Traditional Galactogogues and the Practices Related to Their Use by Post-Natal Women of India

@#Introduction: Traditional galactogogue recipes are still being used, though not widely, and scientific studies on their use are scanty. This research aimed to study commonly used traditional galactogogue-recipes using primary sources, to bring about nutritional enhancement in most popular recipes and compare the standard and nutrified galactogogue-recipes for nutrients, phytochemicals and sensory qualities. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 120 mothers (older than 20 years) residing in Indian states of Rajasthan and Uttar-Pradesh in their 0-1 year of lactation period who consented to be a part of the study. Background-information and use of galactogogues was collected with the help of self-designed, pre-tested questionnaires. Nutritive-value (moisture, ash, protein, fat, dietary-fibre, carbohydrate, iron, and calcium) of two of the most popular galactogogues ajwain-laddu and harira were calculated to find out the nutrient(s) lacking in it. Ajwain-laddu was nutrified using whole milk-powder, drumstick leaves powder and additional amount of clarified-butter. Harira was nutrified using poppy-seeds, niger-seeds and carrots. Results: The commonly used galactogogues were ajwain-laddu, harira, Gond-laddu, and Sonth-laddu. There was a significant difference between nutrient content of standard and nutrified-recipes (p<0.05) whereas no statistical difference was observed for hedonic rating-scores (p>0.05). Conclusion: Mothers were consuming traditional galactogogues foods in order to increase milk production and strongly believed that regular consumption of galactogogues has enhanced their milk production. To optimize the nutritional value of galactogogues, it is advisable to integrate ingredients abundant in phytochemicals and micronutrients. This can be accomplished while preserving the authentic taste and presentation of these galactogogue-recipes.

Prevalence of Candida Species in ‘Thairu’ a Traditional Fermented Milk of Kerala, India

Aims: To determine the prevalence of Candida species in ‘thairu’, a traditional fermented milk prepared in the households of Kerala. Study Design: ‘Thairu’ samples collected randomly from the households in Wayanad, Kozhikode, Malappuram, Palakkad and Kannur districts of Kerala. This was followed by enumeration and identification of yeast using API 20CAUX Kit. Determination of pH and acidity of samples. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Technology, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala. September 2021- December 2021. Methodology: A total of 30 household ‘thairu’ samples were collected from households of Wayanad, Kozhikode, Malappuram, Palakkad and Kannur districts of Kerala in sterile bottles. The samples were serially diluted in normal saline and pour plated on to Yeast Extract Glucose Chloramphenicol Agar for isolation and enumeration. The pH was measured using pH meter by directly inserting the probe into the homogenized sample. Titratable acidity in per cent lactic acid was measured using N/10 NaOH. The isolates were identified based on the sugar fermentation pattern using API 20C AUX kit (Biomerieux, France). Results: The yeast count in the samples ranged from 5.0 to 6.7 log CFU/g with an average of 5.89±0.38 log CFU/g. Average acidity and pH of the samples were 1.92±0.34 % LA and 3.59±0.60 respectively. A total of 23 yeast isolates were identified based on morphology and carbohydrate fermentation pattern using API 20C AUX kit (Biomerieux, France). Exactly 86.95 per cent of isolates belong to Candida species. Conclusion: Observations of the study revealed the high prevalence of Candida species in traditional fermented milk ‘thairu’. Predominant Candida species were lactose fermenters, but the presence of a few species with spoilage and pathogenicity potential were also detected. The safety assessment of Candida species is essential before applying them as starter cultures for food fermentations.

Significance of fermented rice beverage on management of antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) on Wistar rats

