Comparative quantitative analysis of fruit oil from Hippophae rhamnoides (seabuckthorn) by qNMR, FTIR and GC-MS / 中草药·英文版

OBJECTIVE@#To develop a qNMR method for quantitative analysis of triacylglycerols in fruit oil of Hippophae rhamnoides (seabuckthorn, SBT) and analyze commercial samples of SBT oils using GC-MS and FTIR.@*METHODS@#SBT fruit oil (IPHRFH) was extracted with hexane and the triglyceride (TAG) was isolated by vacuum liquid chromatography. Six different branded SBT oils purchased from e-commerce suppliers (Amazon) and in-house prepared SBT oil was analyzed by qNMR and fatty acyl composition of TAGs determined by using NMR. In-house oil was also analysed by GC-MS and FTIR spectroscopy.@*RESULTS@#The qNMR results showed that the oil contained 80.3% of triacylglycerol (TAG). The SBT oil TAGs comprised of linolenate 6.6%, palmitoleate/oleate 65.4%, and total saturated fatty acyl chain including palmitate 28% as determined by qNMR. GC-MS analysis revealed that the major acyl functionalities present in the TAG were palmitoleic acid 36.5%, oleic acid 12.9%, palmitic acid 21.2%, and linoleic acid 18%. Of the six commercial samples analyzed, samples from only one supplier (SW) were fruit oil; All others were the seed oils or mix of fruit oil and seed oil. The labels for samples except for the SW did not indicate whether it was fruit oil or seed oil.@*CONCLUSION@#The results suggest that SBT oil should be analyzed by combination of GC-MS, FTIR and qNMR for factual content of free fatty acid or TAGs, which are chemically different in nature and affect the quality of oil. GC-MS showed the content of omega free fatty acids after hydrolysis, while qNMR and FTIR showed the content of TAGs. The major acyl functionalities found in SBT fruit oil TAGs are palmitoleate/palmitate/oleate, while linoleate and linonelate make up a minor fraction. Furthermore, analysis of commercial samples showed discrepancies between label claims and actual content.

Rapid Characterization of Triacylglycerols in Edible Oils by Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry / 分析化学

Content and type of triacylglycerols(TAGs) in edible oils are closely related with our health,it is of significance to develop a fast and high-efficiency method for the determination of TAGs. In this manuscript, a fast and direct method for qualitative analysis of TAGs was established using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (MALDI-FTICR-MS). 2,5-DHB was employed as matrix and dichloromethanewas used as solvent for dissolving edible oils. With laser power of 15%,laser frequency of 100 Hz and 100 laser shots, repeatability was evaluated using relative standard deviation (RSD) and less than 10% was obtained. Different kinds of edible oils could be directly distinguished from each other using MS and MS/MS results. With confidence level of 95%, principal component analysis(PCA) results show that 34 different kinds of edible oils were clearly classified. Using this method 5% doped canola in olive was identified directly,indicating that MALDI-FTICR-MS has the potential for rapid analyzing and screening edible oils.

Development of methods for separation and analysis of triacylglycerols / 中国药学杂志

As one kind of lipid excipients, triacylglycerols (TAGs) are being more and more widely used in pharmaceutics with the development of advanced drug delivery systems. As their characteristics are mainly determined by their structures and compositions, strict quality control ought to be performed on TAGs, in order to guide their use in pharmaceutics. However, because of their complex compositions, no qualtity standard is set for TAGs in Ch.P currently. In this paper, we reviewed the methods for the separation and analysis of TAGs, includingthin-layer chromatog raphy, solid-phase extraction, gas chromotography, liquid chromatography, two-dimensional liquid chromatography, and ultraperformance convergence chromatography, and summarized their advantages and disadvantages. The application scope of each method was also overviewed in this review. Besides that we also pointed outthat according to our own study the newly emerged ultraperformance convergence chromatography would be one of the best methods to analyze TAGs.

Chemical constituents of Cycas aenigma.

