The application of minimally-invasive interventional technique in the clinical treatment of symptomatic polycystic liver disease and its recent advances / 介入放射学杂志

Clinically,polycystic liver disease(PLD)is a rare genetic disease.Most patients have no clinical symptoms,and a few patients with symptomatic PLD complicated by serious complications need to be treated.Liver transplantation is the only radical treatment for patients with symptomatic PLD.However,most patients are not able to receive liver transplantation due to a lack of donors,expensive surgical cost,and high risk.Because of its many advantages such as less trauma,fast recovery,repeatable,high safety and fewer complications,the minimally-invasive interventional techniques,represented by percutaneous cyst sclerotherapy and transcatheter arterial embolization,have been successfully employed for the treatment of symptomatic PLD in recent years,moreover,its clinical effect has been recognized by both doctors and patients.Therefore,as it can improve the local symptoms and the quality of life of patients,the therapy using minimally-invasive interventional technique will become the development direction for the treatment of symptomatic PLD.This article aims to make a comprehensive review concerning the principle,mechanism,guiding mode,clinical application,advantages and disadvantages,and related complications of percutaneous cyst sclerotherapy and transcatheter arterial embolization therapy in the treatment of symptomatic PLD.

Efficacy of transcatheter arterial embolization and laparotomy in the treatment of severe liver injury: a comparative study / 中华创伤杂志

Objective:To compare the efficacy of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) with laparotomy in the treatment of severe liver injury.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 48 patients with severe liver injury admitted to 909th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force (Affiliated Dongnan Hospital of Xianmen University Medical College) from December 2013 to June 2020, including 28 males and 20 females; aged 16-75 years [(45.7±6.2)years]. There were 25 patients with grade III, 15 grade IV and 8 grade V according to the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) classification. After general treatments such as infusion and hemostasis, TAE was performed in 26 patients (TAE group) and laparotomy in 22 patients (laparotomy group). The operation time and length of hospital stay were compared between the two groups. Erythrocyte, hemoglobin and serum creatinine were compared before operation and at postoperative 1 day. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were analyzed before operation and at postoperative 1, 3, 7 days. Complications were observed.Results:All patients were followed up for 12-60 months [(17.1±9.1)months]. The operation time and length of hospital stay were (65.7±9.2)minutes and (21.6±6.6)days in TAE group, significantly shorter than (162.5±28.1)minutes and (31.5±7.4)days in laparotomy group ( P<0.05 or 0.01). There was no significant difference between the two groups referring to erythrocyte, hemoglobin and serum creatinine before operation and at postoperative 1 day (all P>0.05). There was no significant difference in ALT and AST between the two groups before operation (all P>0.05). TAE group showed ALT level of 1 154(884, 1 698)U/L, (975.3±400.9)U/L and (403.4±232.9)U/L at postoperative 1, 3, 7 days, significantly lower than 2 053(1 965, 2 132)U/L, (1 604.1±188.2)U/L and (915.3±160.5)U/L in laparotomy group (all P<0.05). TAE group showed AST level of (1 313.2±542.0)U/L, 525(302, 971)U/L and 174(84, 324)U/L at postoperative 1, 3, 7 days, significantly lower than (1 962.9±245.4)U/L, 1 478(1 089, 1 677)U/L and 837(674, 1 006)U/L in laparotomy group ( P<0.05 or 0.01). The complication rate was 26.9% (7/26) in TAE group, significantly lower than 59.1% (13/22) in laparotomy group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:For severe liver injury, TAE can significantly shorten operation time and length of hospital stay, accelerate the recovery of liver function and reduce the complication rate in comparison with laparotomy.