Antibiotic associated diarrhoea (AAD) is caused mostly by disruption of the physiological gut microflora. One potential strategy to prevent this is the concurrent use of probiotic bacteria or yeast. Tribal populations of West Garo Hill region of Meghalaya use locally available unique microflora to prepare fermented food products whichserve as a potential source of novel probiotic organisms and bioactive compounds. In this context, here, we have evaluated the potentiality of laboratory made functional fermented rice beverage in mitigating AAD on animal models viz. Wistar rats. The animal models were administered with fermented rice beverage (test group A1), combination of indigenous Lactobacillus isolates (test group A2), a yeast isolate (test group A3), loperamide (test group STD), normal control (test group NC) and disease control (test group DC). Furthermore, various diarrhea assessment parameters were checked from each group followed by analysis of fecal microbiome, haematological parameters, histopathology of colon, liver and cecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) determination. NC and A1 was least affected by AAD induction with a faecal consistency score of 1 on the final day of the study. After day 10, a significant reduction (P <0.05) in the faecal water content was observed in A1, A2 and STD till day 15. Compared to the NC, a slight decrease in body weight was found in the rest of five test groups at day 5, 10 and 15. Except NC, the remaining five test groups showed a significant decrease of lactobacilli and yeast counts in faecal microbiota at 5th day. An increase in the enterococci and coliform counts indicated severe diarrheal condition but A1 reported with significant increase (P <0.05) in the population of Lactobacillus at day 15. An increase in red blood corpuscles, haemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was observed. During the histopathology analysis of colon and liver, normal layers of mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serous with absence of any abnormal changes or lesions was seen in A1. The cecal concentrations of lactate, acetate and propionate were significantly higher in A1 as compared to the other test groups. Therefore, fermented rice beverage possesses potential to be used in inhibition of antibiotic associated diarrhea with further clinical investigations.

Guias alimentares para a população brasileira: uma análise a partir das dimensões culturais e sociais da alimentação / Dietary guidelines for Brazilian population: an analysis from the cultural and social dimensions of food

Resumo Este artigo analisa as dimensões sociais e culturais da alimentação abordadas nas diretrizes alimentares da segunda edição do Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira (GAPB), contrapondo-o com a sua primeira edição. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo. Empregamos a análise de discurso Pecheutiana. O universo de estudo são a primeira e a segunda edição do GAPB. A análise dos dados utilizou três etapas: identificação de textos similares e diferentes dos materiais; elucidação das dimensões sociais e culturais da alimentação nos materiais; e análise sistemática com contraposição dos discursos emergentes em ambos os GAPBs. Enfatizamos que na segunda edição os referenciais teóricos - estudos epidemiológicos, clínicos, sociológicos, antropológicos e saberes populares - e a utilização da classificação de alimentos NOVA favoreceram o desenvolvimento de diretrizes alimentares mais holísticas que abordam os padrões de alimentação e refeição, as práticas culinárias, o ato de comer e a comensalidade. Conclui-se que a segunda edição do GAPB possibilita aos profissionais de saúde e à população uma compreensão do alimento enquanto parte concreta da vida dos indivíduos e coletividade, extrapolando sua dimensão fisiológica e biológica.

Abstract This article analyzes the social and cultural dimensions of food addressed in the dietary guidelines of the second edition of the Dietary Guideline for the Brazilian Population (DGBP) in contrast to its first edition. This is a qualitative study. We employ the Pecheutian discourse analysis. The study universe is the first and second edition of DGBP. Data analysis used three steps: identification of similar and different texts of these materials; elucidation of the social and cultural dimensions of food in these materials; and systematic analysis with contrasting emerging discourses in both DGBPs. We emphasize that in the second edition the theoretical references—epidemiological, clinical, sociological, anthropological studies, and popular knowledge—and the use of the NOVA food classification favored the development of more holistic dietary guidelines that address food and eating patterns, culinary practices, the act of eating and the commensality. It is concluded that the second editions of DGPB allows health professionals and the population an understanding of food as something concrete in the life of individuals and collectivity, extrapolating its physiological and biological dimension.

Importancia nutricional y actividad biológica de los compuestos bioactivos de quelites consumidos en México / Nutritional importance and biological activity of bioactive compounds from quelites consumed in Mexico

