root filling material; however, there are limited data on its efficacy due to a lack of clinical trials. Ledermix and acetazolamide were comparable to CH in reducing RR. Emdogain seems to be an interesting material, but the data supporting its use as an intracanal medication remain very limited. The conclusions drawn in this study were limited by the insufficiency of clinical trials.

Single-tooth dento-osseous osteotomy with a computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing surgical guide

This clinical note introduces a method to assist surgeons in performing single-tooth dento-osseous osteotomy. For use in this method, a surgical guide was manufactured using computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing technology and was based on preoperative surgical simulation data. This method was highly conducive to successful single-tooth dento-osseous segmental osteotomy.

Decoronation as an alternative procedure for dental ankylosis after dental reimplantation due to trauma in a growing child:case report / Decoronação como procedimento alternativo para anquilose dentária após reimplante dental devido a trauma emcrianças em crescimento: relato de caso

A anquilose dentária ocorre por meio da fusão de superfície da raiz com o osso alveolar, devido à necrose do ligamento periodontal. Trauma local, infecção periapical, desordens endócrinas e metabólicas, esforço mastigatório excessivo, falta de força eruptiva do sucessor permanente e alterações genéticas são alguns dos fatores que podem levara anquilose. Embora não haja um tratamento conhecido para anquilose dento alveolar, existem procedimentos alternativos, tais como manter o dente anquilosado ou sua raiz, extração seguida de fechamento ortodôntico, autotransplante, implante,osteotomia da unidade dento-óssea ou decoronação.A decoronação é um procedimento em que a coroado dente anquilosado é removido cirurgicamente abaixo da junção cemento-esmalte e a raiz é sepultada. Após o procedimento, mantenedor de espaço estético-funcional é instalado para evitar a perda de espaço até a oportunidade de proporcionar um tratamento de reabilitação definitiva. Nosso objetivo é relatar o caso de paciente LSM, fêmea, 8 anos de idade, que se apresentou para o Centro de Trauma Bucodentário da Universidade Federal do Ceará após colidir contra uma parede. Avulsão do elemento dentário 21 ocorreu e o dente foi armazenado em leite. O reimplante ocorreu uma hora após a injúria. O tratamento realizado foi decoronação e instalação de um mantenedor de espaço estético e funcional. Este relato de caso apresenta um acompanhamento clínico de 6 meses e 3 anos de acompanhamento radiográfico.

Dental ankylosis occurs by fusion of the root surface with the alveolar bone due to necrosis of the periodontal ligament. Although there is not a known treatment for dentoalveolar ankylosis, there are alternative procedures that may be realized as a way to prevent serious consequences. Decoronation is a procedure which the crown of the ankylosed tooth is surgically removed below the cemento-enamel junction and the root is buried. Our aim is to report the case of patient LSM, female, 8 years-old, who came to the Oral dentalTrauma Center of Federal University of Ceará after colliding against a wall. Avulsion of the dental element 21 occured and the tooth was stored in milk.The reimplantation occurred one hour after the injury. After two years of the dental trauma, the treatment performed was decoronation and installation of anaesthetic and functional space maintainer. This case report presents a clinical and radiographic follow-up of 6 months and 3 years. In the 6-month evaluation, the buried root showed signs of resorption, but without bone loss, the aesthetic space maintainer was stillwell adapted and the alveolar ridge have no signals of gingival or bony issues. After three years, radiographic evaluation showed complete root resorption and signs bone formation in root previous site. Decoronation is aprocedure that aim to maintain the alveolar bone ridge width, height and continuity and may be indicated to dental ankylosis, being a successful procedure in the reported case, allowing the patient to maintain the aesthetic, function and preserve the alveolar processto a future reahabilitation.

Submersão severa de dentes decíduos: diferentes abordagens de acordo com o momento do diagnóstico / Severe submerged deciduous teeth: different approaches in accordance with the time of diagnosis

Introdução: a submersão severa de dentes decíduos, condição em que a superfície oclusal do dente apresenta-se nivelada ou abaixo da margem gengival, é rara e são poucos os casos relatados na literatura. Devida importância deve ser atribuída aos casos de submersão severa a fim de evitar potenciais problemas de desenvolvimento oclusal. Quanto mais precoce o diagnóstico e a intervenção, maior a chance de restabelecimento do desenvolvimento normal da dentição. Objetivo: apresentar dois casos de submersão severa de dentes decíduos com diferentes abordagens cirúrgico-ortodônticas de acordo com o momento do diagnóstico, englobando as possíveis etiologias, diagnóstico e opções de tratamento. Conclusão: a intervenção precoce nos casos de submersão severa de dentes decíduos previne problemas durante o desenvolvimento da dentição.