Analysis of 42 cases of emergency transcatheter arterial embolization in the treatment of spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma / 国际外科学杂志

Objective To investigate the safety and feasibility of emergency transcatheter arterial embolization in the treatment with spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma.Methods The data of 42 patients with spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma who were treated by emergency transcatheter arterial embolization from January 2015 to December 2018 in Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of Chongqing Emergency Medical Center were collected.There were 35 males and 7 females,aged 28-78 years,with an average age of 51 years.The success rate of intubation,postoperative mortality and postoperative complications were observed.Results All patients were successfully intubated,40 cases improved and discharged,1case died within 1 month after operation,who with large amount of bleeding,1 case died after 1 month,who with diffused liver cancer and liver failure,3 cases were complicated liver or kidney failure,in whom 2 cases improved after active treatment.Conclusion Emergency transcatheter arterial embolization has the advantages of less trauma,short operation time,less postoperative complications and good hemostatic effect,which can increase the survival rate of patients under emergency conditions and lay a foundation for subsequent tumor treatment,it should be popularized in clinical work.

Analysis of 42 cases of emergency transcatheter arterial embolization in the treatment of spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma / 国际外科学杂志

Objective@#To investigate the safety and feasibility of emergency transcatheter arterial embolization in the treatment with spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma.@*Methods@#The data of 42 patients with spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma who were treated by emergency transcatheter arterial embolization from January 2015 to December 2018 in Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of Chongqing Emergency Medical Center were collected. There were 35 males and 7 females, aged 28-78 years, with an average age of 51 years. The success rate of intubation, postoperative mortality and postoperative complications were observed.@*Results@#All patients were successfully intubated, 40 cases improved and discharged, 1case died within 1 month after operation, who with large amount of bleeding, 1 case died after 1 month, who with diffused liver cancer and liver failure, 3 cases were complicated liver or kidney failure, in whom 2 cases improved after active treatment.@*Conclusion@#Emergency transcatheter arterial embolization has the advantages of less trauma, short operation time, less postoperative complications and good hemostatic effect, which can increase the survival rate of patients under emergency conditions and lay a foundation for subsequent tumor treatment, it should be popularized in clinical work.

Oxidative stress and apoptosis of VX2 hepatocarcinoma after transcatheter arterial embolization in rabbit / 中国介入影像与治疗学

Objective: To observe the oxidative stress and apoptosis of paracancerous liver tissue after transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) in rabbit models with VX2 hepatocarcinoma, in order to investigate the role of oxidative stress and apoptosis in liver tissue injury. Methods: Twenty-five rabbit VX2 hepatocarcinoma models were established and randomly divided into TAE group (n=13) and control group (n=12). TAE group was treated with TAE, while no treatment was performed on control group. Peripheral blood indexes, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBI), serum albumin (ALB) and prothrombin time (PT) were detected three days after operation in TAE group and the same time in control group. Then the experimental animals were killed, and the samples of tumor tissues and paracancerous liver tissues were obtained for histopathological examination, bioenzyme detection and apoptosis detection. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), Catalase (CAT) were detected by biochemical enzymatic assay. The apoptosis of hepatocytes was detected by using TUNEL method, and the apoptotic index (AI) was calculated. Results Compared with control group, ALT, AST and TBI increased, ALB decreased and PT prolonged, while SOD, GSH-PX, CAT decreased in TAE group (all P<0.001). Mild steatosis and inflammatory cell infiltration were observed in paracancerous liver tissue of TAE group, while only mild steatosis was observed in control group. AI of TAE group was significantly higher than that of control group ([64.20±2.77]% vs [2.20±1.90]%; t=-112.30, P<0.001). Conclusion: The decrease of liver function after TAE in rabbit VX2 hepatocarcinoma models maybe associate with the decrease of antioxidant activity and the oxidative stress which eventually lead to the increase of hepatocyte apoptosis.

Superselective cystic arterial perfusion embolization for the treatment of invasive bladder cancer with hemorrhage / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To investigate the efficacy of transcatheter selective cystic arterial infusion chemotherapy embolization in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer with hemorrhage.Methods 81 cases of with invasive bladder cancer and hemorrhage treated by superselective intervention in hospital were selected,as well as postoperative complications and tumor volume changes were recorded in followG up.Results The success rate of intubation and embolization was 100%,the immediate hemostasis rate was 97.53%,and the preoperative bladder tumor volume (4.08±1.66)cm was significantly larger than that of the six months after surgery (3.45±1.33)cm.Conclusion Superselective cystic arterial perfusion embolization is a safe and effective treatment for patients with invasive bladder cancer complicated with hemorrhage.