Sólo un 30% de los hogares en México, presentan seguridad alimentaria, es decir, un gran porcentaje de los hogares y por ende de la población no satisfacen las necesidades básicas diarias de macro y micronutrimentos. Los quelites, que se definen como plantas silvestres comestibles (hojas, tallos y flores) son una fuente accesible, continua, económica y adecuada de nutrimentos. Sin embargo, su consumo ha disminuido por modificaciones en las preferencias alimentarias, derivadas de los cambios en estilos de vida. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue valorizar a los quelites como fuente de alimento. Los quelites, aportan proteínas, aminoácidos, minerales (Ca, Mg, Zn), vitaminas (E, C) y fibra. Además, son una excelente fuente de compuestos bioactivos, como ácidos fenólicos (ácido cafeico, ferúlico) y flavonoides (quercetina, kaempferol, espinacetina), carotenoides, ácido α-linolénico y betalainas, que presentan elevada actividad antioxidante. Su consumo habitual se ha relacionado con beneficios a la salud, tales como efectos antitumorales, antihiperlipidémicos y antidiabéticos. Los quelites, además de estar disponibles en forma silvestre, forman parte de las tradiciones culinarias de México, incorporados de forma cruda y cocida en los platillos regionales. Por lo tanto, la revalorización y reincorporación de los quelites en la dieta, puede coadyuvar a cubrir las necesidades nutrimentales, en poblaciones con poco acceso o inseguridad alimentaria, además de contribuir a proporcionar efectos adicionales a través de sus compuestos bioactivos.

Only 30% of households in Mexico present food security, which means a large percentage of households and the population does not meet their needs in terms of macro and micronutrients. Thus, quelites, which are defined as wild edible plants, are an accessible, continuous, economical and adequate source of nutrients. However, quelite consumption in Mexico has been decreasing in response to changes in food preferences and lifestyles, including increased exposure to hypercaloric foods. Therefore, the aim of this work was to discuss the value of quelites as a food source rich in nutrients, proteins, amino acids, minerals (Ca, Mg, Zn), vitamins (E, C) and fiber. We also discuss how quelites are good source of bioactive compounds, such as phenolic acids (caffeic acid, ferulic acid) and flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, spinacetin), carotenoids, α-linolenic acid and betalaines. There use have been mainly related to the anti-tumor, antihyperlipidemic and antidiabetic benefits. We further discuss topics related to the culinary traditions of Mexico and the incorporation of quelites in the raw and cooked form in regional markets. The revaluation and the reincorporation of quelites in the diet can help meet nutritional needs, in addition to possibly providing additional health benefits.

Estabilidade físico-química e microbiológica de farinha de mandioca fermentada comercializada em Belém do Pará / Physicochemical and microbiological stability of fermented manioc flour marketed in Belém do Para

A farinha de mandioca fermentada é um alimento típico da região amazônica brasileira e sua produção ocorre com as seguintes etapas: colheita, descascamento, fermentação (tubérculos são imersos em um tanque com água ou córrego), lavagem, trituração, prensagem, moagem e torrefação. A farinha de mandioca é uma fonte importante de carboidratos na Amazônia, especialmente pelas pessoas de baixa renda. Neste trabalho estudou-se o comportamento físico-químico e microbiológico da farinha de mandioca fermentada comercializada em um mercado de rua e em supermercado. Para tal, 36 quilogramas de farinha de mandioca fermentada foram adquiridos e mantidos sob as mesmas condições ambientais do mercado de rua e do supermercado. Durante dois meses, as amostras foram analisadas quanto à umidade, cinzas acidez total titulável, pH e atividade de água. Os resultados mostraram que o pH e a acidez total titulável foram estáveis, mas a umidade e a atividade de água mudaram e aumentaram significativamente (p>0,05).(AU)

The Effect of Mothers’ and Fathers’ Food Preferences on Children’s Preferences with Their Attitude.

Aims: Early childhood is most crucial for establishing eating habits; therefore, controlling the preferences of young children is critical. This study investigated the relationship between mothers’ and fathers’ food preferences in their childhood and their children’s present food preferences. Study Design: This was a cross-sectional study. Methods: Questionnaires were provided to the parents of children in the age group of 3-5. The association between children’s preferences, their food concerns and mothers’ and fathers’ preferences during their childhood and the present was examined using a multiple logistic regression analysis. A questionnaire was given to the parents of 1,010 children aged between 3 and -5 years and who attended 5 private kindergartens and nursery facilities in Japan. The children’s preferences were significantly related to their mothers’ and fathers’ preferences during childhood, (but not current parental food preferences), as well as children’s enjoyment of school lunches and their consumption of traditional Japanese food. Results: Primarily, the mother’s preferences during childhood were most intensively related to children’s preferences (4.21 [2.47-7.19], P<0.001: Odds Ratio [95% confidence intervals], probability). The children’s preferences were affected not only by mothers’ and fathers’ preferences during their childhood, which cannot be changed, but also by children’s enjoyment of their school lunches and their consumption of traditional Japanese food. Conclusion: These acts can be modified and may have a key role of improving children’s food preferences.