Chemical investigation of Cycas aenigma, a plant endemic to the Philippines, led to the isolation of a rare neolignan, 2-[2-hydroxy-5-(3-hydroxypropyl)-3-methoxyphenyl]-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propane-1,3-diol (1), pinoresinol (2), and fatty alcohols (3) from the leaflets; and triglycerols (4), and a mixture of β-sitosterol (5a) and stigmasterol (5b) from the petiole and rachis. The structure of 1 was elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, while those of 2-5b were identified by comparison of their 1H and/or 13C NMR data with literature data.

Triterpenes and Acylglycerols from Canarium ovatum.

Chemical investigations of the dichloromethane extracts of the leaves of Canarium ovatum Engl. afforded β- amyrin (1a), α-amyrin (1b), epi-β-amyrin (2a), epi-α-amyrin (2b), epi-lupeol (2c), β-carotene (3) and lutein (4); while the twigs yielded 1a-1b. The dichloromethane extracts of the fruits of C. ovatum yielded triacylglycerols (5); the mesocarp also afforded 1a, 1b, 1,2-dioleylglycerol (6), and monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids; the nutshell also provided 6; and the kernel also yielded monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids. The structures of 1-6 and the fatty acids were identified by comparison of their 1H and/or 13C NMR data with those reported in the literature.

Hematology and plasma biochemistry in rats fed with diets enriched with fatty fishes from Amazon region / Hematologia e bioquímica plasmática em ratos alimentados com dietas enriquecidas com peixes gordurosos da bacia Amazônica

OBJECTIVE: Rats fed diets enriched with fatty fish from the Amazon region had Hematology and plasma biochemistry analyzed. METHODS: Forty Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control group fed a standard diet; mapará group fed a diet enriched with Hypophthalmus edentatus; matrinxã group fed a diet enriched with Brycon spp.; and tambaqui group fed a diet enriched with Colossoma macropomum. After thirty days the rats had an red blood count and plasma biochemistry. RESULTS: Hematocrit and hemoglobin levels were higher in rats fed tambaqui and matrinxã than in those fed the standard diet of mapará. However, mapará increased cholesterol, especially low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. All fish-enriched diets reduced triacylglycerols. CONCLUSION: Diets enriched with fatty fish from the Amazon region reduce triacylglycerol and increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, especially the diet enriched with tambaqui. Tambaqui and matrinxã affected hematocrit and hemoglobin levels, but not mapará. Further research is needed to determine the benefits of diets enriched with fatty fish from the Amazon region. .

OBJETIVO: A hematologia e bioquímica plasmática foram avaliadas em ratos submetidos a dietas enriquecidas com peixes gordurosos da região amazônica. MÉTODOS: Ratos machos da linhagem Wistar foram divididos em quatro grupos: grupo-controle (dieta-padrão); grupo mapará (dietas enriquecidas com Hypophthtalmus edentatus); grupo matrinxã (dietas enriquecidas com Brycon spp.); grupo tambaqui (dietas enriquecidas com Colossoma macropomum). Os parâmetros hematológicos e as variáveis bioquímicas plasmáticas foram analisadas nos animais após 30 dias de experimentação. RESULTADOS: Animais alimentados com dietas enriquecidas com tambaqui e matrinxã apresentaram valores de hematócrito e concentração de hemoglobina mais elevados que aqueles alimentados com dieta padrão. Não foram observadas alterações nas variáveis hematológicas em ratos alimentados com dietas enriquecidas com mapará. Porém, os ratos desse grupo apresentaram elevados teores de colesterol total plasmáticos, principalmente de colesterol da lipoproteína de baixa densidade e colesterol da lipoproteína de alta densidade. Todos os tratamentos com dietas enriquecidas reduziram os níveis de triacilgliceróis plasmáticos. CONCLUSÃO: Dietas enriquecidas com carne de peixes amazônicos gordurosos reduzem os teores de triacilgliceróis plasmáticos e aumentam os níveis de colesterol da lipoproteína de alta densidade, especialmente nos ratos do grupo tambaqui. Com exceção do grupo mapará, ratos alimentados com dietas enriquecidas com outras dietas enri-quecidas com peixes apresentaram alterações hematológicas. Porém, fazem-se necessário mais estudos para se estabelecerem os benefícios das dietas enriquecidas com peixes gordurosos da Bacia Amazônica. .