A Case of Spontaneous Rupture of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Supplied by the Right Renal Capsular Artery Treated by Transcatheter Arterial Embolization

We present a case of spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma with poor liver function managed by transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE). The patient's bilirubin level was 2.1 mg/dL, albumin level was 2.4 g/dL, and prothrombin time international normalized ratio was 2.1. In addition, the patient had also developed a large number of ascites. The tumor was supplied by the right renal capsular artery, as observed on angiography. With successful TAE, no hepatic failure occurred. We believe TAE can be a safe and effective treatment option, even in patients with poor liver function, if tumors are supplied only by extrahepatic collateral vessels.

Outcomes and complications of embolization for gastrointestinal bleeding

Gastrointestinal bleeding is a common medical emergency with significant morbidity and mortality. Although endoscopic treatment was recommended as the first-line approach, it is often limited in real clinical practice. Over the past few decades, transcatheter arterial embolization has become a major treatment modality for the management of gastrointestinal bleeding that is refractory to endoscopic management. This review aims to describe the outcomes and complications of transcatheter arterial embolization for gastrointestinal bleeding.

Diagnosis and treatment of iatrogenic biliary tree destruction / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective To summarize the clinicopathological characteristic,diagnosis and treatment of iatrogenic biliary tree destruction.Methods The retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted.The clinical data of 11 patients with iatrogenic biliary tree destruction who were admitted to the Chinese PLA General Hospital (9 patients) between January 1990 and December 2013 and Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital (2 patients) between December 2014 and May 2017 were collected.Observation indicators:(1) causes and parts of destruction;(2) clinical manifestation;(3) imaging performance;(4) treatment;(5) follow-up.Follow-up using outpatient examination and telephone interview was performed to detect long-term prognosis of patients up to April 2018.Measurement data with skewed distribution were described as M (range).Results (1) Causes and parts of iatrogenic biliary tree destruction:causes of iatrogenic biliary tree destruction in 11 patients:transcatheter arterial embolization for hepatic hemangioma was performed in 7 patients,high intensity focused ultrasound for hepatic hemangioma in 1 patient,arterial embolization for false aneurysm in 1 patient,sclerosant injection for hepatic echinococcosis in 1 patient,and cyberknife radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma in 1 patient.Parts of biliary tree destruction of 11 patients:5,3,2 and 1 respectively involved bilateral biliary tree,right biliary tree,bilateral main biliary ducts in hepatic port and left biliary tree.(2) Clinical manifestation:11 patients had symptoms of recurrent chills and fever,and combined with different degrees of jaundice.The initial symptom occurred in 2 weeks to 3 months after iatrogenic biliary tree destruction.Of 11 patients,7 were complicated by different degrees of hepatic abscess,and abscess involving left and right half liver were detected in 4 patients,aggregating in right half liver in 2 patients and aggregating in left half liver in 1 patient.Eight patients had secondary biliary cirrhosis,portal hypertension,splenomegaly and hypersplenism during the late course of disease.(3) Imaging performance:magnetic resonanced cholangio-pancreatography (MRCP) and cholangiography examinations showed missing bile duct in necrosis area,beading-like stricture and dilation of damaged biliary tree,reducing proximal bile duct branches and associated gallbladder necrosis.CT and MRI examinations showed that structure of distribution area of damaged biliary tree disappeared or bile duct wall was thickened,and hepatic abscesses of patients were scattered and multiple.Five patients had significantly secondary liver atrophy-hypertrophic syndrome,showing atrophy of right liver and hyperplasia of left liver.Radiotherapy-induced biliary tree destruction showed a characteristic of continued progress,localized abnormality in the early stage and typical imaging changes after the damage stability in the late stage.(4) Treatment:of 11 patients,4 didn't undergo surgery,and 7 underwent 18 intentional and conclusive surgeries (1-4 times / per case).(5) Follow-up:11 patients were followed up for 2-132 months,with a median time of 73 months.During the follow-up,2,1 and 8 patients had respectively excellent,good and poor prognoses.Among 11 patients,4 died (2 died of severe infection and 2 died of biliary cirrhosis),and 7 survived.Conclusions Iatrogenic biliary tree destruction is easy to cause hepatic abscess,liver atrophy-hypertrophic syndrome or biliary cirrhosis,and it can be diagnosed by imaging examination.The definitive treatment should be followed by liver resection or liver transplantation of involving area according to the extent of damage.