Evaluation of Traditional Aspects of School Lunch Menus in Korea by Analyzing Dish Group Composition / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study was conducted to analyze traditional aspects of school lunch menus in Korea. We conducted a content analysis of menu-related contents included in guidelines for school lunch programs provided by 16 city and provincial education offices. In addition, the data of 10,495 menus for the third week of December 2010 and March, July, October 2011 from 557 elementary, middle, and high school were analyzed by school grade, area, and province. The results showed that there were no specific and detailed guidelines for menu planning in terms of traditional food culture in most of the guidelines for school lunch programs. However, the basic traditional menu composition was maintained in school lunch menus. The percentage of menus including rice and Kimchi was 97% and 95%, respectively, and that including Korean soup was about 72%. However, the frequency of serving Namul, Korean seasoned vegetable dish, accounted for only about 52% of the menus. The percentage of the menus following the traditional food group pattern including such five food groups as rice, Korean soup, Kimchi, Namul, and optional Korean side dish was only about 35%. The percentage of the menus following the traditional food group pattern excluding Namul from the five food groups accounted for about 30%. The traditional food group score, calculated by allocating 1 point to each of the five food groups was 4.06 out of 5 points on average. Elementary schools and schools in rural area and in Jeolla-do province served traditional menus more frequently. In conclusion, school lunch programs need to consider establishing traditional foods-based standards and relevant guidelines for school lunch, particularly for high schools and schools in urban areas and in some provinces.

A study on the customer's perception of Korean traditional soy sauce and soybean paste products in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do

This study was conducted to investigate the consumption pattern and perception of traditional soy sauce and soybean paste products in male and female adults aged 19 and over in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do areas in order to promote the development of the products' industry. The survey was conducted between October 1 to October 15, 2011 among 294 male and female adults aged 19 years and over in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do areas. The gender distribution of the subjects was 33.3% males and 66.7% females. For a perception on traditional dietary life, the degree for enjoying meals with cooked rice as the staple food revealed that 32.3% of the subjects responded 'strongly agree'. The intake frequency of traditional soy sauce and soybean paste products in the subjects of the study showed that in the case of doenjang, 49.7% of the participants consumed it twice a week and 21.4% consumed it once a week. For gochujang, 59.9% consumed it twice a week and 19.0% consumed it once a week. The perception on the preparation method for traditional soy sauce and soybean paste products showed a low level for traditional soy sauce and soybean paste products. The reason for purchasing traditional foods showed that 77.6% of the subjects made purchases for convenience and 8.2% purchased it for its small package. For the subjects, the priority for purchasing traditional soy sauce and soybean paste products was as follows: in the first rank, ingredients & origin made up 33.7% and price comprised of 26.2% of the priority. Regarding satisfaction for soy sauce and soybean paste products in the market, the degree of satisfaction was high for gochujang. With regard to gender difference, female subjects showed a significantly lower satisfaction for cheonggukjang and kuk-ganjang, and a significantly higher satisfaction for chin-ganjang, compared to the male subjects. The results of the study depicted that consumer's requirement was high for traditional soy sauce and soybean paste products in the market, particularly for the safety of the products in the market. Consumer satisfaction was relatively positive yet, some efforts are needed in order to improve the quality of cheonggukjang and kuk-ganjang.

Development of a Sensory Education Textbook and Teaching Guidebook for Preference Improvement toward Traditional Korean Foods in Schoolchildren

The purpose of this study was to develop a textbook and teaching guidebook on sensory education for lower grade students at elementary schools. The goal of sensory education was to improve preferences for traditional Korean foods. An advisory committee was organized that was composed of 8 professionals in the education field, in order to discuss the adequacy and validity of the textbook's content. The textbook's units consisted of three parts composed of the following: 'feel by the five senses' (2 lessons), 'enjoying traditional Korean foods' (9 lessons), and 'eating together' (1 lesson). The lesson activities were based on experiential learning. The teacher's guidebook contained an overview of the education process, with specific information and practical guidelines for each lesson. Ninety-seven children in 3rd grade from one school participated in a pilot lesson, which evaluated the educational effects and satisfaction. After the lesson, the children had improved preferences for foods which were taught about in the class, along with better eating attitudes. These results reflect that the developed materials were suitable for improving children's preferences toward traditional Korean foods.

