Evaluating the olfactory dysfunction and cognitive deficits induced by intracerebroventricular injection of Amyloid beta (1–42) in female C57BL/6 mice

Amyloid-β (Aβ) is a key pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementiamajorly occurring in the geriatrics. Aβ accumulation is observed in the brains of AD patients and is reported toproduce long-term effects on cognitive functions leading to neurodegeneration, and subsequently, to AD. Olfactorydeficits are reported in AD and are proposed to be another consequence of these accumulations. The present studywas performed to primarily investigate the olfactory behavior and neurochemical changes in olfactory bulb uponintracerebroventricular (i.c.v) injection of Aβ (1–42) in female C57BL/6 mice. The study also assessed the cognitivechanges of i.c.v injected animals and recorded the subsequent changes in their hippocampus. All behavioral andneurochemical variations were noted separately on 7th, 17th, and 28th day after i.c.v injection. Results from thebehavioral analysis indicated prominent olfactory deficit from the 7th day. Reactive oxygen species levels increasedin both the tissues after Aβ injection. Neurotransmitter data showed that pathological accumulation of Aβ increasesglutamate levels in bulb and hippocampus. Additionally, histopathological evidence supported the neurochemical data.Data from the present study confirmed an olfactory dysfunction associated with AD and reported the neurochemicalchanges leading to these deficits in a non-transgenic model.

Effects of active components of Epimedium, Astragalus and Radix Puerariae on expression of hepcidin in hippocampus CA3 in APPswe/PSldE9 double transgenic Alzheimer's disease model mice / 中国药理学通报

Aim To explore the effect of a combination of Astragalus, Epimedium and Pueraria on the expression of hepcidin in hippocampal CA3 region of APPswe/PSldE9 double transgenic AD model mice. Methods Thirty 10-month-old APPswe/PSldE9 double transgenic model mice were randomly divided into three groups; the compound group, the model group and the deferox (D F X) group, and ten 10-month-old C57BL/6J mice were as normal control group. Subsequently, the brain tissue of the mice was taken out, and the expression of hepcidin in the hippocampal CA3 region of each group of mice was detected by immunofluorescence combined with Real-time PCR and Western blot. Results Compared withnormal group, the mRNA expression of hepcidin was down-regulated inmodel group. Afterintragastric administrationof active components of Epimedium, Astragalus and Radix Puerariae and DFX, hepcidin expression levels increased significantly compared with those in APPswe/PSldE9 double transgenic AD model mice hippocampal CA3 area (P 0. 05). Conclusions The effective components of Astragalus, Epimedium and Radix Puerariae can up-regulate the expression of hepcidin, It is suggested that the effective components of Epimedium, Astragalus, and Radix Puerariae have important theoretical significance in the clinical treatment of Alzheimer's disease with iron overload.