Surgical treatment of hepatic hemangiomas: a study of 908 patients / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Objective To study the surgical treatment of hepatic hemangiomas and the timing of surgery.Methods A retrospective study was conducted on 908 patients with giant hemangiomas who underwent surgery between December 1997 and December 2017.The clinical data,surgical indications,surgical outcomes,lesion size,and the effect of TAE were compared.Results The diameter (mean + /-S.D.)of the resected hepatic cavernous hemangiomas was (11.1 ± 6.2) cm (the longest diameter was 60 cm).585 patients (64.4％) underwent enucleation of hepatic hemangiomas and 323 patients (35.6％) underwent anatomical hepatectomy.Six patients died perioperatively (mortality rate 0.7％).The incidence of severe complication (Clavien-Dindo grade 3 ～ 5) was 3.8％.The incidence of severe postoperative complication for enucleation (2.7％) was significantly less than anatomic liver resection (5.6％,P ＜0.05).When the lesion was more than 20 cm,the complication and mortality rates were significantly higher than those less than 20 cm (P ＜ 0.05).The complication and mortality rates in patients who underwent TAE before surgery were significantly higher than those without TAE (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Surgical enucleation of hemangiomas was superior to anatomical hepatectomy.With increase in tumor size,the risk of surgery increased.Surgical treatment was safe and effective for giant hepatic hemangiomas.For giant hepatic hemangiomas with significant increase in size,prompt surgical treatment is recommended.

Super-selective hepatic artery embolization and bleomycin in treatment of liver hemangioma / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Objective To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of super-selective hepatic artery embolization (TAE) and bleomycin hydrochloride in treatment of liver hemangioma.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 132 patients treated for liver hemangioma from January 2011 to December 2014.The patients underwent super-selective TAE.There were 26 men and 106 women.The age ranged from 29.0 to 65.0 (46.0±8.0) years.An emulsion of iodized oil and bleomycin and polyvinyl alcohol particle (PVA) was used for the TAE.Routine follow-up visits on post-treatment Days 3 and 7 were carried out to detect complications and changes in liver function.The diameters of the lesions pre-TAE and at 6,12 and every 12 months thereafter were monitored.Results TAE was technically successful in all these patients.The range of follow-up was 3～6 years.The successful rates of treatment at 6 month,12 months,24 months,and 36 months,were 100％,100％,96.9％ and 90.6％,respectively.Conclusion TAE with an emulsion of iodized oil and bleomycin and PVA was a safe and efficacious treatment for liver hemangioma on long-term follow-up.

Two Pediatric Cases of Spontaneous Ruptured Solid Tumors Successfully Treated with Transcutaneous Arterial Embolization / 임상소아혈액종양

Spontaneous rupture with internal bleeding of solid tumors has rarely been described at the time of diagnosis or during chemotherapy. This rare event must be regarded as a life threatening condition. In these emergency situations, control of hemorrhage, which is life-saving, can be achieved by transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) and/or surgical resection. This report describes two infants presenting with acute hemorrhagic shock due to spontaneous tumor rupture of hepatoblastoma and neuroblastoma during chemotherapy. TAE successfully arrested the tumor bleeding and a visibly reduced the tumor size in both children. Spontaneous rupture of solid tumors occur infrequently in children, but is a life threatening situation. Careful monitoring for the occurrence of this rare event especially in very young children presenting with a large tumor mass.