Introduction: the severe submersion of deciduous teeth, a condition in which the occlusal surface of the tooth presents in the level or below of the gingival margin, is rare and few cases have been reported in the literature. Due importance should be given to cases of severe submersion in order to avoid potential problems of occlusal development. How early diagnosis and intervention should be realized, greater the chance of restoring the normal development of teeth. Objective: to present two cases of severe submerged deciduous teeth with different orthodontic-surgical approaches according to the time of diagnosis, involving the possible etiology, diagnosis and treatment options. Conclusion: early intervention in cases of severe submersion of deciduous teeth prevents problems during the development of the dentition.

Diagnóstico e tratamento de anquilose dentoalveolar severa nadentição decídua: relato de caso / Diagnosis and treatment of severe dentoalveolar ankylosisin primary molars: case report

A anquilose dentoalveolar é uma alteração frequente na dentição decídua, sendo reconhecida como o principal fator etiológico das infraoclusões. O tratamento é individualizado e dependerá do grau de infraoclusão. Este trabalho relata o caso de um paciente com estagnação do processo eruptivo do segundo molar superior direito decíduo. Após anamnese e exame clínico, observou-se infraoclusão deste dente, sugerindo anquilose dentoalveolar. Foram solicitadas radiografias periapical e panorâmica. Chegou-se ao diagnóstico de anquilose dentoalveolar severa. Após autorização, a exodontia do dente em questão foi realizada. Posteriormente, planejou-se o uso de um recuperador de espaço, pois o dente vizinho (elemento 16) apresentava-se mesializado. Foi realizado acompanhamento de dois meses até o posicionamento desejado, quando se colocou um mantenedor de espaço tipo banda-alça com consultasperiódicas para avaliação do processo eruptivo do sucessor. O resultado após seis meses mostra que foi mantido o espaço necessário para garantir a erupção do dente permanente e um padrão de oclusão normal. As autoras concluíram que o diagnóstico precoce da anquilose em dentes decíduos é essencial para o estabelecimento de medidas terapêuticas eficazes que, associadas ao acompanhamento periódico do paciente, possibilitam a erupção adequada dos dentes sucessores e bom desenvolvimento da oclusão na dentição permanente.

The dentoalveolar ankylosis is a frequent alteration found in primary dentition, and it is regarded as being the main etiologic factor of infraocclusion. Treatment is individualized and it will depend on the degree of infraocclusion. This study reports the case of a patient with failure in the eruption process of the right maxillary second deciduous molar.After anamnesis and clinical exam, infraocclusion of this tooth was found, suggestive of dentoalveolar ankylosis. As a complementary diagnostic test periapical and panoramic radiographs was requested. Diagnosis of severe dentoalveolar ankylosis was confirmed. After obtaining authorization, the tooth was extracted. Afterwards, the plan was to use a space gain because the neighboring tooth (element 16) was mesialized. A band-loop space maintainer was then placed, followed by periodic consultations to assess eruption process of the permanent successor. After six months, results showed that necessary space was maintained to assure eruption of the permanent tooth and normal occlusion pattern. The authors concluded that early diagnosis of ankylosis in deciduous teeth is essential to establish effective therapeutic procedures which, associated with periodic follow-up of the patient, enables adequateeruption of the successor and development of good occlusion in permanent dentition.

Primary and secondary impaction of four primary molar teeth in a single patient / Retención primaria y secundaria de los cuatro primeros molares en un paciente

The lack of eruption of a primary tooth can be considered rare. In primary impaction, the primary tooth not only has never appeared in the oral cavity, but also is always covered by a more or less thick layer of bone. Secondary impaction, which is relatively more common, denotes teeth that at one time erupted into the mouth, but subsequently clinically appear to have receded from this position. The purpose of this paper is to present a case of primary and secondary impaction of four primary molar teeth in a single patient(AU)

La falta de erupción de un diente temporal puede ser considerada una situación rara. En la retención primaria, no sólo el diente temporal nunca ha aparecido en la cavidad bucal, sino que también está cubierto por una capa más o menos gruesa del hueso. La retención secundaria, que es relativamente más común, se refiere a los dientes que inició su erupción en la boca, pero clínicamente quedan atrapados en esta posición. El propósito de este trabajo es presentar un caso de retención primaria y secundaria de cuatro molares primarios en un paciente(AU)