Protective effect of Spirulina platensis on fatty liver induced by a single sublethal dose of carbon tetrachloride in wistar rats / Efecto protector de la Spirulina platensis sobre el hígado graso inducido con tetracloruro de carbono, a una dosis subletal, en ratas Wistar

It has been reported that Spirulina maxima and other natural products are effective in attenuating hepatic damage. In this study were analyzed the effects of five days dietary Spirulina platensis (5 percent) in rats with fatty liver induced by CCl4 (2 mL/kg b.w.). Animals were sacrificed at 24 and 48 h post-treatment. In the liver were evaluated total lipids by gravimetry and lipid profile by enzymatic-colorimetric methods, the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and nitric oxide by chemical methods. In serum, alanine aminotransferase (kinetic method) and lipid profile were evaluated. The most important effects on the liver were: attenuation in lipid peroxidation, minimal variations on the total fatty acid methyl esters profile, and nitric oxide. These results suggest that Spirulina platensis could be used for fatty liver treatment as an alimentary supplement.

Se ha reportado que la Spirulina maxima y otros productos naturales son efectivos para atenuar el daño hepático. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar los efectos de la Spirulina platensis dietaria (5 por ciento) durante cinco días en ratas con hígado graso inducido por CCl4 (2 mL/kg p.c.). Los animales fueron sacrificados a las 24 y 48 h postratamiento. En el hígado se evaluaron los lípidos totales por gravimetría y el perfil de lípidos por métodos enzimático-colorimétricos, la concentración de sustancias reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico y óxido nítrico por métodos químicos. En suero fueron evaluados alanina aminotransferasa (método cinético) y perfil de lípidos. Los principales efectos sobre el hígado fueron: la atenuación de la lipoperoxidación, variaciones mínimas en el perfil de metil ésteres de ácidos grasos totales y del óxido nítrico. Estos resultados sugieren que la Spirulina platensis podría ser utilizada como suplemento alimenticio en el tratamiento de hígado graso.

Rol de la isoforma 2 de la glicerol-3-fosfatoaciltransferasa en el metabolismo lipídico testicular / Role of isoform 2 of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase in testicular lipid metabolism / Função da isoforma 2 da glicerol-3-fosfatoaciltransferase no metabolismo lipídico testicular

El primer paso en la síntesis de novo de glicerolípidos es la acilación del glicerol-3-fosfato, la cual es catalizada por la enzima glicero-3-fosfato aciltransferasa (GPAT). En mamíferos han sido descriptas hasta el momento cuatro isoformas de GPAT, las cuales pueden diferenciarse por su localización tisular y subcelular, y por su sensibilidad a reactivos que reaccionan con los grupos sulfhidrilos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la localización y función de GPAT2, una isoforma mitocondrial que se expresa principalmente en testículo utilizando como modelo células CHO-K1 que sobreexpresan GPAT2. Se observó que esta isoforma utiliza como sustrato específicamente al ácido araquidónico, estimula la síntesis de triacilgliceroles (TAG) con alto contenido de ácido araquidónico, y favorece la incorporación de [1-14C] ácido araquidónico en los TAG. Utilizando modelos animales se observó por un lado que el ARNm de GPAT2 se expresa sólo en los espermatocitos primarios, mientras que la expresión de la proteína se mantiene a lo largo de la espermatogénesis; y por otro lado que la expresión de GPAT2 varía durante el desarrollo sexual, alcanzando un máximo de expresión y actividad a los 30 días de edad en la rata. A esta edad se observó también un máximo en el contenido de TAG y de AA esterificado en los TAG del testículo. Se concluye que los resultados sugieren que GPAT2 sería la enzima responsable de esterificar el ácido araquidónico en los TAG de las células de la línea espermática.