Recent Update of Embolization of Postpartum Hemorrhage

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a life-threatening condition and remains a leading cause of maternal mortality. Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) is an effective therapeutic strategy for PPH with the advantages of fast speed, repeatability, and the possibility of fertility preservation. We reviewed the vascular anatomy relevant to PPH, the practical details of TAE emphasizing the timing of embolization, and various clinical conditions of PPH according to a recent literature review.

Endovascular embolization for the management of oronasal cavity hemorrhage / 介入放射学杂志

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) in treating oronasal cavity hemorrhage,and to discuss the the occurrence and prevention of complications.Methods The clinical data of 121 patients with refractory and fatal oronasal cavity hemorrhage,who were admitted to authors' hospital during the period from December 2005 to October 2013 to receive treatment,were retrospectively analyzed.A total of 116 patients were treated with TAE,and these patients were followed up for 1-3 months to evaluate the embolization effect and the occurrence of procedure-related complications was analyzed.Results Of the 116 patients,complete control of bleeding after TAE was achieved in 96 (82.7％),rebleeding within one week after TAE was seen in 19 (16.4％) and the bleeding was controlled by medication,and in the remaining one (0.9％) re-bleeding occurred within one week after TAE and embolization therapy had to be carried out again.No obvious complications occurred in 77 patients (66.4％);maxillofacial pain and numbness,low fever,limitation of mouth opening and other mild complications were observed in 35 patients (30.1％);one patient (0.9％) developed facial skin necrosis and severe headache;and 3 patients (2.6％) showed stroke symptoms due to cerebral embolism.Conclusion For the treatment of refractory and fatal oronasal cavity hemorrhage,TAE can quickly and effectively achieve the purpose of hemostasis;careful selection of proper embolization material based on the the different causes of bleeding and the responsible blood vessels is the key to ensure a successful TAE.The common postoperative complications include postembolization syndrome,local ischemia,local necrosis caused by peripheral ischemia;the main serious complications are skin necrosis of maxillofacial region and cerebral infarction caused by ectopic embolization.

Diagnosis and interventional treatment value of digital subtraction angiography for post pancreatectomy hemorrhage / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective To investigate the diagnosis and treatment value of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) for post pancreatectomy hemorrhage (PPH),and influencing factors of severity of PPH.Methods The retrospective case-control study was conducted.The clinicopathological data of 20 patients with PPH who were admitted to the Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University from August 2009 to November 2016 were collected.Patients with PPH in the early stage underwent reoperations for hemostasis;patients with PPH in the later stage received conservative treatment,and then DSA and TAE were considered when patients had the stable vital signs.Observation indicators:(1) DSA situations:overall times,positive rate and bleeding sites;(2) TAE situations:successful rate of hemostasis,operating time and postoperative complications;(3) follow-up situations;(4) influencing factors analysis of severity of PPH.Follow-up using outpatient examination and telephone interview was performed to detect occurrence of complications after discharging from hospital up to April 2017.Measurement data with skewed distribution were described as M (range).Count data were evaluated by the ratio and proportion.The univariate analysis was done using the Fisher exact probability.Results (1) DSA situations:all the 20 patients underwent DSA,with overall times of 27.The direct sign was 18 times extravasation of the contrast medium,with a positive rate of 66.7％ (18/27).Of 18 times positive DSA,clear bleeding sites were located in 5 times gastroduodenal artery (3 times with pseudoaneurysm of gastroduodenal artery stump),in 4 times common hepatic artery (3 times with pseudoaneurysm of common hepatic artery),in 3 times superior mesenteric artery,in 2 times splenic artery,in 1 time left gastric artery,in 1 time right gastric artery,in 1 time left hepatic artery (pseudoaneurysm of left hepatic artery) and in 1 time inferior mesenteric artery.(2) TAE situations:of patients with 18 times positive DSA,patients with 15 times positive DSA received TAE,with a successful rate of hemostasis of 13/15,and patients with 5 times positive DSA received successful hemostasis by reoperation.A median operating time of TAE for patients with 15 times positive DSA was 30 minutes.There was no occurrence of adverse reaction,including fever,abdominal pain,melena,elevated aminotransferase and liver abscess.One patient complicated with splenic abscess after transcatheter splenic arterial embolization underwent puncture drainage and then had a good recovery.Of patients with 9 times negative DSA,patients with 8 times negative DSA were cured by conservative treatment and patient with 1 time negative DSA received successful hemostasis by operation.All the 20 patients were cured and then discharged from hospital.(3) Follow-up situations:20 patients were followed up for 4-92 months,with a median time of 24 months.During the follow-up,20 patients recovered well,without long-term complications.(4) Influencing factors analysis of severity of PPH:the results of univariate analysis showed that gender,age,preoperative blood sugar,preoperative combined jaundice,preoperative albumin (Alb),preoperative prothrombin time (PT) extended,preserving pylorus,pancreatic duct stent placement,pancreatic operation time,volume of intraoperative blood loss,intraoperative blood transfusion,property of tumor,postoperative pancreatic fistula and time of PPH were not factors affecting the severity of PPH (P＞0.05).Conclusion DSA is minimal-invasive in the diagnosis for PPH,and TAE is safe and effective for patients with positive DSA.