Aspectos socioculturales y técnico-nutricionales en la alimentación de un grupo de adultos mayores del centro gerontológico Colonia de Belencito de Medellín-Colombia / Social and cultural characteristics influencing alimentary and nutritional aspects of elderly people, living in a center care Colonia de Belencito, Medellín-Colombia

Objetivo: interpretar los aspectos socioculturales y técnico-nutricionales de la alimentación de un grupo de adultos mayores del centro gerontológico Colonia de Belencito. Materiales y métodos: el estudio se fundamentó en el enfoque de investigación cualitativa y se utilizó como perspectiva metodológica la etnografía de tipo particularista o enfocada. Las técnicas para la recolección de la información fueron la observación participante, la entrevista en profundidad, la entrevista semiestructurada y los grupos de discusión. Resultados: entre los principales hallazgos se encontró que el concepto de adulto mayor y los aspectos socioculturales de las directrices políticas que rigen la alimentación en la institución, no corresponden a lo que se propone para un proceso de envejecimiento activo; las especificaciones técnicas para el diseño de la minuta alimentaria se enmarcan en un modelo medicalizado de la alimentación; los adultos mayores manifestaron un gusto marcado por la alimentación tradicional, la cual dentro de los procesos de socialización marca una identidad y un entorno de significaciones alimentarias.

Objective: The main purpose of this research was to determine social and cultural characteristics influencing alimentary and nutritional aspects of elderly people, living in a center care called Colonia de Belencito Medellin. Methods: This is a qualitative study that including different techniques to collect data like direct observational process, semi structured surveys and focus groups method. Results: The main results showed in this study was that elderly concept and socio-cultural characteristics influencing nutrition behaviors in this population, don’t fit with the proposed model for an active and healthy elderly process; the specific techniques to design menus for this specific group of population are submitted to a classical medical nutrition model: elderly people affirmed that they prefer traditional food, because of it is a socializing process that establish cultural identity of alimentary meaning.

A Comparative Study on Cognition and Preference of Korean Traditional Food Classified by Age in Busan / 대한지역사회영양학회지

This study was carried out to investigate the Korean traditional foods cognition and preference classified by age in Busan. The survey was conducted from January 2 to March 31, 2008, by questionnaires and data analyzed by SPSS program. The results are summarized as follows: Thirty-four point nine percent of the subjects were interested the Korean traditional foods. Over 40's were more interested in the foods than under 30's. Most of the subjects (65.5%) were proud of the Korean traditional foods and the most proud food was kimchi in all of the subjects. The improvement for Korean traditional foods was indicated as cooking method. There was a significant positive correlation between preference of bab, juk, guksu, gug, jeon-juk-sun, gui-jjim, jigae, jorim, bokeum, kimchi, namul, eumcheong and cognition degree of the Korean traditional foods. Therefore, the understanding of the requirements and preference of the subjects according to age and sex is needed to develop our traditional food.

Assessing Relative Importance of Korean Traditional Food Tour Program Attributes Based on Conjoint Analysis / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to assess the structure of the decision and the importance of the attributes in choosing food-related tour program. Questionnaires were developed in three languages- Japanese, Chinese, and English- given to 300 foreign tourists who have visited Korea in 2002. Statistical data analysis was completed using SPSS Win (ver 11.0) for descriptive analysis and conjoint analysis. The results of this study showed that the 'price' was the most important attribute (35.62%) in choosing a hypothetical food tourism program, followed by 'place' (27.35%), 'time' (26.01%), and 'type of program' (10.22%). With respect to the relative importance values for each attribute by different groups, English- and Chinese-speaking tourists considered 'price' more than other factors, while 'time' was regarded as the most important factor for Japanese tourists. Therefore, it indicated the need to recognize the different needs among tourists and put these factors into consideration in developing the programs.