De novo glycerolipid synthesis begins with the acylation of glycerol-3 phosphate catalyzed by glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT). In mammals, at least four GPAT isoforms have been described, differing in their cell and tissue locations and sensitivity to sulfhydryl reagents. The objective of the present work was to study localization and function of GPAT2, a mitochondrial isoform that is mainly expressed in testis, using as a model CHO-K1 cells that overexpress GPAT2. Incubation of GPAT2-transfected CHO-K1 cells with arachidonoyl-CoA increased GPAT activity 2-fold and the incorporation of [1-14C] arachidonate into TAG. Consistently, arachidonic acid was present in the TAG fraction of cells that overexpressed GPAT2, but not in control cells, corroborating GPAT2's role in synthesizing TAG that is rich in arachidonic acid. In rat and mouse testis, Gpat2 mRNA was expressed only in primary spermatocytes; the protein was also detected in late stages of spermatogenesis. During rat sexual maturation, both the testicular TAG content and the arachidonic acid content in the TAG fraction peaked at 30 d, matching the highest expression of Gpat2 mRNA and protein. These results strongly suggest that GPAT2 expression is linked to arachidonoyl-CoA incorporation into TAG in spermatogenic germ cells.

O primeiro avanço na síntese de novo de glicerolipídios é a acidulação do glicerol-3-fosfato, a qual é catalisada pela enzima glicerol-3-fosfato aciltransferase (GPAT). Em mamíferos tem sido descritas até o momento quatro isoformas de GPAT, as quais se podem distinguir pela sua localização tissular e subcelular, e pela sua sensibilidade aos reagentes que reagem com os grupos sulfidrilos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a localização e função de GPAT2, uma isoforma mitocondrial que se expressa principalmente no testículo, utilizando como modelo células CHO-K1 que superexpressam GPAT2. Observou-se que esta isoforma utiliza como substrato especificamente o ácido araquidônico, estimula a síntese de triacilgliceróis (TAG) com alto conteúdo de ácido araquidônico, e favorece a incorporação de [1-14C] ácido araquidônico nos TAG. Utilizando modelos animais se observou de um lado que o ARNm de GPAT2 se expressa apenas nos espermatócitos primários, enquanto que a expressão da proteína se mantém ao longo da espermatogênese; e do outro que a expressão de GPAT2 varia durante o crescimento sexual, atingindo um máximo de expressão e atividade aos 30 dias de idade no camundongo. Nessa idade foi observado também um máximo no conteúdo de TAG e de AA esterificado nos TAG do testículo. Conclui-se que os resultados sugerem que GPAT2 seria a enzima responsável por esterificar o ácido araquidônico nos TAG das células da linha espermática.

Newer Hypolipidemics on the Block.

Hypolipidemics, are much widely used in the present day scenario as the sure prophylactic to tackle cardiovascular diseases and stroke, which are leading causes of death across the world. Moreover, hyperlipidemia is not just a metabolic disorder, it also runs in families, making hypolipidemics more important and necessary. Hence, newer and more efficient drugs are being released. The statins and fibrates, especially rosuvastatin and fenofibrate are associated with much fewer complications then their early counterparts. Ezetemibe or orlistat reduce absorption of cholesterol, beclibrinic acid has a unique action. Chinese red yeast rice has a hyoplipidemic action. Our study has explored in detail the status of newer drugs like micronized fenofibrate, 1-methyl-4-piperidyl bis (chlorophenoxy) acetate, lentysine and gugulipid.

Variación lipídica en los ovocitos de la medusa Stomolophus meleagris (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae), durante el desarrollo gonádico, en la laguna Las Guásimas, Sonora, México

Lipid variation in oocytes of the jellyfish Stomolophus meleagris (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae) from Las Guasimas Lagoon, Mexico, during gonadal development. The jellyfish Stomolophus meleagris has potential for commercial exploitation but there is little information on their reproductive biology. This paper seeks to evaluate some biochemical and demographic characteristics of the species. Samples were taken monthly during 2005 and 2006. Jellyfish collected in 2005 were used to describe the characteristics and quantity of oocyte triglycerides and phospholipids with the Sudan black technique, and to ascertain the degree of gonadal development and sex ratio by the hematoxylin-eosin technique. The 2006 jellyfish were used to determine the size at first maturity and protein and total lipids contents. Four stages of development in both sexes were determined, with a continuous gamete development. The highest percentage of mature organisms was recorded in April. The proportion of sexes was 0.7:1.3. We found higher concentrations of triglycerides than phospholipids in the cytoplasm. There was a positive correlation between triglycerides and the diameter of the oocyte. The size at first maturity for both sexes was 105mm. The highest protein and lipids contents were obtained in April and March respectively. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 119-130. Epub 2010 March 01.