Uterine arteriovenous malformation with positive serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin: Embolization of both uterine arteries and extra-uterine feeding arteries

The incidence of uterine arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is rare. However, it is clinically significant in that it can cause life-threatening vaginal bleeding. We report a case of a large uterine AVM with positive serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin. A presumptive diagnosis was made; a uterine AVM accompanied by, early pregnancy or retained product of conception. Because this uterine AVM was extensive, transcatheter arterial embolization of both uterine arteries and extra-uterine feeding arteries was performed. Three months after undergoing transcatheter arterial embolization, complete resolution of the uterine AVM was confirmed without major complication.

An analyses of 104 cases spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma / 重庆医学

Objective To investigate the clinical management of Spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma(SRHCC) . Methods This was a retrospective review of the clinical data of patients with SRHCC who underwent treated in the affiliate hospi‐tal of Luzhou medical college from January 2001 to December 2014 .Results Among 104 patients ,small hepatocellular carcinoma (5 cm) in 93 cases .Thirty‐one cases which underwent surgi‐cal treatment ,were cured;44 underwent transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) ,5 cases died of liver function failure;29 cases were treated conservatively ,11 cases died of huge bleeding ,18 cases gave up discharged .Twenty‐two small and medium‐sized SRH‐CC cases underwent hepatectomy survived 1to‐10 years ;8 huge sized SRHCC cases survived 5to‐13 months;one case who under‐went partial filling pressure hemostasis and hepatic artery ligation ,but died of tumor rupture again after 34 days .Sixteen cases un‐derwent TAE were followed up ,14 cases survived 3to‐10 moths ,the survival time of two cases were 3 years and 5 years ,respective‐ly .Conservative treatment group has not been followed up .Conclusion The tumours should be surgical resection as soon as possi‐ble in those whose lesions confined to the liver and may be removed ,systemic condition is good;TAE should be used for other pa‐tients .

Sequential therapy of transcatheter arterial embolization combined with percutaneous argon-helium cryoablation for small renal cancers：analysis of clinical effect / 介入放射学杂志

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) combined with argon-helium cryoablation in treating small renal cancers. Methods During the period from February 2008 to July 2013, a total of 44 patients with small renal cancer were treated with TAE and argon-helium cryoablation at The Medical Imaging Department of Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Area Command. The renal function was reexamined one month after the treatment. Contrast-enhanced CT or MRI was performed in all patients within 1-3 months after the treatment. By using mRECIST, the therapeutic efficacy was evaluated. All patients were followed up for 12-46 months (mean 28 months). Results A total of 48 lesions in the 44 patients were treated with sequential therapy of TAE and argon-helium cryoablation. Of the 48 lesions, complete remission (CR) was achieved in 38, partial remission (PR) in 6 and stable disease (SD) in 4, the remission rate (CR+PR) was 91.7%. No severe complications occurred in all patients, except one who developed localized hemorrhage during the performance of argon-helium cryoablation, which was improved after symptomatic medication. The mean postoperative hospitalization time was 4 days. Three patients were lost to follow-up, one patient died of esophageal cancer-related complication. The remaining patients were survival during the follow-up period, among them recurrence occurred in five within 13-22 months after the treatment, and the sequential therapy of TAE and argon-helium cryoablation had to be carried out once more. Conclusion For the treatment of small renal cancers, the sequential therapy of TAE combined with argon-helium cryoablation is minimally-invasive, safe and effective, and TAE that is performed before argon-helium cryoablation can reduce the incidence of bleeding occurring in the freezing process. Therefore, this technique should be recommended in clinical practice.

A Case of a Large, Gastric Intramural Hematoma Caused by Endoscopic Mucosal Resection, and Treated with Transcatheter Arterial Embolization / 대한내과학회지

Only two cases of gastric intramural hematoma (IMH) caused by endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) have been reported to date. This is the first reported case of gastric IMH caused by EMR, treatment of which required hemoclipping and transcatheter arterial embolization. The patient had a normal coagulation profile and no relevant medical history. About 8 h after completing the EMR, the patient vomited approximately 150 mL fresh blood and complained of abdominal pain. Endoscopy showed a 3 x 7 cm hematoma with active surface bleeding in the gastric antrum. Hemoclipping of the bleeding site on the surface and transcatheter arterial embolization of the left gastric artery were performed. Thereafter, conservative management including administration of a proton pump inhibitor was performed, and the lesion resolved. A review of relevant previous cases and this case suggested vessel damage secondary to the submucosal injection itself to be a reasonable causative mechanism for the gastric IMH.

Relationship between P-gp expression and clinical efficacy of transcatheter arterial embolization chemotherapy (TACE) in primary liver cancer and clinical significance / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Objective To explore the relationship of MDR1 and its encoded product P-gp expressions with clinical efficacy of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE)in primary liver cancer and their clinical significance.Methods We selected 108 patients with primary liver cancer who came to our hospital between June 2010 and June 2013 as observation subjects.Meanwhile 50 healthy people in our hospital for liver biopsy were selected as controls.MDR1 mRNA level in observation group and control group was determined by real-time quantitative PCR.P-gp protein level was analyzed by immunohistochemistry.According to P-gp level,the 108 patients were divided into drug-resistance groups and non-resistance group;the relationship between P-gp expression level and clinical efficacy was analyzed.Results MDR1 mRNA level in liver tissues significantly enhanced in observation group compared with that in control group (P <0.05).In observation group 32 patients had the ratio of MDR1 mRNA level-normal level of more than 2 and 76 patients had the ratio of MDR1 mRNA level-normal level of less than 2. Immunohistochemistry revealed that MDR1 encoded product P-gp was brownish yellow, mainly expressed in the cell surface of liver cancer cells.There were 35 P-gp protein-negative patients (non-resistance group)and 73 positive patients (resistance group).Clinical efficacy was significantly higher in non-resistance group (74.28%)than in resistance group (43.28%)(P <0.05).The 1 year and 2-year cumulative survival rates were 54. 12% and 27.40% in resistance group and 77.14% and 42.86%% in non-resistance group.They were significantly higher in the latter group (P <0.05 ).Conclusion The overexpressed MDR1 encoded product P-gp in primary liver cancer is associated with multidrug resistance in tumor chemotherapy,suggesting that P-gp can be used as one of the guiding clinical markers of chemotherapy.