La medusa S. meleagris, ha mostrado potencial de explotación pero hay escasa información sobre su biología reproductiva. El presente trabajo pretende conocer el contenido de los triglicéridos y fosfolípidos en los ovocitos durante el desarrollo gonadal, así como la proporción de sexos, talla de primera madurez y la concentración de proteínas y lípidos totales en la medusa. Se realizaron muestreos mensuales durante 2005 y 2006. A las medusas recolectadas en 2005, se les aplicó la técnica del sudán negro, para describir las características del ovocito y la cantidad triglicéridos y fosfolípidos y la técnica de hematoxilina-eosina para conocer el grado de desarrollo gonádico y la proporción de sexos. Las medusas del 2006 se emplearon para determinar la talla de primera madurez y el contenido de proteínas y lípidos totales. Se observaron cuatro fases de desarrollo en ambos sexos, con un desarrollo gamético continúo. El mayor porcentaje de organismos maduros se registró en abril. La proporción de sexos fue de 0.7:1.3. Se encontró mayor concentración de triglicéridos que de fosfolípidos en el citoplasma. Se obtuvo una correlación positiva entre triglicéridos y el diámetro del ovocito. La talla de primera madurez para ambos sexos fue de 105 mm. El mayor contenido de proteínas se obtuvo en abril y para lípidos en marzo.

Effect of Dietary Medium-and Long-chain Triacylglycerols on Body Fat Accumulation in Subjects with Different Levels of Hypertriglyceridemia / 中国慢性病预防与控制

Objective To investigate the effect of medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols on body fat accumulation in subjects with different levels of hypertriglyceridemia. Methods 112 subjects with hypertriglyceridemia were randomly divided into two groups: one group was demanded to adopt long-chain triacylglycerol (LCT) oil as their daily use and the other one to medium- and long-chain triacylglycerol (MLCT) oil for consecutive 8 weeks. Anthropometric measurements of body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference(HC), WHR (ratio of WC/HC), triceps skinfold thickness (TSF), subscapular skinfold thickness (SSF), body fat weight, body fat percentage, total fat area, visceral and subcutaneous fat area in abdominal and concentration of blood triglycerides (TG) were measured at the initial and final time of the study. In both groups, the cutpoint of TG 2.3 mmol/L was used to distinguish the different levels of hypertriglyceridemia. Results Compared with LCT group, body weight, BMI, WC, body fat weight, total fat area, visceral and subcutaneous fat area in abdominal in those of TG≤2.3 mmol/L in MLCT group were significantly decreased (P 2.3 mmol/L between the two groups. Furthermore, the concentrations of TG in hypertriglyceridemia subjects of different levels in MLCT group were both significantly lower than those in LCT group after 8 weeks (P 2.3mmol/L.

The effect of exposure to low temperature on the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and protein in the larvae of Philosamia ricini.

Exposure of the silkworm (Philosamia ricini) larvae to cold temperature (2°C) and subsequent exposure to room temperature (29° C) resulted in the mortality of the larvae. Cold exposure brought about significant decrease in enzymic activity of proteases, aminotransferases, diacylglycerol lipase and in the amounts of some haemolymph sugars and polyols. However, glycerol increased sharply in response to severe cold exposure. There was also a marked increase in the levels of protein, pyruvate, total free amino acids, total lipid, phospholipid and triacylglycerols. In the colder environment, carbohydrates served as the energy source. Glycerol appears to have conferred cryoprotection to the cold-stressed Philosamia ricini larvae.